1、药学与临床研究Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research综述妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症患者的肠道菌群变化及微生物疗法的研究进展郭小慧1-2,梅洪梁13,张源1.2,张海霞1.3*1南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院药学部,南京2 10 0 0 8;2 中国药科大学基础医学与临床药学学院,南京2 10 0 0 9;南京临床药学中心,南京2 10 0 0 8摘要女妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)是一种多发于妊娠晚期的疾病,严重影响着母婴结局,其病因和发病机制目前尚不清楚。血清胆汁酸水平是ICP诊断的主要临床依据,肠道菌群在胆汁酸的合成和代谢中起关键作用,肠道菌群及其代谢产物与ICP密
2、切相关。微生物疗法如益生菌的使用可改善肠道微生物群,可作为治疗ICP的新思路。本文就ICP患者胆汁酸变化与肠道菌群之间的关系进行综述,分析肠道菌群与ICP发生发展的关系,发现某些特定菌种(如大肠杆菌志贺菌属、拟杆菌、双歧杆菌以及乳酸杆菌等)与ICP的发展密切相关,并总结益生菌改善胆汁淤积的研究进展,以期为ICP的临床治疗和管理提供新思路。关键词妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症;肠道菌群;益生菌;研究进展中图分类号R37文献标志码A文章编号11673-7806(2024)02-149-05妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(intrahepatic cholestasisof pregnancy,ICP)是一种多发生于妊
3、娠中晚期的常见妊娠期疾病,临床表现为瘙痒和胆汁酸升高,常伴有肝功能指标的异常。ICP的发病率在2%10%之间,具有明显的种族和地域差异,复发率高达40%70%2。早产、羊水胎粪污染、胎儿窘迫以及无任何临床先兆的胎儿死亡是ICP母婴的主要危害3。血清胆汁酸水平是ICP诊断的主要特异性证据。在无其他原因导致总胆汁酸(total bileacid,TBA)升高的情况下,TBA10molL-,伴皮肤瘙痒可诊断ICP;TBA40 mol-L-1 可诊断重度 ICP;TBA100 mol-L-1时,ICP患者死产风险显著增加。ICP的确切病因和发病机制目前尚不清楚,但其可能与孕妇中的雌激素和孕激素水平、遗
4、传变异、环境因素和营养状况(如妊娠期血浆硒浓度)等密切相关5。近年来,随着肠道微生态学研究的进展,肠道菌群及其代谢产物与ICP的相关性越来越受到关注。以往的研究表明 6-8 ,肠道菌群的构成在妊娠期间会显著改变,肠道菌群及其代谢产物与各类妊娠相关疾病密切相*基金项目江苏省药学会-恒瑞医院药学基金科研项目(H202107);南京药学会-常州四药医院药学科研基金资助课题(2021YX004);国家自然科学基金资助项目(8 19 0 38 7 0)作者简介郭小慧,女,在读硕士E-mail:g x h _0 8 14 16 3.c o m*通信作者张海霞,女,主任中药师E-mail:zhx_收稿日期2
5、023-07-04修回日期2 0 2 3-11-10关。本文就ICP患者胆汁酸变化与肠道菌群之间的关系进行综述,以更好地了解ICP的发生,并为ICP的临床管理提供新思路。1肠道菌群在ICP孕妇和正常健康孕妇中的差异妊娠是复杂的生理过程,涉及多个系统的变化。在怀孕期间,激素、免疫系统、代谢物、体重和总血量随着胎儿的生长而变化9,10,其肠道菌群在怀孕不同阶段也会发生相应变化,以满足胎儿的生长需要。研究发现叫,妊娠早期阶段,其肠道菌群的组成与非妊娠妇女相似,妊娠中期发现粪杆菌属和真杆菌属丰度增加,妊娠晚期肠杆菌科和链球菌属丰度增加。拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门是人类肠道微生物群中的两个主要门类,随着胎龄的增
6、加,拟杆菌门的相对丰度下降以及厚壁菌门的相对丰度增加2。此外,妊娠期肠道菌群的变化与孕妇年龄、体重指数、居住环境等有关。YANG H等 13I研究发现,肠杆菌科与双歧杆菌的丰度与孕妇年龄呈负相关,而在中国广州孕妇中,肠道菌群以毛螺菌为主要菌群。肠道菌群的适应性对于母体的代谢和胎儿的生长具有重要作用。相反,肠道菌群失调可诱发孕妇妊娠相关疾病如妊娠期糖尿病、先兆子痫、妊娠期急性脂肪肝、妊娠障碍等 14-17 。目前,肠道菌群与1492024Apr;32(2)妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症患者的肠道菌群变化及微生物疗法的研究进展ICP的关系仍在初步探索阶段,研究发现 16.18-2 1,ICP文献检测方法分组
