小学六年英语上册语音知识复习六年版1.doc

语音知识 一、语调英语语调主要有降调、升调和平调三大类。不同的语调可以表示说话人不同的态度和不同的隐含意思。英语中同一句话采用不同的语调会产生截然不同的语意概念。如“Yes”. 语调具有强烈的感情色彩，它使语言更富有表现力。 降调的基本含义是“结束”“肯定”。 用于陈述句。例句：I have already read that book. That street is two miles long. Here you are. 用于特殊疑问句。例句：What has happened to him? Which direction is it to the post office? 用于命令祈使句。但委婉祈使句(,please!),要用升调。例句：Do not hesitate to contact me. Go back to your seat! Follow me, please! Please. 用于感叹句。例句：What a small world! Oh! My poor Mathilde, how youve changed! 问候用语常用降调，以示真诚：Good morning. Good evening.Good afternoon. How are you? 感谢用语也常用降调，以表示诚挚的谢意：Thank you. Thanks a lot.Thank you very much. 在并列句中,并列连词and, but等的前后两上分句都用前升后降,表示句子还未说完。如：My fever is gone , but I still have a cough. My major is English , and I like it. I like bananas, but she likes oranges.We come to school by bus and he comes by bike. 用于选择疑问句中“or”前部分读升调而后部分读降调（前升后降）。如：Do you want to ride or walk? Would you like coffee or tea? 升调的基本含义是“没有结束”“不肯定”。 用于一般疑问句。例句：Do you mind if I sit here? Can you hand in your compositions today? 数数、列举事物或列举一连串的动作时，除最后那个and并列成分用降调外，前面所有的并列成分都要用升调。例句：Lets count the number. One , two, three, four, five.I like running, swimming and skating, but I dont like playing football, basketball or volleyball.For each incomplete sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. We study Chinese , history , geography , and English. 用于委婉祈使句。例句：Excuse me, sir . Can you help me? 用于称呼语。如：Mrs. Smith , this is Tom Jones. 反意疑问句的语调有两种情况：若说话者对所陈述的内容没有把握，想询问对方是否正确，则陈述句部分用降调，简略问句用升调。如：You are a student, arent you?No, I am a teacher.You like bananas, dont you? Yes, I like.若说话者对所陈述的内容已经很有把握，只是想要对方同意自己的观点，或是想从对方那里得到证实，则前后两部分都用降调。如：She is shy, isnt she?This story has a happy ending, hasnt it? Yes, it has. 平调。用于直接引语后，表示话是谁说的。“We are going to Florida,” she said brightly. “How do you feel, boy?” I asked him. 练习一. 判断下列句子句末为升调或降调。Dont be sad! ( ) Dont go! ( ) Amazing! ( )Is your father here today? ( ) Can I help you? ( ) Does she like tea? ( ) Do you go by plane? ( )What should I do? ( ) Where does he work? ( )How do we go there? ( ) Its half price then. ( )Come here, please. ( ) Wait for me, please. ( )语音知识 二、重音什么是单词重音和重读音节，以及双音节词和多音节词的重音规则？一个英语单词，如果只由一个音节组成，就不存在重音或轻音的问题（单音节词都读重音）。如果由两个或两个以上的音节组成，就产生单词重音的问题，念得特别响的音节，就是单词重音所在，也就是重读音节，其他音节叫非重读音节。英语单词里，除了一些复合词外，一般一个词只有一个重读音节，用“”符号来表示，如：untilntil直到才workerw:k工人 actorkt演员 repeatripi:t重复单词的重音不同是英国音和美国音在发音上最显著的不同：英国标准音只有一个重音, 对于一些多音节词,英国人常把重音放在一个音节而且通常是第一音节上,其它音节弱读。而美国人把重音放在第一音节后还会在其后的某个音节前放上次重音, 一般有两个重音，一个是主重音，另一个是次重音, 次重音（或重音）一般在多音节词倒数第二或第三个音节上。英国英语中有些重音在第二或者第三个音节上，美国发音的重音常在第一个音节上。