初高中英语知识点衔接.pdf

初高中英语连接专题一：名词考点集汇，讲解和训练一，名词的数1.单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后 加词尾构成，其主要变法如下：(1)一般状况在词尾加-s,例如：bookfbooks,girl-girls,boyf boys,pen pens,doctor-doctors,boyboys。(2)以 s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如：bus buses,classclassesboxfboxes,watch-watches,brushfbrushes。(3)以 ce,se,ze,(d)ge 结尾的名词加 s,例如：orangeorangeso(4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如：citycities,factory-*factories,country countries,familyf families。但要留意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名 词的复数形式只加s,如：boy-*boys,daydayso(5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:herof heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato tomatoes,但词末为两个兀音 字母的词只加-s。例如：zoof zoos,radioradios,还有 某些外来词也只加-s,例如：photof photos,pianopianos。(6)以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es,例如：knife-*knives,leaf leaves,half halveso 复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法如下表所示。复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法情况读法例词在等清辅 音后scups,hats,cakes在s 口dF等 音后iz glasses,pages,oranges,buses,watches,faces在bdgv等浊辅 音后zbeds,dogs,cities,knives(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：man-men,woman-*women,toothteeth,foot-*feet,child-*children,mousemice。【留意】及man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和一women。例如：an Englishman,two Englishmen。但 German 不 是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；man,woman等作定语时，它的 单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：men workers,women teacherso有个别名词单复数一样，例如：Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people,police等。(9)数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连 字符。例如 an 8-year-oId girl,a ten-mile walk。(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors,compasseso(ID只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：科学名词：physics,mathematics/maths嬉戏名称：bowls专出名词：the United States,Niagara Falls其他名词：news,falls2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中，不可数名词假如要表示“量的概念”，可以用以下两种 方法：(1)用 much,a little,a lot of/lots of,some,any 等表示多 少，例如：The rich man has a lot of money.There is some milk in the bottle.Is there any water in the glass?I don，t like winter because there5 s too much snow and ice.(2)用a piece of这类定语，例如：a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of breada bottle of orange a glass of water(milk)a cup of tea a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice假如要表示“两杯茶”，“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复 数，例如：two cups of teafour pieces of paperthree glasses of water不可数名词也可用a lot of,lots of,some,any,much等来修 饰。二，名词的全部格名词全部格，用来表示人或物的全部，以及领属关系。1.表示有生命的名词的全部格其单数形式是加飞,其复数形式是 s,例如：a students room,students，rooms,father5 s shoes2.如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加s,如：Childrens Dayo3.在表示时间，距离，长度，重量，价格，世界，国家等 名词的全部格要用s,例如：a twenty minutes walk,ten miles，journey,a boats length,two pounds weight,ten dollars wortho4.无生命名词的全部格则必需用of结构，例如：a map of China,the end of this term,the capital of our country,the color of the flowerso5,双重全部格，例如：a friend of my father5 so【留意】假如两个名词并列，并且分别有s,则表示“分别有”，例如:John，s and Mary5 s rooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间)；Toms and Marys bikes(两人各自的自行车)。两个名词并列，只有一个S,则表示“共有”，例如：John andMarys room（约翰和玛丽共有一间）；Tom and Marys mother（即 Tom及Mary是兄妹）。【演练】1.Where have you been,Tim-I ve been to.A.the Henry house B.the Henry familyC.The Henry s home D.Henry s2.In England,if is in the middle of the day,the eveningmeal is called supper.A.food B.lunch C.breakfast D.dinner 3.You looked for it twice,but you haven,t found it.Why not try .A.three times B.a third time C.the thirdtime D.once4.They are thirsty.Will-Certainly.A.some bottles of watersC.some bottle of water5.Mike hurt one of his A.tooth B.feetyou please give them B.some bottles of waterD.some bottle of waters in the accident yesterday.C.hand D.earpearsD.full to B eijing.C.Germanys D.Germans6.There is some on the plate.A.cakes B.meat C.potato7.In England,the last name is the A.family name B.middle C.given namename8.They are going to fly A.Germen B.Germany9.The has two D.A.boys;watches B.boy;watch C.boy;watches D.boys;watch10.The little baby has two already.A.tooth B.tooths C.teethD.teeths11.What?s your for being late againA.idea B.key C.excuse D.news12.It s dangerous here.We d better go out quickly.