高中英语知识点汇总-高考英语备考笔记.pdf

高中英语知识点汇总-高考英语备考笔记高中英语语法权威解析目录：第01章名词性从句第02章小”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解第03章高中英语语法中的省略现象第04章主谓一致第05章动词不定式第06章倒装结构第07章定语从句第08章被动语态第09章祈使句第10章感叹句第11章疑问句第12章名词第一章名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(NounClauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它 在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从 句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一.主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语计代替，而本身 放在句子末尾。Lit作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的 强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可 用who/whom。例如：a)ltisapitythatyoudidntgotoseethefilm.你不去看那场电影真可惜。b)ltdoesntinterestmewhetheryousucceedomot.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。c)ltisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.谋杀案是在早上发生的。(强调句型)d)用51。卜11根2七916根677访)。77.是101111打碎的窗户。(强调句型)2.用it作形式主语的结构ltis+名词+从句Itisafactthat.事实是.Itisanhonorthat非常荣幸Itiscommonknowledgethat.是常识ltis+形容词+从句Itisnaturalthat 彳艮自然.Itisstrangethat.奇怪的是用s+不及物动词+从句Itseemsthat 彳以乎.Ithappenedthat 碰巧.Itappearsthat.似乎.(4)lt+过去分词+从句Itisreportedthat 据报道.Ithasbeenprovedthat.已证实.Itissaidthat 据说.3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：(1)if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。(2)ltissaid/reported结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：ItissaidthatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweek.错误表达：ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.Ithappens/occurs结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:正确表达：Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.错误表达：Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.(4)ltdoesntmatterhow/whether结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：ltdoesntmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.错误表达：Whetherheiswrongornotdoesntmatter.(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：IsMkelythatitwillrainintheevening?错误表达：Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?4.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别what引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语.宾语表语，而that则不然。例如：a)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.b)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation二.宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。1.作动词的宾语(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that通常可以省略)，例如：Iheardthatbejoinedthearmy.我听说他参军 了。(2)由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如：a)Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.她不矢口道发生了 什么。b)lwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。(3)动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。例如：Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinv让ation.她对我说她会接受我的邀请。2.作介词的宾语，例如：Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.iltil5ti们之间的合作。3.作形容词的宾语，例如:Iamafraid(that)hemadeamistake.我恐怕我已经犯 了一个错误。注意：that引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,contento也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。41t可以作为形式宾语计不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复 合宾语的句子中。例如：Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。5.后边不能直接跟that从句的动词这类动词有allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：正确表达：ladmiretheirwinningthematch.错误表达：ladmirethattheywonthematch.6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句结构中，常见的有envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。例如：正确表达：Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman.错误表达：Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman.7.否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其 后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：IdontthinkthisdressfitsyouwelL我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。三.表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从 句。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有thereasonisthat.和Itisbecause等结构。例如：1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.2)Thisiswhywecantgetthesupportofthepeople.3)Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4)Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四.同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：Thekingsdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2）Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2.同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别（1）定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中 的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。