如: 英音 美音 research research television television 双音节词的重音规则，一般有下列6条： 一般的双音节词，重音都在第一个音节上，如:sorrysrisor-ry抱歉 studystdistud-y学习sevensevnsev-en七 uncleklun-cle叔父mothermmoth-er母亲(2)单音节词加上后缀（如:-er, -ly,-ing,-ed,-ful,-est,-less,-ness,-ish,-ress）构成的双音节词，重音在第一个音节上。如：actressktrisact-ress女演员carelesskliscare-less粗心的childishtaildichild-ish孩子气的interestingintristiinterest-ing有趣的quicklykwikliquick-ly快tallestt:listtall-est最高的teacherti:tteach-er教师usefulju:sfluse-ful有用的单音节词加上前缀（如：a-,be-,com-,con-,de-,dis-, em-, en-, es-, im-, in-, mis-, pre-, per-,pro-,re-,trans-）构成的双音节词，重音往往在第二个音节上，如：aloneluna-lone单独地besidebisaidbe-side在.旁边comparekmpcom-pare比较connectknektcon-nect连接demanddim:ndde-mand要求discussdisksdis-cuss讨论enlargeinl:den-large扩大escapeiskeipes-cape逃跑explainikspleinex-plain解释importimp:tim-port进口increaseinkri:sin-crease增加mistakemisteikmis-take错误permitpmitper-mit允许prepareprippre-pare准备proposeprpuzpro-pose建议repeatripi:tre-peat重复trans-latetrnsleittrans-late翻译(4)以con-，de-，ex-，in-，re-，pre-，pro-等为前缀的双音节词，在作名词用时，重音在第一个音节上，作动词用时重音在第二个音节上，如下列词用作名词和动词时的对比：【contentkntentv.con-tent满足contentkntntn.con-tent内容】【desertdeztn.des-ert沙漠desertdiz:tv.de-sert抛弃】【exporteksp:tn.ex-port出口exportksp:tv.ex-port出口】【insultinsltn.in-sult侮辱insultinsltv.in-sult（侮辱）】【presentprezntn.pres-ent礼物presentprizentv.pre-sent呈现】【produceprdju:sn.prod-uce产品produceprdju:sv.pro-duce生产】【refuserefju:sn.ref-use废物refuserifju:zv.re-fuse拒绝】有一些复合词，是带有含意的前缀，如ex-（前任），pre-（前），post-（后），re-（再），un-（不）等构成的双音节词，可以有两个重音。如：exwifeekswaifex-wife前妻prewarpri:w:pre-war战前postwarpustw:post-war战后rebuildri:bildre-build重建)retellri:telre-tell(复述)unrealnrilun-real不真实unrestnrestun-rest不安此外，一些英语译名的双音节词，也有两个重音，如：Pekingpi:kiPe-king北京Chinesetaini:zChi-nese中国的有些双音节词，并没有前缀，主要是一些从法语借入的词，重音往往落在第二个音节上，如：policepli:spo-lice警察machinemi:nma-chine机器politeplaitpo-lite有礼貌canalknlca-nal运河hotelhutelho-tel旅馆campaignkmpeincam-paign运动多音节词的重音规则一般有两条：三音节词的重音，一般在第一个音节上，如：beautifulbju:tflbeau-ti-ful美丽的bicyclebaisiklbi-cy-cle自行车familyfmilifam-i-ly家庭ItalyitliIt-a-ly意大利librarylaibrrili-bra-ry图书馆Saturdaystdisat-ur-day星期六三个音节以上的多音节词的重音，一般在倒数第三个音节上，如：politicalplitiklpo-lit-i-cal政治biologybaildibi-ol-o-gy生物学democracydimkrside-moc-ra-cy民主geographydigrfige-og-ra-phy地理学university,ju:niv:sitiu-ni-ver-si-ty大学练习二、用“”或“”判断下列单词重读是否标识正确。tonight ( ) lesson ( ) hobby ( )dinner ( ) tomorrow ( ) together ( )语音知识 三. 意群的停顿1句子意群是指根据句子中的语义、语法和语调来划分的。从语义和语法上讲，意群必须是表达某种意义的一个（组）词、一个短语、一个分句、一个主句或者从句。从语调上说，意群必须是可以用降调、升调或平调来朗读的一个语调单位。划分出的各个成分，每一个成分即称为一个意群。意群可以用“/”符号表示。2在说话和朗读时，意群的作用是：如果感到句子很长，一口气说不下来，可以在意群和意群之间有一个很短的停顿（换气）。正确的停顿应该在意群和意群之间，同一个意群内不应停顿。意群之间的停顿不是固定的，而是灵活的。可以按照个人的需要，可停顿也可不停顿，可多停顿也可少停顿。