-B ut I think we should let go out first.A.woman and childrenB.women and childC.woman and childD.women and children13.You can see Mr.the door of his shop.-Thanks.Smith if there is a signonA.ENTRANCEB.B USINESS HOURSC.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING14.Are they going to have a picnic on A.Children s Day B.Childrens s Day C.ChildrensDay D.Children Day15.Where are the students Are they in A.the Room 40 6 B.Room 40 6 C.the 40 6Room D.40 6 Room【练习答案】l.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B14.A 15.B专题二：形容词，副词考点集汇，讲解和训练【名师点睛】1.形容词的用法（1）形容词在句中作定语，表语，宾语补足语。例如：Our country is a beautiful country.（作定语）The fish went bad.（作表语）We keep our classroom clean and tidy.（作宾语补足语）（2）形容词修饰 some thing,anything,nothing,everything 等 不定代词时,形容词放在名词后面。I have something important to tell you.Is there anything interesting in the film.（3）用and或or连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们 放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步说明的作用。Everybody,man and woman,old and young,should attend the meeting.You can take any box away,big or small.（4）the+形容词表示一类人或物The rich should help the poor.2.副词的用法（1）副词在句中可作状语，表语和定语。He studies very hard.（作状语）Life here is full of joy.（作定语）When will you be back（作表语）副词按其用途和含义可福下面五类：D时间副词时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有：now today,tomorrow,yesterday,before,late,early,never,seldom,sometimes,often,usually,always 等。例如：He often comes to school late.What are we going to do tomorrowHe is never been to B eijing.2）地点副词地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：here,there,inside,outside,home,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere,down,up,off,on,in,out 等。例如：I met an old friend of mine on my way home.He went upstairs.P ut down your name here.3）方式副词方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的？”这类问题的，其中绝大部 分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的，有少数方式副词不带 词尾Ty,它们及形容词同形。常见的方式副词有：anxiously,badly,bravely,calmly,carefully,proudly,rapidly,suddenly,successfully,angrily,happily,slowly,warmly,well,fast,slow,quick,hard,alone,high,straight,wide 等。例如：The old man walked home slowly.P lease listen to the teacher carefully.The birds are flying high.He runs very fast.4)程度副词程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或 介词短语。常见的程度副词有：much,(a)little,a bit,very,so,too,enough,quite,rather,pretty,greatly,completely,nearly,almost,deeply,hardly,partly 等。例如：Her pronunciation is very good.She sings quite well.I can hardly agree with you.5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how,when,where,why 等。例如：How are you getting along with your studiesWhere were you yesterdayWhy did you do that(2)副词在句中的位置1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。假如动词带有宾语，则放 在宾语之后。例如：Mr Smith works very hard.She speaks English well.2)频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be动词之后。例如：He usually gets up early.I ve never heard him singing.She is seldom ill.3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面，但enough 作副词用时，通常放在被修饰词的后面。例如：It is a rather difficult job.He runs very fast.He didn t work hard enough.4)副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：On my way home,I met my uncle.The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.(3)部分常用副词的用法1)very,much这两个副词都可表示“很”，但用法不同。Very用来修 饰形容词和副词的原级，而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比 较级。例如：She is a very nice girlI m feeling much better now.Much可以修饰动词，而very则不能。例如：I don t like the idea much.They did not talk much.2)too,either这两个副词都表示“也”，但too用于确定句，either 用于否定句。例如：She can dance,and I can dance,too.I haven,t read the book and my brother hasn t either.3)already,yetalready一般用于语确定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如:He has already left.Have you heard from him yetHe hasn,t answered yet.4)so,neitherso和neither都可用于倒装句，但so表示确定，neither 表示否定。例如：My brother likes football and so do I.My brother doesn,t like dancing and neither do I.3.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级(1)两个人或事物的比较时(不确定每一方只有一个人或一个事 物)，用比较级。Our teacher is taller than we are.The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.(2)most同形容词连用而不用the,表示极，很,特别，特别。Its most dangerous to be here.在这儿太危险。(3)“The+形容词比较级.，the+形容词比较级.”表示“越.就越.”。The more you study,the more you know.(4)“形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级”，表示“越来 越.。Its getting hotter and hotter.(5)主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对 比相同。This box is as big as mine.(6)the+形容词，表示某种人。