高中英语语法句型要点和归纳省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

句句 子子 成成 分分Members of a Sentence第1页*句子成份由句子成份由词词或或词组词组充当充当英英语语基基本本成成份份有有七七种种：_和和_主主语语（subjectsubject）、）、谓语谓语（predicatepredicate）、）、表表语语（predicativepredicative）、）、宾语宾语（objectobject）、）、定定语语（attributeattribute）、）、状状语语(adverbial)(adverbial)补语补语（complementcomplement）。）。第2页英英语语句句子子基基本本结结构构能能够够归归纳纳成成五五种种基基本本句句型型及及其其扩扩大、大、组组合、省略或倒装。合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构基础。一：一：（主（主谓谓）二：二：（主系表）（主系表）三：三：（主（主谓谓宾宾）四：四：（主（主谓谓间宾间宾直直宾宾）五：五：（主（主谓谓宾宾宾补宾补）第3页基本句型基本句型 一：一：（主谓）（主谓）主主语语：能能够够作作主主语语成成份份有有名名词词，主主格格代代词词，动动词词不不定式，动名词等等。主语普通在句首。定式，动名词等等。主语普通在句首。谓谓语语：谓谓语语由由动动词词组组成成，是是英英语语时时态态、语语态态改改变变主主角角，普普通通在在主主语语之之后后。不不及及物物动动词词（vi.）没没有有宾语，形成主谓结构，宾语，形成主谓结构，如：如：We come.第4页 （不及物动词）（不及物动词）1.The sunrose.2.Who cares?3.What he said does not matter.4.They talked for half an hour.5.The pen writes smoothly此句型句子有一个此句型句子有一个共同特点共同特点，即句子谓语，即句子谓语动词动词都能表示完整意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，都能表示完整意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面能够跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。后面能够跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。第5页基本句型基本句型 二：二：（主系表）（主系表）此此句句型型句句子子有有一一个个共共同同特特点点：句句子子谓谓语语动动词词都都不不能能表表示示一一个个完完整整意意思思，必必须须加加上上一一个个表表明明主主语语身身份份或或状状态态表表语语组组成成复复合合谓谓语语，才才能能表表示示完完整整意意思思。这这类类动词动词叫做叫做连连系系动词动词。第6页系系系系动动动动词词词词分分两两类类：be,be,look,look,keep,keep,seemseem等等，表表情情况况；get,grow,become,turnget,grow,become,turn等属另一等属另一类类，表改，表改变变。be 本本身身没没有有什什么么意意义义,只只起起连连系系主主语语和和表表语语作作用用。其其它系它系动词动词仍保持其部分仍保持其部分词义词义。感官感官感官感官动词动词动词动词多可用作多可用作连连系系动词动词：look well/面色好面色好,sound nice/听起来不听起来不错错,feel good/感感觉觉好，好，smell bad/难闻难闻 第7页（是系动词）（是系动词）（表语）（表语）1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2.The dinner smells good.3.He fell in love.4.Everything looks different.5.He is growing tall and strong.6.Our well has gone dry.7.His face turned red.第8页*There be 结结构构：There be 表表示示存存在在有有。这这里里there没有没有实际实际意意义义，不可与副，不可与副词词there那里那里混同。混同。此此结结构后跟名构后跟名词词，表示，表示（存在）有某事物（存在）有某事物 试试比比较较：There is a boy there.（那那儿儿有有一一个个男男孩孩。）前一个前一个there无无实实意，后一个意，后一个there为为副副词词那里那里。第9页基本句型基本句型 三：三：（主谓宾）（主谓宾）此此句句型型句句子子共共同同特特特特点点点点是是：谓谓语语动动词词都都都都含含含含有有有有实实实实义义义义，都都都都是是是是主主主主语语语语产产产产生生生生动动动动作作作作，但但不不能能表表示示完完整整意意思思，必必必必须须须须跟跟跟跟有有有有一一一一个个个个宾宾宾宾语语语语，即即动动作作承承受受者者，才才能能使使意意思思完完整整。这类动词这类动词叫做及物叫做及物动词动词。第10页（及物动词）（及物动词）（宾语）（宾语）1.Who knows the answer?2.He has refused to help them.3.He enjoys reading.4.He said Good morning.5.He admits that he was mistaken.第11页基本句型基本句型 四：四：（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）有有 些些 及及 物物 动动 词词 能能 够够 有有 两两 个个 宾宾 语语，eg：give/pass/bring/show。这这两两个个宾宾语语通通常常一一个个指指人人(间间接接宾语宾语)；一个指物；一个指物(直接直接宾语宾语)。-Give me a cup of tea please.-Give me a cup of tea please.-Show this house to Mr.Smith.-Bring it to me,please.第12页（及物）（及物）（多指人）（多指人）（多指物）（多指物）1.She ordered herself a new dress.2.2.He brought you a dictionary.3.I showed him my pictures.4.I told him that the bus was late.5.He showed me how to run the machine.第13页基本句型基本句型 五：五：（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）此此句句型型句句子子共共共共同同同同特特特特点点点点是是：动动词词即即使使是是及及物物动动词词，不不过过只只跟跟一一个个宾宾语语还还不不能能表表示示完完整整意意思思，必必须须加加上上一一个个补补充成份充成份来来补补足足宾语宾语，才能使意思完整。，才能使意思完整。宾宾语语补补足足语语：位位于于宾宾语语之之后后对对宾宾语语作作出出说说明明成成份份。能能够够用用作作宾宾语语补补足足语语有有名名词词，形形容容词词，不不定定式式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。动名词，分词，介词短语等。第14页The war made him a soldier.New methods make the job easy.I often find him at work.The teacher ask the students to close the windows.I saw a cat running across the road.名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格+n./adj./介词短语介词短语/动词不定式动词不定式/分词分词第15页（及物）（及物）（宾语宾语）（宾补宾补）1.They painted the door green.2.This set them thinking.3.They found the house deserted.4.He asked me to come back soon.5.I saw them getting on the bus.