如：By the time he arrived / he was completely exhausted.When I leave Beijing / I will leave/ with very fond memories / of the city and its people / and with an increased knowledge of China.Reading aloud / is very important / for beginners.Early to bed / and early to rise / makes a man / healthy, happy, and wise.Jane, / whos a brilliant swimmer, / represented Britain / at the Olympic Games.After he took his bath, / he dressed in a hurry, / ran to catch the bus, / and got to his appointment / before it was too late.练习三、用/标出朗读中需要停顿的三处地方。 If you like sports you can be a coach a sports reporter or a P.E teacher. He is good at football ping-pong and basketball. If you like science you can be a scientist or a science teacher.语音知识 四.连读“连读”是在一个意群内进行的，它是在说话较快时自然产生的一种语音连读现象。 在连贯地说话或朗读时,在同一个意群(即短语或从句)中,如果相邻的两个词前者以辅音音素结尾,后者以元音音素开头,就要自然地将辅音和元音相拼,构成一个音节,这就是连读。连读时的音节一般不重读,只需顺其自然地一带而过,不可以加音,也不可以读得太重。如:not at all这个短语。连读时听起来就像是一个单词。注意:连读只发生在句子中的同一个意群中。在两个意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音和元音出现,也不可连读。如:Please takea lookatit.这个句子中take a look at it是同一个意群,那么take与a可连读,look与at可连读,at与it可连读。在There is a book() in it.一句中book与in往往不连读,因为book与in分别在两个不同的意群中。连读的条件：相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一个意群。连读所构成的音节一般都不重读，只需顺其自然地一带而过，不可读得太重，也不可音。(连读符号：或)1、以“辅音结尾的单词+元音开头的单词”型连读。如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。 如：Id li(ke a)nother bow(l o)f rice. 这里like / laik / 以辅音结尾，another 以元音开头，所以连读。We have an English friend.这个句子有两处连读；前一处是have 的尾辅音/v/与an的开头元音/连读为/v /；后一处是an的尾辅音/n/与English的开头音素/i/连读为/ni/。如：ImanEnglish boy. Itisanold book.Let me havea lookatit. Notatall.Ms Black worked inanoffice lastyesterday.I calledyou halfanhourago.Putiton, please. Please pickitup.注意：以辅音结尾 指的是音标中的最后一个音是辅音，而不是单词的结尾，这如同uju:niversity前面的不定冠词必须用a 一样。 2、以“辅音结尾的单词+ h开头的单词”。h不发音，与前面的辅音连读。Tellher I missher. What wil(l he) wilido?Ha(s he) zi doneit before? Mus(t he) ti go?Can he ni do it? Should he di .?Tell him to ask her. Lea(ve him) vim. Fo(r him )(连读这个词，会发现和forum 很相似) 3、“辅音+半元音”型连读。英语语音中的/j/和/w/是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是/j/开头，此时也要连读。如：Thankyou Nice to meetyou.Didyou get there lateagain?Wouldyou likea cupof tea？Couldyou help me, please?音的同化也是一种连读的现象，两个词之间非常平滑的过渡，导致一个音受临音影响而变化。t d s z+ j 要发生音变。辅音t与j相邻时，被同化为tt + j t Nice to meetyou. Cantyou do it? Is thatyour car? No, notyet.Ill letyou know.辅音d与j相邻时，被同化为d： d + j dDidyou get there lateagain? Wouldyou likea cupof tea？ Couldyou help me, please? 辅音s与j相邻时, 被同化为： s + j God blessyou. I missyou.Canyou dressyourself? 辅音z与j相邻时, 被同化为： z + j How wasyour vacation? He saysyoure good.4、“元音+元音”型连读。如果前一个词以元音结尾，后一个词以元音开头，这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。