1、中国病理生理杂志 Chinese Journal of Pathophysiology 2023,39(8):1449-1458杂志网址:http:/柯里拉京调节自噬影响巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞形成的研究*吴静宜,邓欣,姜丙通,胡蒙蒙,李志杰,张雅琼,赵毅,车彦云(云南省药食同源饮品工程研究中心,云南中医药大学,云南 昆明 650500)摘要 目的:探讨柯里拉京(Cor)通过自噬抑制巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞的形成及其机制。方法:以THP-1和J774A.1巨噬细胞为研究对象,分别设正常组、泡沫细胞模型组(ox-LDL+LPS组/ox-LDL组)和不同浓度Cor处理组(Cor组)。油红O染色观察各组细胞
2、内脂滴沉积情况,ELISA法检测各组细胞内总胆固醇(TC)和游离胆固醇(FC)含量及细胞上清液白细胞介素6(IL-6)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)、IL-1、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-)的表达;分子对接建模预测Cor与自噬和炎症相关靶点的作用;Western blot检测各组细胞中自噬和炎症相关蛋白的表达水平,试剂盒检测caspase-1活性。结果:与模型组比较,Cor中、高剂量组可显著减少THP-1和J774A.1两种巨噬细胞内的红色脂滴;Cor可减少细胞脂滴沉积,呈浓度依赖性降低胆固醇酯(CE)/TC(P0.05或P0.01),显著降低IL-6、MCP-1、IL-1和TNF-的含量(P0
3、.01);Cor与受体哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)的结合亲和力最好,最佳结合亲和力是9.8 kcal/mol;同时Cor高剂量组可显著上调磷酸化AMP活化蛋白激酶(p-AMPK)/AMPK的蛋白表达水平(P0.01),显著下调磷酸化mTOR(p-mTOR)/mTOR、P62、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)、含caspase募集结构域的凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)和caspase-1的蛋白表达水平(P0.05或P0.05);此外,Cor也显著抑制了caspase-1的活性(P0.05)。结论:Cor可以抑制THP-1巨噬源性泡沫细胞的炎症反应,其机制可能与抑制mTOR,激
4、活自噬有关。关键词 细胞自噬;分子对接;柯里拉京;巨噬细胞;炎症中图分类号 R363;R541 文献标志码 A doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2023.08.013Effect of corilagin on macrophage-derived foam cell formation via autophagyWU Jingyi,DENG Xin,JIANG Bingtong,HU Mengmeng,LI Zhijie,ZHANG Yaqiong,ZHAO Yi,CHE Yanyun(Engineering Research Center for Homology
5、 of Medicine and Food Beverage of Yunnan Province,Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine,Kunming 650500,China.E-mail:)ABSTRACT AIM:To investigate the effect of corilagin(Cor)on macrophage-derived foam cell formation via autophagy and its underlying mechanism.METHODS:The THP-1 and J774A.1 macrophages
6、were divided into control group,foam cell model groups(ox-LDL+LPS group/ox-LDL group),and Cor treatment groups(Cor groups).The deposition of intracellular lipid droplets in each group was detected by oil red O staining.The contents of total cholesterol(TC)and free cholesterol(FC)in cells and the exp
7、ression levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1),IL-1,and tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-)in cell supernatants were detected by ELISA.The binding affinity between Cor and related targets of autophagy and inflammation was predicted by molecular docking modeling.The expressi
8、on levels of proteins related to autophagy and inflammation were detected by Western blot.RESULTS:Compared with model group,the THP-1 and J774A.1 cells in medium-and high-dose Cor groups showed significant decreases in the lipid droplets.Treatment with Cor reduced the deposition of intracellular lip
9、id droplets,lowered cholesteryl ester(CE)/TC 文章编号 1000-4718(2023)08-1449-10 收稿日期 2023-04-20 修回日期 2023-07-24*基金项目 兴滇英才支持计划项目(No.20220273);云南省科技厅云南中医药大学应用基础联合研究专项项目面上项目(No.202101AZ070001-212);云南省科技厅-云南中医药大学应用基础联合研究专项项目重点项目(No.2019FF002-012)通讯作者 Tel:18213538189;E-mail:1449in a dose-dependent manner(P0.