He always helps the poor.(7)形容词和副词最高级用于三个或三个以上的人和物进行比 较。Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.【演练】1.There are many young trees on sides of the road.A.every B.each C.both D.all2.It,s so cold today.-Yes,it s than it was yesterday.A.more cold B.morecolder C.much colder D.cold3.Little Tom has friends,so he often plays alone.A.more B.alittle C.many D.few4.She isn,t so at maths as you are.A.well B.good C.better D.best5.P eter writes of the three.A.better B.best C.good D.well6.He is enough to carry the heavy box.A.stronger B.much stronger C.strong D.the strongest7.I bought exercise-books with money.A.a few;a few B.a few;a littleC.a little;afew D.alittle;a little8.The box is heavy for the girl carry.A.too;to B.to;too C.so;that D.no;to9.The ice in the lake is about one meter.It s strong enough to skate on.A.long B.high C.thick D.wide10.Wu Lin ran faster than the other boys in the sports meeting.A.so B.much C.very D.too11.Jone looks so today because she has got an Ain her maths test.A.happy B.happily C.angry D.angrily12.The smile on my father s face showed that he was with me.A.sad B.pleased C.angry D.sorry13.-Mum,could you buy me a dress like this-Certainly,we can buy one than this,but this.A.a better;better than B.a worse;as good asC.a cheaper;as good as D.a more important;good as14.-This digital camera is really cheap!-The the better.I m short of money,you see.A.cheap B.cheaper C.expensive D.more expensive 15.If you want to learn English well,you must use it as as possible.A.often B.long C.hard D.soon16.P aul has friends except me,and sometimes he feelslonely.A.many B.some C.few D.more17.English people use Mr.B efore a man,s first name.A.never B.usually C.often D.sometimes18.One more satellite was sent up into space in China inMay.-Right.The government spoke that.A.highly for B.high ofC.well of D.highly of19.-Remember this,children.careful you are,mistakes you will make.-We know,Miss Gao.A.The more;the more B.The fewer;the moreC.The more;the fewer D.The less;the less20.I have to do today.A.anything important B.something importantC.important nothing D.important something【练习答案】1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.B15.A 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.B专题三：动词考点集汇，讲解和训练1.动词的时态英语时态用共有十六种时态，其中常用的有8种，它们是：一 般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，现在完 成时，过去进行时，过去完成时和过去将来时。(1)一般现在时的基本用法1）常常性或习惯性的动作，常及表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every*,sometimes,at，on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning.2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3）表示格言或警句中。P ride goes before a fall.【留意】此用法假如出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句 谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4）现在时刻的状态，实力，性格，特性。I dont want so much.5）某些动词如 come,go,move,stop,leave,arrive,be,finish,continue,start等，在一般现在时句中可用来表 示将来确定会发生的动作。The train comes at 3 o clock.6）在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将 来时。I,11 help you as soon as you have problem.Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.（2）一般过去时的用法：表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或状况，通常 一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句，如 yesterday,the day before last,last week,two days ago 等，上下文清晰时可以不带时间状语。I worked in that factory last year.【留意】1）过去常常反复发生的动作，也可用used to或would加动词原形 来表达，例如：I used to go fishing on Sundays.2）“used to”也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态。例如：This river used to be clean.（3）一般将来时的用法1）表示将来的动作或状态。例如：I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.2）表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.3）表示将来的意愿，决心，许诺，命令等时常用will,征求 对方意见，主语是第一人称时，常用shall。I will do my best to catch up with them.Shall I open the door4）be+going+动词不定式。也是一种将来时句型，表示准 备，安排，最近或将来要作的某事。I am going to B eijing next week.5）be+动词不定式。表示有职责，义务，可能，约定，意图 等。There is to be a meeting this afternoon.We are to meet the guests at the station.6）be about+动词不定式，表示立刻，很快作某事。They are about to leave.（4）现在进行时的用法1）现在进行时的用法表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动 作，它留意现在正在进行的动作，而不管动作从什么时间开始，到什么 时间结束。What are you doing nowI am looking for my key.2）现在进行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作（但说话时 这个动作不一定在进行）。The students are preparing for the examination.3）某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作，这些动词 有 arrive,come,leave,start等。They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.