DoI? Youre ju sohonest.Heis very friendly to me. Iam Chinese.She wants to studyEnglish.Howand why did you come here?She cant carryit.Itll take you threehours to walk there.The question is tooeasy for him to answer.5、以“r/re字母结尾的单词+元音开头的单词时，可将/r/与后面的元音拼读。Theyre my fatherand mother.I looked foritfrit hereandhirnd there.Thereis a football underit.Thereare some books on the desk.Hereis a letter for you.Hereare foureggs.But whereis my cup?Whereare your brotherand sister?注意：如果一个音节的前后都有字母r，即使后面的词以元音开头，也不能连读。如：The black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.（nearer与and不可连读）6.“辅音+辅音”型连读。爆破音/p/，/b/，/t/，/d/，/k/，/g/ 和摩擦音/f/，/v/，/W/,其中任意2个相临时，前一个音会轻音化，即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势，稍做停顿后即发后面的音。 如果这些音在词尾，也要轻音化。Si(t) down. contac(t) lens Da(d) told) me goo(d) nightThe girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now. The bi(g) bus from the fa(c)tory is full of people. Wha(t) time does he get up every morning? This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car. The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too. 7“a & the”型连读。a & the一般与后面的单词连读，并且轻而短。特殊情况“a university”.8. 不可连读的情况。注意：当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时，连读现象只出现在意群内，意群与意群之间的两个相邻单词即使符合上面所讲的两个条件，但也不能连读。因为他们不在同一个意群中。如：I hope itll get a littlewarmer.(这个句子中的hope it就不连读/hupit/，因为主句I hope是一个意群，后面的从句itll get a little warmer.是另一个意群)Isit ahat or a cat?（hat与or之间不可以连读）Thereisa good book in my desk.（book与in之间不可以连读）Can you speakEnglish or French? (English与or之间不可以连读）She opened the door and walkedin. (door与and之间不可以连读)Shall we meet ateight or ten tomorrow morning? （meet与 at，eight与or之间不可以连读）训练一.朗读下列短语，注意连读。the corner_of the street the top_of the mountain a piece_of cake in_a foreign country a glass_of water a cup_of tea such_a short time nice clear_airsend_it by mail an_English girl wait_a moment a nice_idea a lot_of noise a visit to_India once_in_a while an_apologya waste_of time have_a rest 训练二.朗读下列句子，注意连读 。Were going to work on a farm nex(t) Tuesday. What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee?Its a very col(d) day, but its a goo(d) day. You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden. I bought a chea(p) book, but its a goo(d) book. I wen(t) there alone a(t) nine las(t) night. -Do you know his bi(ke) number? -Sorry, I don(t) know.The forty-firs(t) lesson is qui(te) difficult. He needs a lot o(f) money.练习三：1. 用上括弧标出下面句子中的两处连读。He works on a farm.2判断下列词组连读是否正确，正确的打“”，错误打“”。 comeand havea look whatabout( ) ( ) ( ) picturesofbikes havea goodtime( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) goata green light lotsof( ) ( ) ( ) learnat home( ) ( )3. 