10、05 or P0.01),and caused significant declines in the levels of IL-6,MCP-1,IL-1,and TNF-(P0.01).Molecular docking results showed that Cor had the best binding affinity with mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),with an optimal binding affinity of 9.8 kcal/mol.Compared with model group,high-dose Cor sign
11、ificantly up-regulated the protein expression levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)/AMPK(P0.01),and significantly down-regulated the protein expression levels of phosphorylated mTOR(p-mTOR)/mTOR,P62,nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3),apopto
12、sis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain(ASC)and caspase-1(P0.05 or P0.05).In addition,Cor also significantly inhibited the activity of caspase-1(P80%时,进行传代培养。4.2MTT法检测细胞活力抑制收集生长状态良好的 THP-1 细胞和 J774A.1 细胞,将 THP-1 细胞按1109/L均匀接种到96孔板(每孔100 L)中,种板的同时加入 100 g/L 的佛波酯(PMA)
13、刺激贴壁 24 h,分为正常组、Cor 给药(10、20、40、80、160、320、640 mol/L)组;J774A.1 细胞调整浓度为 5107/L 均匀接种到96孔板(每孔100 L)中,12 h后当细胞完全贴壁,分为正常组、Cor给药(10、20、40、80、160、320 mol/L)组;24 h 后弃上清液,加入每孔 100 L 的MTT(MTT 培养液=1 5),4 h后弃上清液,再于每孔中加入二甲基亚砜150 L溶解10 min后,酶标仪于450 nm波长处检测吸光度(A)值。4.3分组给药参考文献11-14把细胞分为正常组、模型组、阳性对照Sim(10 mol/L)组、阳性
14、对照Dex(10 mol/L)组、阳性对照Rap(10 mol/L)组和阴性对照3-MA(10 mol/L)组。此外,根据MTT实验的结果,将 THP-1 细胞分为低(40 mol/L)、中(80 mol/L)、高(160 mol/L)剂量Cor给药组,将J774A.1细胞分为低(5 mol/L)、中(10 mol/L)、高(20 mol/L)剂量Cor给药组。除正常组只加正常培养液外,其余各组在给药2 h后,再加入80 mg/L ox-LDL和500 g/L LPS共同诱导培养 THP-1细胞 24 h,80 mg/L ox-LDL诱导培养J774A.1细胞24 h。4.4油红O染色收集TH
15、P-1细胞调整密度为5108/L,均匀接种于24孔板(每孔500 L)中,种板的同时加入 100 g/L 的 PMA 刺激贴壁 24 h 后进行分组,J774A.1细胞按每孔约5104个均匀接种于24孔板(每孔 500 L)中,12 h 后当细胞完全贴壁,按照4.3中的方法分组给药,24 h后收集细胞,采用油红O染色在显微镜下观察并拍照记录15。4.5细胞内脂质和胆固醇的含量测定收集THP-1细胞调整密度为2.5109/L,均匀接种于6孔板(每孔 1 mL)中,种板的同时加入 100 g/L的 PMA刺激贴壁 24 h,按照 4.3中的方法分组给药,Sim作为阳性对照组。24 h后收集细胞,按
16、照试剂盒说明书检测细胞TC和FC的含量,胆固醇酯(cholesteryl ester,CE)的含量由TC和FC的差值计算得到,当CE/TC50%时认为泡沫细胞形成16。4.6ELISA 法检测细胞上清液中炎症因子含量收集THP-1细胞调整密度为2.5109/L,均匀接种于6孔板(每孔 1 mL)中,种板的同时加入 100 g/L的PMA 刺激贴壁 24 h,按照 4.3 中的方法分组给药。24 h后收集上清液,按照ELISA试剂盒检测细胞上清液中白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、单核细胞趋 化 蛋 白 1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
17、,MCP-1)、IL-1和肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-,TNF-)含量。4.7分子对接建模在Pubchem Compound数据库(https:/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)里下载配体小分子3D结构的SDF文件,RCSB-PDB数据库(https:/www.rcsb.org/)中获得蛋白受体 3D 结构的 PDB 文件。运行Mgtools 1.5.7对其进行加氢、计算电荷、合并非极性氢处理后保存成pdbqt格式文件,利用分子对接软件AutoDock Vina进行对接处理,通过Vina运算生成pdbqt结果文件,PyMOL软件进行可视化10。4