7、健康孕妇厚壁菌门LI GH等16SrRNA20201181基因测序ICP孕妇健康孕妇LIR等16SrRNA基因测序202019gICP孕妇健康孕妇ZHAN Q16S rRNA等2 0 2 12 0基因测序ICP孕妇变形杆菌门健康孕妇TANGB全基因组霞等2 0 2 31弹枪测序ICP孕妇健康大鼠何刘媛等16SrRNA2023/21基因测序ICP大鼠梭杆菌门;拟杆菌门2肠道菌群与ICP临床参数的关系母体血清胆汁酸和肝酶水平是ICP患者临床诊断的主要参数。先前的研究发现,某些菌属与ICP的临床参数有关,如TBA、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移
8、酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、新生儿出生体重和新生儿Apgar评分、新生儿炎症等。肠道菌群可以通过胆盐水解酶(bile salt hydrolases,BSH)以及法尼醇X受体(farnesoid Xreceptor,FXR)来调控胆汁酸 2.2 3。胆汁酸是FXR的天然配体,因此FXR又称为胆汁酸受体。例如,脆弱拟杆菌的增多导致肝脏内FXR的拮抗剂牛磺酸-鼠胆酸(T-MCA)10TBA40 molL-l肝酶水平大肠杆菌志贺氏菌属、脆森氏菌属、苏黎世杆菌属、脆弱拟杆菌、罗氏菌属、多弱拟杆菌尔氏菌属、普雷沃氏菌粪杆菌示UDCA并不能减少围产期不良结局 34。
9、一项基于Cochrane数据库对UDCA和安慰剂的荟萃分析也显示 3,UDCA可稍微减轻ICP 患者的瘙痒症状,但对降低胆汁酸水平无显著差异。奥贝胆酸(obeticholic acid,OCA)是一种合成FXR激动剂,已被证明可促进胆汁酸外排并减少胆汁酸合成,并且在治疗原发性胆汁性胆管炎等胆汁淤积性疾病方属粪杆菌菌属;经黏液真杆菌属;优/真杆菌属;双歧杆菌属等副拟杆菌属;嗜胆菌属;大肠杆菌志贺氏菌属;韦荣球菌属等厌氧棍状菌属;颤螺菌属经黏液真杆菌属;柠檬酸杆菌属巨单胞菌属Apgar脆弱拟杆菌脆弱拟杆菌种甲基戊糖梭菌黄链球菌;胶红酵母菌脆弱拟杆菌;肺炎克雷伯菌;类肺炎克雷伯氏菌融合魏斯氏菌;杨氏
10、柠檬酸杆菌;阴沟肠杆菌猪肠支原体;螺杆菌;柯林斯菌新生儿体重新生儿炎症感染拟杆菌、大肠杆菌志贺氏菌药学与临床研究Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research综述面具有良好的效果。然而,由于严重的肝损伤风险,OCA使用被限制,且在ICP患者中的疗效和安全性仍未明确 3。因此,ICP的治疗需求呕待满足。基于微生物群的疗法可能成为一种新的治疗方式。胆汁淤积通常伴随肠道菌群失调,以及有毒肝胆酸的积累。调节肠道菌群、抑制胆汁酸合成以及促进胆汁酸排泄是缓解胆汁淤积症的有效方法。近年,益生菌作为恢复健康肠道菌群组成和肠道功能的潜在治疗方法已见报道 37。尽管对于益生菌治疗ICP的
11、观点缺乏充分的临床研究支持,但动物实验和一些临床试验显示了益生菌对ICP的潜在治疗特性。益生菌广泛参与胆汁酸的合成代谢途径,在此过程中,益生菌可以通过直接调节FXR受体和间接调节肠道菌群结构来发挥作用。例如,LIUY等 38 动物实验发现,在胆汁淤积情况下,使用鼠李糖乳杆菌(lactobacillus rhamnosus GG,LGG)可以降低肝脏胆汁酸水平,恢复了肝脏胆汁酸的稳态。LGG的有益效果是通过上调肠道FXR-FGF-15信号通路介导的。另一项模拟ICP诱导的胆汁淤积小鼠模型研究也表明 39,LGG可以通过激活肝脏FXR来改善胆汁酸失调。因此LGG治疗有助于缓解ICP和胆汁淤积性肝损
12、伤,这可能是ICP的潜在治疗策略。除了LGG,罗伊氏乳杆菌SLZX19-12也能够降低汁淤积相关微生物组的比例,有效降低肝脏炎症和肝细胞调亡。尽管最新的荟萃分析显示 40,在使用鼠李糖乳杆菌和罗伊氏乳杆菌时,阴道分泌物增加和粪便稠度改变的风险略有增加。但这些不良反应仍是轻微的,并且可以在医生的指导下,通过生活方式和饮食调整来管理这些情况,而无需使用药物。在临床试验中,干酪乳杆菌已被证明可以缓解胆汁淤积。一项干酪乳杆菌干预药物相关性肝损伤的随机对照研究显示 4,干酪乳杆菌能够恢复肠道菌群失调,减轻胆汁淤积相关肝脏指数的异常升高。已知重症ICP患者中大肠杆菌志贺氏菌属富集,其与脂质代谢和肝酶有关,
13、而使用合生元(含五种益生菌)能有效调节大肠杆菌志贺氏菌丰度 42。此外,有研究发现 43,双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊联合UDCA 能够调节ICP患者的大肠杆菌、双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌,促进肠道微生态环境趋于平衡状态。然而,益生菌在治疗原发性硬化性胆管炎(primarysclerosing cholangitis,PSC)的效果并不令人满意。一项针对PSC患者的益生菌随机安慰剂对照交叉试验显示 44,在给予益生菌期间,PSC 瘙痒症状未改善,肝脏生化指标和肝功能也未受益。无论是作为预防还是替代治疗,益生菌在肝脏疾病的临床治疗中显示了较好的应用前景。通过调节肠-肝轴,益生菌能够调整胆汁酸代谢障碍、抑制细菌过
