1、 Direct MethodGroup members:秦丹凤 罗茜 尚宇 杨琨 蔡凤梅第1页1.BriefintroductionofDirectMethodo(1)Definition:TheDirectMethodisamethodofforeignorsecondlanguageteachingwhichinsiststhatonlythetargetlanguageshouldbeusedinclass,andmeaningsshouldbecommunicated“directly”byassociatingspeechformswithactions,objects,mime,g
2、estures,and situations.第2页o(2)Emphasis:otheimportanceofspoken language,thereforeholdsthatreadingandwritingshouldbetaughtonlyafterspeaking.Anditalsobelievesinthenaturalprocessoflanguagelearningandintheinductiveteachingofgrammar.o(3)Riseanddecline:oThismethodcameaboutasamuchneededreplacementforthegram
3、mar-translationmethod(classicmethod)in the late 1800s.Itfadedin the early 1900sasitwasnotpracticalinclassroomsettings,andthensawacomebackunderthenameoftheaudio-lingualmethodafterWorldWarII.第3页2.Historicalandsocialbackground第4页2.Historicalandsocialbackgroundo2.1Necessity:oInthelate19thcentury,withthe
4、development of capitalism,allEuropeancountriesincreased communicationwitheachother.Itgaverisetoasocialneedfororalproficiency.oHowever,Grammar-TranslationMethodcouldnotmeettheneed.Thus,languageteachinginnovationswereinevitable.oTheDirectMethod,asareactionagainsttheGrammar-TranslationMethod,emergesasa
5、resultoftheinnovations.第5页2.2Possibility:oTherapiddevelopmentoflinguistics,psychologyandeducationprovidedthetheoreticalbasisfortheestablishmentoftheDirectMethod.第6页SomeimportantresearchersandtheirbasicideasW.M.Wundtlaidthepsychologicalfoundation.Heclaimedthatfeeling,notthought,playedthemainroleinlan
6、guagepsychology,soconceptsandstimulusshouldtakefeelingintoaccount,whichhadgreatinfluenceontheDirectMethod.Hermann Paul formed the main linguistic base.He proposed the great importance of analogy”in language,which led to the principles of imitation and repetition of the Direct Method.第7页nJ.A.Comenius
7、sidea educationshouldbeinlinewithnature,whichjustifiedtheviewsonlanguageteachingwiththeDirectMethod.His“direct”principle,theprinciplesof“fromconcretetoabstract,fromneartofar,fromknowntounknown,fromsimpletocomplex,fromfacttoconclusion”areputintopracticeintheDirectMethod.n F.Gouinslinguisticandpsychol
8、ogicaltheoriesbasedonhisobservationofchildrensuseoflanguageweredirectlyappliedtothepracticeoftheDirectMethod.第8页3.LinguisticandpsychologicaltheoriesbehindDirectMethod3.1Theoryoflanguage3.2Theoryoflearning第9页3.1Theoryoflanguage(1)Thereexistsnosimpleone-to-onerelationshipbetweenanytwolanguages.Thustra
9、nslationshouldnotbetakenasthemaintechniqueoflanguageteaching.Instead“direct”meansshouldbepromoted.(2)Meaningsaretobeconnectedwiththetargetlanguage,withoutgoingthroughtheprocessoftranslatingintothestudentsnativelanguage.Theyshouldbecommunicated“directly”byassociatingspeechformswithactions,objects,ges
10、tures,andsituations.(3)Languageisproficiency,skillsorhabits.Theformationofhabitsderivesfromcontinuousimitationandrepetition.(4)Languageisanart.,notscience.Learningalanguagelargelyliesinpractice,nottheknowledgeofalanguage.第10页(5)Sentenceistheminimumunitofspeechcommunication.AccordingtoGouin,verbalexp
11、ressioniscloselylinkedwiththoughtaboutrealevents.Thoughtandcorrespondingutterancesdonotoccurrandomlyorsingly;theycomeinsequencesandend-meansseries.Inaddition,concretemeaningandusageofwordscanonlybelearnedinsentences.(6)Historicallyspeaking,spokenlanguagecameintobeingbeforewrittenlanguage.Sospeechpat
12、ternsarefundamentalwhilewrittenlanguagederivational.ThisviewaccountsfortheemphasisonthepriorityforspokenlanguageteachingintheDirectMethod.(7)Spokenlanguageisalearnablesystemofsounds,andsoundsarebestdescribedbyphonetictranscription.Thereforeweshouldattachgreatimportancetophoneticteaching.第11页3.2Theor