18、.8Western blot法检测自噬通路蛋白的表达收集 THP-1 细胞调整密度为 2.5109/L,均匀接种于 6孔板(每孔 1 mL)中,种板的同时加入 100 g/L 的PMA刺激贴壁24 h,按照“4.3”中的方法分组给药,Rap作为阳性对照组。24 h后收集细胞,按照说明书提取蛋白,1 1 000稀释抗,1 5 000稀释抗,凝胶成像仪系统显可视化蛋白条带。以GAPDH作为内参蛋白,ImageJ软件分析蛋白条带,计算蛋白的表达量15。4.9NLRP3炎症小体的体外表达收集 THP-1细胞调整密度为2.5109/L,均匀接种于6孔板(每孔1 mL)中,种板的同时加入100 g/L的P
19、MA刺激贴壁24 h,按照 4.3 中的方法分组给药。24 h 后收集细胞,按照4.8中的Western blot法检测NLRP3炎症小体的蛋白表达。caspase-1活性检测试剂盒说明书检测caspase-1的活性。5统计学处理本实验数据应用SPSS 26.0和GraphPad Prism 8软件进行分析和绘图,以均数标准差(meanSD)表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,以P0.05),640 mol/L的Cor会降低THP-1 细胞活力(P0.05),因此选择 5、10 和 20 mol/L作为Cor低、中、高剂量对J774A.1细胞进行后续实验。2油红O染色检测泡沫细胞模型构建结果如
20、图2油红O染色结果所示,两种细胞的正常组细胞均无明显分化,无脂滴;与正常组比较,模型组THP-1 细胞大量分化变形,红色脂滴增多,模型组J774A.1细胞也存在大量脂滴,标志着两种细胞的泡沫细胞模型造模成功;与模型组比较,两种细胞在给予阳性药物Sim后细胞内红色脂滴显著减少,而且随着Cor剂量的增加,细胞内红色脂滴呈现逐渐减少的趋势。3Cor对ox-LDL和LPS共同诱导后THP-1巨噬细胞内脂质和胆固醇含量测定的影响如图3所示,与正常组比较,模型组THP-1细胞内TC和CE含量显著增多(P50%,标志着泡沫细胞模型建立成功;与模型组比较,给予阳性药物 Sim 干预显著降低了 THP-1 细胞
21、内 TC 和CE含量(P0.01),给予Cor干预也显著降低了THP-1细胞内TC和CE含量(P0.01),减少脂质蓄积,且均呈剂量依赖性。4Cor对ox-LDL和LPS共同诱导后THP-1巨噬细胞中炎症因子表达的影响ELISA结果显示,与正常组比较,模型组IL-1、IL-6、MCP-1 和 TNF-的 表 达 水 平 显 著 升 高(P0.01);与模型组比较,阳性药物Dex显著降低了IL-6、MCP-1、IL-1和TNF-的表达水平(P0.01);低、中、高剂量Cor给药也显著降低IL-6、MCP-1、IL-1和TNF-的表达水平(P0.01),且具有剂量依赖性,见图4AD。此外,如图4E
22、所示,自噬诱导剂Rap增强了Cor对IL-1生成的抑制效应(P0.01),而自噬抑制剂 3-MA 则减弱了 Cor 对 IL-1 生成的抑制效应(PCor,见图 5。根据 AutoDock Vina 对接结果选取能量最优构象,以PyMOL可视化软件作图。6Cor对ox-LDL和LPS共同诱导后THP-1巨噬细胞中自噬通路蛋白表达的影响Western blot 结果显示,与模型组比较,高剂量Cor显著下调p-mTOR/mTOR和P62的蛋白表达水平(P0.01),显著上调 p-AMPK/AMPK 的蛋白表达水平(P0.05),见图6。7Cor对ox-LDL和LPS共同诱导后THP-1巨噬细胞中N
23、LRP3炎症小体体外表达的影响Western blot 结果显示,与模型组比较,高剂量Cor显著下调NLRP3、ASC和caspase-1蛋白表达水平(P0.05 或 P0.01),见图 7A。caspase-1 活性检测结果显示,与模型组比较,Cor抑制了caspase-1的活性(P0.05),见图7B。讨论AS是目前世界上常见的影响人类健康的心血Figure 1.Effects of corilagin(Cor)on the viability of THP-1 and J774A.1 cells.A:THP-1 cells were treated with 10640 mol/L Co
24、r for 24 h,and the cell viability was detected by MTT assay;B:J774A.1 cells were treated with 10320 mol/L Cor for 24 h,and the cell viability was detected by MTT assay.MeanSD.n=3.*P0.05,*P0.01 vs control group.图1Cor对THP-1和J774A.1细胞活力的影响1452管疾病之一,其发病率和病死率在全球范围内持续上升。在AS斑块形成过程中,血液中循环的单核细胞进入内皮下分化形成巨噬细胞,