14、度生长、改善肠屏障功能和减轻肝组织炎症,在胆汁淤积性肝病、非酒精性脂肪肝病、肝硬化及肝性脑病、肝移植等疾病的治疗中已取得良好的治疗效果 45。尽管有研究表示益生菌治疗胆汁淤积性疾病无效,但不能根据这些结果直接否定或肯定益生菌的益处。因为不同菌株和剂量的益生菌可能对不同原因引起的胆汁淤积产生不同的影响,仍需进一步研究来探索益生菌缓解胆汁淤积的具体分子机制来解释这些现象。近年来的荟萃分析 40,45证明了益生菌和益生元在妊娠期或哺乳期的安全性,并不会增加母婴不良结局的风险。总体而言,益生菌可以改善体内微生态环境,成本低,无侵袭,可以预防和治疗肝胆疾病,从而减少危害。因此,益生菌针对特定菌属,操纵特
15、定细菌的丰度,以此来调节ICP的肠道菌群以及各种代谢过程,从而调整胆汁酸的化学多样性来治疗ICP可能是有效且安全的。4总结与展望ICP作为妊娠中晚期的特殊并发症,严重影响母婴的妊娠结局。肠道菌群在胆汁淤积性疾病的发生发展过程中扮演重要角色。尽管肠道菌群与ICP之间的关系研究主要集中在肠道菌群多样性特征和丰度的变化。研究已经证实,ICP与某些特定菌种(如大肠杆菌志贺菌属、拟杆菌、双歧杆菌以及乳酸杆菌等)相互影响,彼此制衡。然而,它们在ICP发病机制中的作用尚不明确。在ICP患者中,益生菌的疗效与安全性仍缺乏大样本的临床试验支持。针对ICP的特异性有效菌种、用量、干预时机等方面,尚缺乏明确的共识。
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35、ncy and Progress of Microbial TherapyGUO Xiaohui2,MEI Hongliang*,ZHANG Yuan2,ZHANG Haixial3Department of Pharmacy,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital,Nanjing 210008,China,2School of Basic Medicineand Clinical Pharmacy,China Pharmaceutical University,Nanjing 210009,China,3Nanjing Medical Centerfor Clinical P
36、harmacy,Nanjing 210008,ChinaABSTRACTIntrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy(ICP)frequently manifests in late pregnancy,significantly impacts the well-being of both mothers and infants.Its etiology and pathogenesis remainunclear.The diagnosis of ICP primarily relies on serum bile acid levels.Intestinal
37、 flora significantlycontributes to the synthesis and metabolism of bile acids,and both intestinal flora and its metabolites areclosely associated with ICP.Microbiological interventions,including probiotic usage,can enhance theintestinal flora,presenting a novel approach for ICP treatment.In this pap
38、er,we reviewed the associationbetween bile acid alterations and intestinal flora in ICP patients,analyzed the correlation between intestinalflora and ICP development,and found that specific bacterial strains(e.g.,Escherichia/Shigella,Bacteroides,Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus)closely linked to IC
39、P development.Additionally,we summarized theadvancements in research on probiotic utilization to ameliorate the cholestatic process,aming to enhancecomprehension of ICP and offer fresh perspectives for its clinical treatment and management.KEY WORDS Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy;Intestinal f
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