短文改错专项.doc

短文改错应试方略
第一某些
备考方略
题型解读
短文改错着重考查学生语言基本功和对的使用英语进行表达能力。它涉及词汇，语法，句型构造等多方面知识和行文逻辑推断和综合辨析能力，是专门针对考生平时学习英语特别是写作练习中常犯较为普遍错误而设计。
短文改错是一篇100词左右学生习作式短文，短文中10处错误，10处错误分布不再是每行一错，而是每句中最多两个错误，这在一定限度上增长了该题型难度。
考查类型：
缺词
多词
错词
考点分布
短文改错错词普通分为两类：语法错误和逻辑错误。错误普通出当前语法错误上，涉及逻辑错误每年1-3处。多一词重要出当前冠词，介词，助动词，连接词和语义重复等方面。缺一词重要出当前冠词（名词前），介词（不及物动词后和固定构造中），助动词，不定式符号，连接词，语义不完整等方面。
解题技巧
两原则：①错误以改动一词为原则
②改正以一种层次为原则
四注意：①增词以虚词居多
②改形式以实词居多
③句子原意保持不变
④小心局部通顺陷阱
短文改错通关口诀
动词形，名词数；
注意形和副；
习惯用法要记住；
句子成分多分析；
逻辑错误须关注；
连词冠词常光顾。
（一） 动词形
指动词因时态和语态使用错误，主谓不一致错误，谓语与非谓语错误等导致动词形式有误。
重要体当前：
1. 普通过去时和普通过去时，普通过去时和当前完毕时，普通当前时和普通将来时，当前完毕时和过去完毕时等错用；
2. 积极语态和被动语态错用；
3. 连词先后动词形式不一致；
4. 主谓不一致；
5. 谓语某些不完整；
6. 当前分词与过去分词，不定式有无符号to，动词原形与动名词等错用。
（二） 名次数
指名词单复数形式用错。
（三） 注意形和副
短文改错中考查形容词和副词，注意集中在其基本功能与比较级时。形容词普通作定语和表语，副词普通作状语，修饰形容词、动词、副词或句子，改错中经常设立此类词混用。
形容词及副词有比较级和最高档，这种状况下，句子里常有than 或表达范畴提示词。
（四） 习惯用法要记住
重要考查习惯搭配和习惯用法等方面基本知识，如使用冠词固定短语，动词、名词或形容词与介词固定搭配，强调句以及某些使用it固定句型等。解决此类问题核心就是在学习中善于总结，紧记这些固定用法。
（五） 句子成分多分析
不同句子成分要用不同此类，如主语和宾语普通由名词、代词、动名词、不定式等充当。只有对句子构造和成分作细致地分析，才干找出用词不当错误。
（六） 逻辑错误须关注
短文改错这一题型中错误设立都是借助语篇材料，因此上下文与否一致、逻辑与否合理、称谓或指代与否一致等都是解题时要关注点。
（七） 连词冠词常光顾
连词、冠词都是虚词，虽然它们不单独在句子中作成分，但是使用非常灵活、频繁，因此解决此类问题时要明确名词数、泛指还是特指，上下文之间意义，从句属性及引导词在句中作用等。
第二某些
第1节 多一词状况
（一） 多一介词和副词
介词多余重要体当前介词用法错误，特别是其搭配方面错误，在不用介词地方用了介词。常考介词有in，at,on,for,to,about等。
多一副词重要是由于句子成分重复导致。常考多为in，out,away,off,up,down,far等表达地点和方位副词。
考点突破
1. 在next，last，this，these，one，any，every，each，all，today，yesterday，tomorrow等词前，普通不用表达时间介词at，on，in等。
(1) The secretary told me that the manager was busy and I should come at some other time.
(2) I met my uncle on last Sunday.
2. 表达时间名词短语，如the moment，the first/last time，every time，the minute，each time直接充当连词，引导状语从句时，其前无介词。
I liked the oil painting very much at the moment I saw it.
3. 句子成分重复使副词成为一种累赘。
When we got to his house，we found him in home.