25、巨噬细胞吞噬大量 ox-LDL后,细胞内脂质堆积形成泡沫细胞,泡沫细胞的大量积聚导致AS斑块的形成。现代药理研究表明巨噬细胞自噬可以通过调节脂质代谢和炎症Figure 2.Changes of lipid droplets in J774A.1 and THP-1 cell-derived foam cells of each group were observed by oil red O staining.A:normal group(showing normal morphology of J774A.1 cell-derived macrophages);B:model group(r
26、ed lipid droplets in J774A.1 cell-derived macrophages increased significantly);C:J774A.1 cell-derived macrophages were pretreated with Sim(10 mol/L)for 2 h,and then treated with ox-LDL for 24 h(red lipid droplets in J774A.1 cell-derived macrophages decreased significantly);D,E and F:J774A.1 cell-der
27、ived macrophages were pretreated with corilagin(Cor;5,10 and 20 mol/L)for 2 h,and then treated with ox-LDL for 24 h(red lipid droplets in J774A.1 cell-derived macrophages decreased gradually);G:normal group(showing normal morphology of THP-1 cell-derived macrophages);H:model group(red lipid droplets
28、 in THP-1 cell-derived macrophages increased significantly);I:THP-1 cell-derived macrophages were pretreated with Sim(10 mol/L)for 2 h,and then treated with ox-LDL and LPS for 24 h(red lipid droplets in THP-1 cell-derived macrophages decreased significantly);J,K and L:THP-1 cell-derived macrophages
29、were pretreated with Cor(40,80 and 160 mol/L)for 2 h,and then treated with ox-LDL and LPS for 24 h(red lipid droplets in THP-1 cell-derived macrophages decreased gradually).Scale bar=25 m.图2油红O观察各组THP-1和J774A.1细胞源性泡沫细胞内脂质变化Figure 3.Effects of different concentrations of corilagin(Cor)on total choles
30、terol(TC)concentration(A),cholesterol ester(CE)concentration(B)and CE/TC ratio(C)of THP-1 cells.MeanSD.n=3.#P0.01 vs control group;*P0.05,*P0.01 vs model group.图3不同浓度的Cor对THP-1细胞总胆固醇、胆固醇酯和CE/TC的影响1453反应来抑制泡沫细胞的形成,减轻AS5,提示通过药物调节自噬,减少炎症因子的分泌和泡沫细胞形成,可能是减缓AS的一种方法。AMPK/mTOR信号通路在自噬过程中有着重要的调控作用,是经典的自噬途径。AM
31、PK是调节生物能量代谢的蛋白激酶,其发生磷酸化后抑制 mTOR 的活化从而促进自噬。mTOR是一种高度保守的丝/苏氨酸激酶,抑制mTOR可以诱导细胞自噬、减少脂质积累等达到抗AS作用,LC3、beclin-1和P62是常用来评估细胞自噬水平的自噬分子标志蛋白 17-18。丁炫景等19观察到AMPK/mTOR信号通路对缓解小鼠动脉粥样硬化模型具有调控作用。自噬可以调控NLRP3炎症小体,NLRP3炎症小体是由一个传感器蛋白(NLRP3)、一个适配器蛋白(ASC)和一个效应蛋白(caspase-1)三部分组成的多蛋白复合物,被激活后,蛋白NLRP3、ASC和caspase-1的表达增加,与此同时,
32、caspase-1促进成熟IL-1和IL-18的释放,加重AS17。本实验采用 80 mg/L ox-LDL 和 500 g/L LPS 共同 诱 导 THP-1 巨 噬 细 胞,80 mg/L ox-LDL 诱 导J774A.1巨噬细胞,致使它们形成泡沫细胞 20-21。采用降脂药辛伐他汀作为油红O染色实验和胆固醇含表1分子对接结果Table 1.Molecular docking resultTarget proteinmTORAMPKCaspase-1NLRP3ASCPDB ID4JSV4CFE1RWK2NAQ2KN6Binding energy(kcal/mol)9.89.58.37.