13、yoflearning(1)Itiseasiertomemorizethingswithrelationstoothers.Solearningthroughsentencesisbetterthanlearningisolatedwords.(2)Emphasisonthepriorityforspokenlanguagefitspsychologicaltheories.Itscatteredthedifficultiesandmakeslanguageeasytolearn.Whereasstudentsmaybefrustratedifspokenandwrittenlanguagec
14、omesatthesametime.第12页(3)“Teachingaforeignlanguageinthatlanguage”haswidetheoreticalbaseofmemorialpsychology.nReviewisaneffectivemethodtopreventforgetting.“Teachingaforeignlanguageinthatlanguage”mustrelyonmaterialsstudentshavelearnedasmuchaspossible.Themorefrequentlytheyappear,thelongertheystayinthem
15、emory.nAssociationlaysthefoundationformemory.“Teachingaforeignlanguageinthatlanguage”tendstore-organizethosematerialsandmakestheoldandnewtracesinterrelatedinmanyways.Useofdirect”meanscanarousemoreassociations.Themoreassociationsare,themorefirmlymaterialswillberemembered.nThemoresensoryorgansareinvol
16、ved;thelongermaterialsstayinthememory.“Teachingaforeignlanguageinthatlanguage”,togetherwithuseof“directmeans,makesvisual,audio,andspeakingorgansoperatesimultaneously.Thisisbeneficialformemory.第13页4.Basic principles of the direct method第14页4.Basic principles of the direct methodl1.Classroominstructio
17、nwasconductedexclusivelyinthetargetlanguage.Nativelanguagewasthoughttobeanobstacleinthemasteryofthetargetlanguageanditshouldbeavoidedtoamaximum.Concretevocabularywastaughtthroughdemonstration,objects,pictures;Abstractvocabularywastaughtthroughassociationofideas.2.Onlyeverydayvocabularyandsentenceswe
18、retaught.Itsobviousthatchildrenlearnsociallanguagesthatarewidelyusedineverydaylife,especiallyintheformofvividlanguages,ingreatcontrasttothedecentwrittenlanguagesanddeadlanguages.Therefore,directmethodshouldalsobebasedonreallifesoastofacilitatecommunication.第15页l3.Oralcommunicationskillswerebuiltupin
19、acarefullytradedprogressionorganizedaroundquestions-and-answerexchangesbetweenteachersandstudentsinsmallintensiveclasses.4.Grammarwastaughtinductively.Studentswillfirstofalllearnthelanguagematerialsandthensummarizethegrammaticalrulesbasedonthepreviousknowledgeoftheinputmaterialswhichwillinturnguidet
20、heirfuturestudy.5.Newteachingpointsweretaughtthroughmodelingandpractice.Aschildrenlearnlanguagebyfirstlisteningtoothersandthenimitatingandpracticing,somuchattentionshouldbegiventoimitationandmuchoraldrill.Correctpronunciationandgrammarwereemphasized.Bothspeechandlisteningcomprehensionweretaught第16页5
21、.Procedures usually adopted by the teachers第17页5.Procedures usually adopted by the teachersn1.Presentation by direct associationnNewlanguageitemsarepresentedbyassociatingmeaningwiththetargetlanguagedirectly.n2.Oral practice in the target language nInordertohavethenewly-introducedlanguageitemsfullyun
22、derstoodbystudents,theteacheranswersstudentsquestionsandasksstudentstoanswerherquestionsinfullsentences.Studentsareencouragedtoaskeachotherquestionsusingthesamegrammaticalstructurestheyhavepracticed.Studentsarenotallowedtomakemistakes.Theirmistakesareimmediatelycorrectedbytheteacherorbystudentsthems
23、elves.第18页n3.Consolidation with written worknDictationisanexercisefrequentlyusedinconsolidationwithwrittenworkintheDirectMethod.Dictationisusedasameanstoreinforceandtestwhatthestudentshavelearned.Writing canbeintroducedasameansofconsolidationandevaluationintheDirectMethod.Writtenworkshouldbegradedin
24、thefollowingsequence:reproductionoffamiliarreadingtexts;reproductionofnarrativeorallypresentedbytheteacher;freecomposition.第19页6.Typicalclassroomactivities第20页6.Typical classroom activitiesn1.Question and answer exercises:inordertohavethenewly-introducedlanguageitemsfullyunderstoodbystudents,theteac