基本演习
1. He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.
2. Farther in the distance，I could not enjoy the view of snowy mountains.
3. Here I am in the middle of a city，350 miles far away from our farmhouse.
4. Please help with me and give me some advice.
5. The book I’m reading of talks about afternoon tea in Britain.
6. I believe in that nobody can change my mind.
7. She often goes to abroad on business.
8. Three million of people worked on digging a long canal.
9. I talked with the writer and learned a lot of.
10. An article said that all UFO reports could be explained for quite naturally by aircraft movements.
11. My mother couldn’t find her handbag when we arrived at there.
12. We greeted with each other and began to talk about the weather.
13. We had a good time on last Monday.
(二) 多一连词
考点突破
1. 并列连词连接两个并列成分或句子，从属连词则用来引导从句，作主句中某一种成分，两者不能混用。例如，表达因果关系时，because和so不能同步使用；表达让步关系时，although/though和but不能同步使用。
Although he is very young，but he can retell the story very fluently.
2. 两个或各种从属连词不能并列使用。
My parents sent me an e-mail to ask whether how I was getting along with my studies.
3. 受汉语表达习惯和思维定势影响，在不需要用连词地方用了连词。
In some parts of the forest that you can find large groups of monkeys，which are jumping up and down.
基本演习
1. With little sleep and hardly any break，so he works from morning till night.
2. If you notice that when someone is missing or hurt，tell your teacher immediately.
3. We didn’t enjoy the day because that the weather was so awful.
4. Cleaver as he is，but he works very hard.
5. Once that they fail in these shows，they will suffer a lot.
6. I will not buy the tickets until when I hear from you.
7. More and more people have realized that how serious this problem is.
8. As Jim is busy，so he can’t help you with your math.
9. The reason was because that more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
10. Even if I fail again，but I will not lose heart.
11. Following the doctor’s advice，or you will recover soon.
12. I was very unhappy and scared as well as because my teacher hates the students coming late for school.
(三) 多一代词
多一代词考查重要环绕人称代词、物主代词、不定代词、关系代词等错误运用，这些错误运用容易导致句子成分重复、指代不明、理解困难等。
考点突破
1. 主语与谓语之间多一关系代词。
Some people don’t like basketball，but many people who do like it.
2. 关系代词和其她代词同步出当前句子中。
This is the very person that I am looking for him.
3. it 用法广泛，在诸多状况下会因指代不明导致成分重复。
This math problem is too hard to solve it for the little girl.
基本演习
1. Whatever the result it is，the most important thing is that we are enjoying ourselves.
2. First of all，as it is known to people，pets make too much noise troubling residents a lot.
3. The only thing I have to do it is studying.
4. She is the girl we talked about her.
5. To the students who they spend too much time playing computer games，it can do harm to their sight.
6. He is very sorry about all the whole thing.
7. He said ha would never go to the restaurant which it had bad service.
8. There are two letters which that I have to reply to.
9. People who drink coffee at breakfast，at launch，or between meals.
10. He wouldn’t go to see a play that no one liked it.
11. Now I really enjoy studying because I’m growing old and know what I want it.
12. I read your e-mail to my parents and showed them the photo you sent it to me.
13. Many student feel it that a popular teacher must be kind and easy-going.
(四) 多一助动词
考点突破
1. 在时间状语和时间状语从句中，常有普通当前时代替普通将来时，当前完毕时代替将来完毕时，普通过去时代替过去将来时。
If you will study hard，you will succeed.
2. 错用时态容易导致浮现多余助动词，特别是把过去完毕时和普通过去时用混，极易出错。
She had taught us English when I attended training courses two years ago.
3. 有时，句子主语和谓语之间不存在被动关系或有些不及物动词，如happen，take place，belong to，last，break out被误用作及物动词，以被动语态形式浮现，致使浮现助动词多余状况。
This experience has been shown that traveling by train actually is the safest way of making journeys.
Great changes have been taken place in the past years.
基本演习
1. I was taking a train to London’s Victoria Station. I had noticed that the carriage was noisy and filled with people.
2. It was turned out to be her own cup，which she’d left on the shelf by mistake.
3. He has been sent his secretary to bring the passport here.
4. The school-leavers are called on to give away their being used books to the students in the lower grades.
5. We will can also download software for use now.
6. The man returned the handbag after he made sure it was belonged to her.
7. She carried on as if nothing had been happened.
8. I was used to come here every week.
9. When he was a child，he had played basketball in the street often.
10. Only if do you obey the rules can you prevent yourself becoming short-sighted.
(五) 多一冠词
考点突破
1. 表达泛指意义物质名词、抽象名词前不用冠词。
Music can bring people a pleasure.
2. 表达泛指概念可数名词复数前不用冠词。
Young people like to read the books.
3. 表达季节、月份、星期、节假日名词前普通不用冠词。
School begins in the September.
4. 呼语或作表语、同位语、补足语表达独一无二职务、头衔名词前不用冠词。
The young man is the captain of this ship.