用上括弧正确标出下列词组和句子的连读。come out look at take it off beat it drop inan orange put on bend over keep on read itstand up one of us half an hour put it onnot at all first of all a cup of tea let him in take it easy back in a minute in an hour pick it upan hour and a half far away after all for examplefor ever our own a pair of there is A group of people put on their coats and went out. Here is a letter for you. Here are four eggs.There are some books on the desk.After all, this is our own home. There is a football under it.语音知识 五、失音(失去爆破音)1什么是爆破音？爆破音是指发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音。这些音有6个爆破音,即/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/和/g/.2失音规则：当一个爆破音后面紧跟着另一个爆破音时，前面的爆破音只按其发音部位形成阻碍，但不发生爆破。刚要发出时，立即发出第二个爆破音。这种现象称为“不完全爆破”或“失去爆破”。3失去爆破分以下几种情况： 爆破音爆破音 在爆破音中的任何两个爆破音相邻时，前一爆破音失去爆破，后者则要完全爆破。如a bi(g) car等。并且任何一个爆破音在句尾时，这个爆破音不再发音。如Good night!最后的/t/音便不再发，整句话可读作/gu_nai_/。两个连续的爆破音在词尾，后面紧接着是辅音或半元音j,w时，这两个爆破音均不发音。如Picked me up.这句话中picked本来应该发音为/pikd/，但/k/和/d/均为爆破音，而且后面紧接辅音/m/，故这两个爆破音都不再发音。这句话可以发音为：/pi_mi p/。任何一个爆破音后面如果紧接着是一个辅音或者半元音，那么这个爆破音将不再发音，仅空半拍就行。如Good morning!可以发为/gu_m:ni/，/d/这个音并没有发出来，而只是空半拍。再如doctor这个单词，本来应该发音为dkt，但/k/音后面是辅音/t/，故/k/不再发音，即/d_t/。注意：动词否定结尾的缩写形式 nt 中的t失音,无论后一词以元音还是辅音开头。如：You mustnt lose it. He wouldnt overeat. I dont-know what-to do. I need-some-more money. Id-like-to try on that-shirt. Doesnt she know?What-time is our flight-tomorrow?同类爆破+同类爆破（爆破音：/p, b, t, d, k, g/） 相同的两个爆破音相邻时，第一个爆破音省略，只读后面的一个爆破音。goodbye /,gudbai/ what time /wt taim/ bed time /bedtaim/ big kite /big kait/ Shes looking for a part-time job.Ill take-care-of the problem.异类爆破+异类爆破类似的辅音如：td；d-t；k- g；pt出现时，同样省前读后。前一词以破音/擦音+ t d结束，后一词以辅音开头，则其中t d失音。pt+辅音 kt+辅音（如完结于skt则脱k而不是t）tft+辅音 bd+辅音 gd+辅音 dvd+辅音vd+辅音 st+辅音 ft+辅音 nd+辅音 ld+辅音 zd+辅音 td+辅音 wt+辅音 md+辅音 nt+辅音 lt+辅音 vd+辅音 xt +辅如： last class next day bend back settled thererefused both kept quiet swept valley rubbed gently注：后一词如始于h则td很少脱落kept her waiting What do you think?Sorry, I wasnt listening.The boss has always been very good to her.We had a good time together.Youd better get up a little earlier.How does she get all her los(t) books back? She sai(d) to herself. 爆破音破擦音(/ts, dz, tr, dr, t , d)。 爆破音与破擦音相邻时，爆破音失去爆破。例如： Picture, Do you know how do you draw a picture?There is a bird in tha(t) tree. The girl in a re(d) dress is my sister. 爆破音摩擦音(f,h,r, v, , , s, z, , ,）爆破音后紧跟着的是摩擦音/f, v, , , s, z, , , h/时，这种辅音组合在语音学里叫做摩擦爆破。例如：What would you advise me to do? Who is a(t) the door? Rea(d) the story, please. Keep that in mind. I didn(t) say so.爆破音鼻音(m, n, )爆破音t d和鼻辅音m与n 相邻，爆破音形成阻碍，发生不完全爆破，在词末必须通过鼻腔爆破。例如： /tn/wr