33、77.4Figure 4.Effects of different concentrations of corilagin(Cor)on secretion of inflammation-related factors by THP-1 cells treated with ox-LDL and LPS.A to D:the levels of interleukin-6(IL-6,A),tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-,B),interleukin-1(IL-1,C)and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1,D)were
34、 detected by ELISA;E:the levels of IL-1 after addition of autophagy inducer rapamycin(Rap)or inhibitor 3-methyladenine(3-MA)were detected by ELISA.MeanSD.n=3.#P0.01 vs control group;*P0.01 vs model group.图4不同浓度的Cor对ox-LDL和LPS共同诱导THP-1细胞炎症因子分泌的影响1454量检测实验的阳性药物组11-12,抗炎药地塞米松作为阳性药物对炎症因子检测实验进行干预13。实验结果显
35、示,Cor中、高剂量组显著降低两种巨噬细胞内脂质积累,抑制巨噬源性泡沫细胞的形成,同时,也显著降低THP-1巨噬细胞上清液中IL-6、MCP-1、IL-1和TNF-炎症因子的含量水平,提示Cor既改善了巨噬细胞脂质代谢,又抑制了AS过程中的巨噬细胞炎症反应。利用分子对接软件进行靶标预测。对接结果显示,Cor与mTOR、AMPK、NLRP3、caspase-1和ASC蛋白均有良好的结合活性,其中与mTOR蛋白结合作用最好。Cor 主要通过范德华力和疏水作用进入mTOR靶点蛋白活性位点进行非共价结合,且与阳性配体 Rap 同样作用于 VAL2227,提示 Cor 可能作用mTOR蛋白来激活自噬。接
36、下来实验从蛋白层面对分子对接结果进行验证,Western blot实验结果显示,Cor高剂量组显著下调p-mTOR/mTOR和P62的蛋白表达水平,显著上调 p-AMPK/AMPK 的蛋白表达水平,对beclin-1和LC3的蛋白表达水平也具有调节作用,但无统计学意义。为进一步明确巨噬源性泡沫细胞内炎症是否受自噬的调节,本实验采用自噬诱导剂Rap和自噬阻断剂3-MA分别干预泡沫细胞。3-MA是实验广泛使用的自噬抑制剂14,Rap是mTOR抑制剂,可以诱导自噬,抑制巨噬细胞脂质积累,防止AS的发生与发展17。实验结果显示,Rap降低巨噬源性泡沫细胞内IL-1分泌的同时增强Cor对IL-1生成的抑
37、制效应,减弱炎症反应,3-MA抑制自噬后,细胞内IL-1分泌增加的同时减弱了Cor对IL-1生成的抑制效应,说明干预自噬可调节巨噬源性泡沫细胞内炎症。另外,Western blot结果也显示了Cor可以抑制NLRP3炎症小体的表达,同时也可以降低caspase-1的酶活性。以上结果表明Cor可以通过激活自噬,抑制NLRP3炎症小体,减少泡沫细胞内IL-1的分泌。综上所述,Cor的抗AS作用可能与其激活巨噬源性泡沫细胞的自噬有关,通过抑制mTOR促进巨噬细胞自噬,减少AS中炎症因子分泌和泡沫细胞形成,延缓AS的发生与发展。Figure 5.The 3D and 2D interaction pl
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