5. 表达三餐、球类运动、棋类游戏名词前不用冠词。
Let’s go and watch them play the football.
6. by后接名词表达交通方式，名词前不用冠词。
Now many people want to travel by the air.
7. 表达学科、语言名词前普通不用冠词。
I like the math though it’s a bit difficult.
8. 在某些短语中，有无定冠词意思大不同样。
They traveled by the day，and stayed at hotels by night.
基本演习
1. In a fact，he even scared my classmates away when they came over to play or do homework with me.
2. He never watches where he is going，so he often gets into the trouble.
3. There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.
4. You can also turn to your dance teacher for the help.
5. I was born in the Hebei Province and I am in good heath.
6. I really hope that you can give me a good advice on how to memorize new words.
7. There is the water all over the bathroom floor.
8. I don’t think going to the university is the only way to success.
9. We are going to climb the Mount Tai tomorrow.
(六) 多一不定式符号
技巧点拨
考生应熟记某些常用背面跟不带to不定式状况，如使役动词make，let，have和感官动词后用不定式作宾语补足语时要省略to；另一方面要紧记某些最惯用固定构造，以免浮现误用to现象。
基本演习
1. Would you please to help me，Miss Tracy?
2. Many parents would rather let their children to stay at home.
3. To stay healthy，you’d better to do some sports after school.
4. Novels that have wrong ideas will make us to do something wrong.
5. When it rains，you cannot help but to stay at home.
6. Many students have their parents to pay the fees.
7. He knew she dared not to see horror movies.
8. I would rather read books than to watch TV.
9. We often heard her to sing next door.
10. Find a chance and do something for them or to have a sincere talk with them.
第2节 缺一词状况
（一） 缺一介词
考点突破
1. 作定语用不定式与修饰词有逻辑上动宾关系时，该不定式如果是不及物动词，其后需有与之搭配介词。
I want to find a hotel to live.
2. too...to...构造中不定式如果是不及物动词，其后常需有与之搭配介词。
The ice is too thin for us to skate.
基本演习
1. We have to stay at home because the heavy rain.
2. If you hear the alarm，stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.
3. Then everyone in the carriage began searching the ticket，which was eventually found under a seat several rows from its owner.
4. We can lie on the grass for a rest，or sit by the lake listening music.
5. I feel lucky that I’m so interested English.
6. I wanted to apologize her for that，but my vanity prevented me.
7. We need to deal problems like pollution and climate change.
8. The South Lake is 10 kilometers away the city.
9. The company is proud its achievements.
10. She often plays a trick me because I’m fat.
11. I was so encouraged that I ran faster and faster till I caught up all the other runners.
12. The way I worked out the problem is different yours.
(二) 缺一连词
考点突破
1. 关系密切句子与句子之间容易漏掉连词。
It must have rained much，the river is so high.
2. 在构造复杂各种从句，如主语从句、表语从句中容易漏掉连词，特别是连词that.
The reason why I didn’t go to France was I got a new job.
It doesn’t matter he can’t come to help us.
3. 有些固定构造中，如hardly...when...，no sooner...than...，neither...nor...，either...or...等容易漏掉连词。
We had hardly finished our housework Wang Ping cane to our house for a visit.
基本演习
1. He had a deep voice，which set him apart from others in our small town，he was strong and powerful.
2. Their family’s income reached as much 100000 yuan last year.
3. He is busy every day that he never pays attention to his health.
4. We have invited the boss，she may decide not to come.
5. I can see children playing on the playground，young couples walking quietly，old people sitting on the benches.
6. According to studies，many children spend more time watching television that they spend in school.
7. I was just wondering to stay for another hour or just start off right away.
(三) 缺一代词
技巧点拨
it 用法应当留意，避免漏掉
基本演习
1. Through these activities we can learn many things cannot be learned in class.
2. I found difficult to follow my teacher in the first English class.
3. They were much impressed by the changes had taken place in the past few years.
4. One day I draw a picture and showed to my teacher.
5. I hate when the weather suddenly becomes so cold.
6. What a beautiful baby--is a boy or a girl?
(四) 缺一助动词
短文改错对缺一助动词考查重要出当前各种时态或被动语态中，特别是较为复杂时态构成及其用法中。
基本演习
1. We often think insects to harmful.
2. Last summer，I invited to a summer camp in America.
3. At the station，I told that an old lady had all her money stolen.
4. For years I have interested in engineering.
5. In our studies，pressure cannot avoided.
6. He pretended to reading when his mother came in.
7. When the police arrived，the thieves run away.
8. By next month，I have studied here for three years.
9. In the future，I take part in different kinds of school activities.
10. The meeting room cleaned by Mary every day.
(五) 缺一冠词
考点突破
1. 抽象名词前普通不用冠词，但详细化了抽象名词已成为可数名词。使用时前面常漏掉不定冠词。
It is pleasure to help others when they are in trouble.