25、heranswersstudentsquestionsandasksstudentstoanswerherquestionsinfullsentences.n2.Conversation practice:studentsareencouragedtoaskeachotherquestionsusingthesamegrammaticalstructurestheyhavepracticed.n3.Error correction:Studentsarenotallowedtomakemistakes.Theirmistakesareimmediatelycorrectedbytheteach
26、erorbystudentsthemselves.n4.Dictation:DictationisanexercisefrequentlyusedinconsolidationwithwrittenworkintheDirectMethod.Dictationisusedasameanstoreinforceandtestwhatthestudentshavelearned.第21页n5.Inductive teaching of grammar.Grammarislearnedinductivelythroughlisteningandspeakingactivities.n6.Listen
27、ing comprehension tasks:Designinglisteningcomprehensiontasksisone of the waystoestablishafavorableclassroomclimateintheDirectMethod.n7.Graded composition(分级作文):Writing canbeintroducedasameansofconsolidationandevaluationintheDirectMethod.Writtenworkshouldbegradedinthefollowingsequence:reproductionoff
28、amiliarreadingtexts;reproductionofnarrativeorallypresentedbytheteacher;freecomposition.第22页7.Rolesofthelearner,oftheteacherandoftheinstructionalmaterials第23页nTheroleofthelearner:thelearnerisexpectedtolisten,toanswerquestions,toworkinpairsorgroupsonconversations,towritedowndictations,andtowriteshortp
29、assages.Oneofthedrivingideasistoputthelearnerinsituationsinwhichsheisexpectedtoproducethelanguage.第24页The role of the teacher:ntheteachershouldpreferablybeanative-speakerofthelanguage.ntask:topresentthelanguage,andtodirectclassroomactivities.nThelanguageispresentedthroughtheteachersmonologue,andtheu
30、seofrealia,orimagesorrepresentationsoftheobjectsandactions第25页The instructional materials:ntheDirectMethodbasedmaterialonordinarysituationsinwhichthelearnermightexpecttofindherselfongoing abroad,a lesson on the bank,the restaurant,or the hotel,noronsubjectsofordinaryconversationgeography,money,thewe
31、ather.Some textbooks used by Direct Method:Method for Teaching Modern Language(M.Berlitz)Direct Method English Readers(J.G.Endicott)The New Method Readers(M.West)English through Pictures(I.A.Richards&C.Gibson)Essential English(C.E.Eckersley)第26页8.Comments on Direct Method第27页 Meritsn(1).Theuseofthet
32、argetlanguageasameansofinstructionandcommunicationintheclassroomcontributesgreatlytoformingthehabitofthinkinginthetargetlanguage,whichisnecessaryinefficientrealcommunication.n(2).Theemphasisonpracticewithnewlanguageitemsandonlanguageskills,ratherthanonlanguageknowledge,isimportantinachievingautomati
33、cityofusingthetargetlanguage.第28页n(3).Theemphasisonspokenlanguageconformstotheobjectivesofmodernlanguageteaching.Specialattentionpaidtopronunciationandintonationisdesirableinteachingspokenlanguage.n(4).Regardinglisteningandspeakingasthebasisofreadingandwritingisstrategicinfosteringthefourskills.n(5)
34、.Usingfullsentencesasteachingunitsmakesforeignlanguagelearningmorenaturalandefficientforstudentstounderstandanewtextandacquirealanguage.第29页 Defectsn(1)Itneglectsthepartplayedbythemothertongue.Initsearlyperiod,theDirectMethodcompletelyrejectedthemothertongue,andfailedtonoteorunderestimateditspositiv
35、eroleinFLT;n(2)Itignoresthecharacteristicsoftheforeignlanguagelearnerswhohavealreadymasteredtheirmothertongue;n(3)Itoverlookstheroleofgrammarandputsunduestressonmechanicalimitationandmemorization.Thisleadstothephenomenonofmechanicalmemorizingwithoutseekingthoroughunderstanding;n(4)Itlaysparticularstressuponpracticalmasteryofthelanguageattheexpenseofdevelopingintellectualfaculties.第30页Thanks for your attention!第31页
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