【留意】有些动词一般不可以用于进行时态表示状态的动词，尤其是静态动词，如：be,have表示相识，知觉和情感的动词，如：know,think,hear,find,see,like,want,wish,prefer 等。（5）现在完成时的用法1）现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作。I have bought a ten-speed bicycle.They have cleaned the classroom.2）现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在，或者还有可能 持续下去的动作或状态。现在完成时常及for和since引 导的短语或从句连用。We have lived here since 1976.They have waited for more than two hours.【留意】一般过去时及现在完成时的区分过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调 动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响；一般过去时常及详细的时间状语连用。试比较：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了，不涉 及现在）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）（6）过去进行时的用法表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。例如：I was watching TV when she came to see me.【留意】过去进行时和一般过去时都是过去发生的事情，但过去进行时 侧重表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或所处的状态，强调动作的 连续进行，而一般过去时则表示单纯的过去事实，例如：They were building a house last month.(上个月正在建立，建立好及否不知)They built a new house last month.(上个月建立好了，动作 已经完成)(7)过去完成时的用法过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或 所处的状态，过去完成时常和by,before等词组成的短语和从 句连用。We had already learned two thousand words by the end of last year.When we arrived at the station,they had waited for more than twenty minutes.(8)过夫将时的用过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在地 状态，过去将来时较多地被运用在宾语从句中。例如：They were going to have a meeting.I told him that I would see him off at the station.2.动词的语态语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语 态。(1)被动语态1)被动语态最基本的句型结构是：be+及物动词过去分词2)被动语态中的谓语动词确定要是及物动词因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如look after,think of,take care of,work out,laugh at等，也可用于被动语态。The children were taken good care of by her.【留意】短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。3)主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的状况若宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel,hear,help,listen to,look at,make,observe,see,notice,watch等。例如：The teacher made me go out of the classroom.I was made to go out of the classroom(by the teacher).4)主动形式表示被动意义如wash,clean,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意 义。例如：The food tastes good.3.非谓语动词对非谓语动词的考点是：感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动 词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法；一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾 语补足语时不带to,但变为被动语态时就要带to；有些动词既可接 不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语，但表达的意思不同。这些都是 历年中考的重点。(1)非谓语动词的形式非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词 形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词，动词不定式。(2)不定式作宾语补足语Father will not allow us to play on the street.(3)不定式作目的状语He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.(4)用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词这样的动词有感官动词如：see,hear,look,notice,observe,feel等，使役动词如：have,make,leave,keep,get 等。接不定式表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing表示动作 的连续性，进行性。I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调“我看见了”这个事实）I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调“我见 他正干活”这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（5）用不带to不定式的状况使役动词如：let,have,make等和感官动词如：see,watch,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find 等后作宾补，省略to。在被动语态中则to不能省掉。（6）接动名词及不定式意义不同1）stop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。2）forget to do遗忘要去做某事。（未做）forget doing遗忘做过某事。（已做）3）remember to do记得去做某事。（未做）remember doing记得做过某事。（已做）4）try to do 努力，企图做某事。try doing 试验，试着做某事。5）go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing 接着做原来做的事。6）mean to do 准备，想mean doing 意味着4.简单混淆的常用动词的辨析（1）say,speak,talk,tell 的用法。1）say表示讲话，作为及物动词运用，后跟宾语或宾语从句。He said he would go there.Its time to leave.We have to say goodbye to you.2)speak表示“讲话”，一般作为不及物动词运用，而有时作为 及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语。Do you speak EnglishMay I speak to Mr P ope,please3)talk表示“谈话”，是不及物动词，及to,about,with 等连用，才可宾语。What are you talking aboutMr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.4)tell表示“告知，讲解并描述”是及物动词，可以带双 宾语或复合宾语。She told us an interesting story yesterday.My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.(2)look,see,watch 和 watch 的用法。1)look强调“看”这个动作，是不及物动词，常及at连用，然后接宾语。Look!The girl is swimming in the lake.Look at the picture carefully.Can you find something unusual2)see指“看见”某物，强调的是结果。They can t see the words on the blackboard.Does Lily ofte