者，是被动关系，就用被动
2. 物质名词表达“一场、一种、一杯、一种...”时 ,已转化为可数名词,其前不定冠词常被漏掉。
I would like coffee and two beers.
3. 集体名问侧重整体概念时,也常作单数看，前面不定冠词有时易漏掉。
This house isn’t big enough for family of seven.
4. 惯用含不定冠词固定搭配和习惯用法。
He glanced at his watch and left in hurry.
5. 再次提到上文提到过特定人或事物时容易漏掉定冠词，
I have been living in the city for five years，and five years makes a deep impression on me.
6. 表达天体，方位，演奏西洋乐器等名词前以及序数词，形容
词最高档前容易漏掉定冠词。
The sky is blue and sun is shining.
7. 表达江河湖海、运河等专有名词前普通加定冠词。
We all know Yangtze River is the longest in China.
8. 固定搭配。
基本演习
1. In order to celebrate such important day with my parents，I wrote them a letter.
2. The first refrigerators were sold in late 1880s and they soon became very popular.
3. 1 like playing piano and singing English songs.
4. Why not give me call or come for a get-together this weekend?
5. We should play active part in creating a better society.
6. Kunming is a famous city with long history.
7. Go along this street，and take third turning on the left.
8. My dentist had just pulled out one of my teeth and had told me to rest for while.
9. In order to realize his dream，Bill Gates，richest man in the world，gave up his study at a university.
10. One day，the school held party，where I was invited to talk about myself.
(六) 缺一不定式符号to
基本演习
1. I'd like start a snow globe collection club.
2. In order build more houses，people cut down many more trees.
3. In ，a British teenager became the first person receive treatment for an addiction to text messaging.
4. One evening，Mr Smith asked some friends get together.
5. I think it will be more convenient for you look after your parents as they are getting old.
6. They sang a folk song，which was a little hard understand.
7. Last Sunday，the class that I was on held a get-together，which took us a long time prepare.
8. I'm writing a letter ask you for some help.
9. I am very happy have you as our English teacher.
10. I’m good at all the subjects，and always ready help others.
11. 1 suppose he dares tell the manager the truth.
12. "There is no need examine him," said the doctor.
13. It was very difficult for a child work out this problem.
第3节词汇错用状况
(一)时态和语态错误
时态和语态使用错误导致词汇错用在高考组文改错中重要体现为：
1. 时态不一致性:全篇用都是当前时态,而在短文某一种地方却浮现了不合逻辑过去时，或全篇使用都是过去时，而在短文某一种地方却浮现了当前时，或者主句用是过去时，背面跟从句却用了当前时等。
2.语态使用混乱:有些地方该用积极语态却用了被动语态，该用被动语态却用了积极语态或本没有被动语态词误用了被动语态，这些都会导致词汇错用。
[考点突破]
1. 依照全文时态或行文逻辑进行改错。
Some think smoking was a pleasure.
2. 依照句中时间状语进行改错。
[读] Last Sunday，police cars hurry to the tallest building in New York.
3. 在主从复合句中，主句用普通当前时，从句可以依照需要用各种时态;主句用普通过去时，从句普通要目相应过去时态。
I thought I have sent the letter a week before.
4. 依照连词连接成分对称原则进行改错。
He not only came to see me but also tell me the news.
5. 依照固定句式里面时态规定进行改错。
1) It/This is/was the first time that sb. have/had done something.
(2) Where have you been since I last saw you?
(3) I was about to go out when the telephone rang.
(4) Hardly had I got home when the telephone rang.
(5) No sooner had I left my house than it began to snow.
(6) I didn’t manage to understand it until he had explained it again.
It is ten years since he moves to Australia.
6. 仔细辨别主语和谓语是积极关系还是被动关系，看动词是及物动词还是不及物动词。如果是及物动词要看其后有无宾语，与否是跟双宾语动词等
Tom didn't see me wave to him. He was looked in the opposite direction.
基本演习
1. When I was a child，I hoped to live in the city，I think I would be happy there.
2. Ton