第16页a，b，c，d，e，1，Pleas tell us a story._2,She smiled._3.I have a lot work to do._4.His job is to train swimmers._5.He noticed a man enter the room._6.Please look at the picture._daebec第17页但但惯惯用用英英语语句句子子并并不不都都象象基基本本句句型型这这么么简简短短，除除了了基基本本句句型型成成份份不不变变外外，通通常常是是在在这这些些成成份份前前面面或或后后面面增增加加一一些些修修修修饰饰饰饰语语语语而而加加以以扩扩大大。这这些些修修饰饰语语能能够够是是单单单单词词词词（adj./adv./num.数数词词）短短短短语语语语（主主要要是是介介词词短短语语、不不定定式式短短语语和和分分词词短短语语）。我我们们称称之之为为：定定定定语语语语、状、状、状、状语语语语The little boy needs a blue pen.第18页一、一、一、一、定定定定语语语语：定定语语是是对对名名词词或或代代词词起起修修修修饰饰饰饰、限限限限定定定定作作用用词词、短短语语或或句子，译为句子，译为 定语通常位于被修饰定语通常位于被修饰成份前成份前成份前成份前。复合不定代词复合不定代词（something/nothingsomething/nothing）之后；）之后；不不定定式式/分分词词短短语语/从从句句作作定定语语时时要要放放在在被被修修饰饰成成份份后；后；副词副词用作定语时须放在名词用作定语时须放在名词之后之后之后之后。第19页Two boys need two pens.His name is Tom.The boy in blue is Tom.The boy there needs a pen.The boy needs a ball pen.There is nothing to do today.The pen bought by her is made in China.The boy you will know is Tom.第20页二、状二、状语语：状状语语修修饰饰动动词词、形形容容词词、副副词词或或全全句句句句子子成成份份，说说明明方方式式、因因果果、条条件件、时时间间、地地点点、让让步步、方向方向、程度程度、目目标标等等-The boy needs a pen now.-The boy needs a pen very much.可用作状语有副词可用作状语有副词,不定式，分词，介词短语，不定式，分词，介词短语，从句等从句等。第21页In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里，男孩需要一支在教室里，男孩需要一支钢钢笔。笔。（地点状（地点状语语）Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母在母亲亲面前面前,汤汤姆姆总总是一个男孩子是一个男孩子.(条件状条件状语语)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.星期天星期天,教室里没有学生教室里没有学生.(时间时间状状语语)介介词词短短语语作状作状语语：第22页He sits there,asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态态）Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.因因为为不不得得不不完完成成作作业业，男男孩孩需需要要一一支支笔笔。（原原因因状状语语）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.（因因为为）受受了了惊惊吓吓，他他无无声声地地坐坐在在那那儿儿。（原原因因状状语语）分分词词（短（短语语）作状）作状语语：第23页The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目状语）To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business.为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.不定式作状不定式作状语语：第24页状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句 -We chatted as we walked along.-Even if she laughs at him,he adores her.第25页三、同位三、同位语语：同同同同位位位位语语语语 当当当当两两两两个个个个指指指指同同同同一一一一事事事事物物物物句句句句子子子子成成成成份份份份放放放放在在在在同同同同等等等等位位位位置置置置时时时时，一一一一个个个个句句句句子子子子成成成成份份份份用用用用来来来来说说说说明明明明和和和和解解解解释释释释另另另另一一一一个个个个句句句句子子子子成成成成份，份，份，份，这这这这个句子成份就叫做它同位个句子成份就叫做它同位个句子成份就叫做它同位个句子成份就叫做它同位语语语语。We students should study hard.(students是是we同位同位语语，都是指同一批，都是指同一批学生学生）We all are students.(all是是we同位同位语语，都指一，都指一样样我我们们）第26页四、独立成份：四、独立成份：与全句没有与全句没有语语法关系句子成份叫做句子法关系句子成份叫做句子独立成份独立成份独立成份独立成份感感叹词叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。等。必定必定词词:yes否定否定词词:no称呼称呼语语：称呼人用称呼人用语语。插入插入语语：一些句中插入一些句中插入 I think,I believe,等。等。如如:The story,I think,has never come to the end.我相信我相信,这这个故事个故事还远还远没没结结束束.第27页一一)挑出以下句中挑出以下句中宾语宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.第28页(二二)挑出以下句中表挑出以下句中表语语-The old man was feeling very tired.-The leaves have turned yellow.-Soon They all became interested in the subject.第29页(三三)挑出以下句中定挑出以下句中定语语1.What is your given name?2.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!第30页(四四)挑出以下句中挑出以下句中宾语补宾语补足足语语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.第31页(五五)挑出以下句中状挑出以下句中状语语 There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.第32页 With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.第33页划分句子成份划分句子成份1.You will tell your friend that youve got to school.2.But as the moon gave far too much light,I didnt dare open a window.3.Another time five months ago,I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.4.The dark,rainy evening,the wind,the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.第34页1.You will tell（your）friend that youve got to school.2.But as the moon gave far too much light,I didntdare open a window.3.Another time five months ago,I happened to beUpstairs at dusk(when the window was open).4.The(dark,rainy)evening,the wind,the thunderingClouds held me entirely in their power.主语谓语谓语间宾间宾定语直接宾语原因状语原因状语主语 谓语谓语宾语宾语第35页第36页