（2）定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征;同位 语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：1）ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）2）ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从 句，that在句中不作任何成分）高一英语名词性从句专项练习1.hedoeshasnothingtodowithme.A.whateverB.NomatterwhatC.ThatD.lf2.ThemanagercameoverandaskedthecustomerhowA.didthequarrelcameaboutB.thequarrelhadcomeaboutC.hadthequarrelcomeaboutD.hadthequarrelcomeabout3.Energyis makesthingwork.A.whatB.somethingC.anythingD.that4.Informationhasbeenputforward moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as5.Thisis_ _ theShenzhouV Spaceshiplanded.A.thereB.inwhichC.whereD.when6.Theyhavenoideaatall.A.wherehehasgoneB.wheredidhegoC.whichplacehashegoneD.wherehashegone7.Thedoctordidalottoreducethepatientsfear hewoulddieofthedisease.A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD.ofthat8.Theordercame_thesoldiers thesmallvillagethenextmorning.A.that;hadtoleaveB.that;shouldleaveC./;mustleaveD.when;shouldleave9._isnopossibility Bobcanwinthefirstprizeinthematch.A.There;thatB.lt;thatC.there;whetherD.lt;whetherlO.Thequestioncameupatthemeeting wehadenoughmoneyforourresearch.A.thatB.whichC.whetherD.if11.1s hesaidreallytrue?A.thatB.whatC.whyD.whether12.themeetingshouldlasttwodaysorthreedaysdoesntmatter.A.ThatB.WhetherC.If D.Where13.ltworriedherabit herhairwasturninggray.A.whileB.ifC.thatD.for14.?morecountriescanusenaturalenergyinthefutureremainstobeseen.A.WhetherB.ThisC.whoD.lf15.hewillgotoworkinamountainvillagesurprisesallofus.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhetherD.If16.youdontlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoD.How17.alltheinventionshaveincommonis theyhavesucceeded.A.What;whatB.That;thatC.what;thatD.That;what18.appearedtomethatheenjoyedthefoodverymuch.A.WhatB.ltC.AIIthatD.That19.l tiswidely thatsmokingcancausecancer.A.believedB.thinkC.sayD.hoped20.causedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery.A.WhatB.ThatC.HowD.WhereKeys:15ABABC610AABAC1115BBCAB1620BCBAA第二章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解It用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给 予充分的重视，现将让用法归纳如下：一、It用作实词表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this,that;替代前文中的内容;指代一位性别不明的 小孩或未知的人;指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事;指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象二、It用作形式主语替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。It作形式主语的常见句型：1.代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为(1)ltbeadj.(forsb.)todosth.此处adj.通常为描述事件的形容词：easy,difficult,hard,necessary,unnecessary,possible,impossible,likely,unlikely,right,wrong,important,unimportant,legal,illegal,well-mannered,ill-mannered,polite,impolite,clear,obvious,certain,suitable,proper,fit,useful,useless,dangerous.ijltisillegal(forateenager)todriveacarwithoutalicense.(2)ltbeadj.ofsb.todosth.此处adj.通常为描述人的形容词：kind,unkind,nice,rude,cruel,considerate,thoughtful,thoughtless,careful,careless,silly.foolish,stupid,clever,wise,crazy.ijltskindofyoutohelpmewiththeproblem.(3)lt替代作主语的动名词的常见句型ltsnogood/usedoing.Its(well)worthdoing.Its(well)worthoneswhiledoing/todo.Its(well)worthwhiledoing/todoijltsnousecryingoverspiltmilk.2Jt替代作主语的从句常见句型 ltis+noun+从句ijltisnosecretthatthepresidentwantstohaveasecondtermatoffice.(2)ltisadj.+clauseltssurprisingthat.(should).竟然.Itsapity/shamethat.(should).竟然.!jltsimportantthatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.(=ltsofmuchimportance thatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.)(3)ltverbsb.+clause=ltisv-ing+clauseIt+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze/bother/concern/frighten/please/angersb.that.ijltworriedmethatshedrovesofast.(=ltwasworryingthatshedrovesofast.)(4)ltverb(tosb.)that.=sb/sthverbtodo(verb=appear,seem,comeabout,emerge,follow,chance,happen,occur,transpire,turn out,workout)!jlt(so)happened/chancedthattheywereout.(=Theyhappened/chancedtobeout.)(5)ltisv-edthat.=sb/sthistodo(verb=say,report,think,believe,hope,expect,agree,accept,decide,determine,intend,plan,understand,know)iJltissaidthatthecouplehavegottendivorced.(=Thecouplearesaidtohavegottendivorced.)(6)ltisv-edthat.(should).(verb=demand,request,require,order,suggest,advise,recommendOltissuggestedthattheyshouldbeginwiththethirdquestion.三、It作主语的句型1.Ittakessb.todch.(=sbtakestodo.)某人用多长时间做某事iJlttookthemenaweektomendourroof.(=Thementookaweektomendourroof.)2Zs(just)(un)likesb.todo(不)像某人做某事的风格!ltwas(just)likehimtothinkofhelpingus.3.lts(about/high)timethat.should/v-ed.是该做某事的时候 了ijlts(about/high)timethatweshouldtakeaction.4.Itsthex-thtime(that).havev-ed 第几次做某事了ijltsthethirdtimethathehasfailedthedrivingtest.5.ltis/hasbeensincecontinuousv-ed(延续性动词)某动作已有多长时间不发生了例 ltsl Oyearsthathelivedhere6.ltwas(not)before过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了ijltwasnotlongbeforetheyarrived.四、It作形式宾语用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句 尾。It作形式宾语的常见句型：1.verb+it+adj./noun(for/of)todo/clause(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make.keep.)ijlthinkithardforyoutodothetaskonyourown./lthinkithardthatyoulldothe taskonyourown.2.verb+it+adj./noun(ones)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=nouse/no good/worthoneswhile/awasteoftime/money/energy/words)(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel.make,keep.)Orilmakeitworthyourwhiletellingmeabouthissecret.3.verb+it+important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essentialthat.(should).verb+it+ofmuch/great/no/littleimportancethat.(should).(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep.)ijlthinkitimportantthatyou(should)attendtheconference.4.verb+it+as+noun/adj.+clause(verb=accept,regard,take,see,view)Thelecturertakesitasencouragingwhensomanystudentsattendhislecture.5.v.+it+prep.+that.owe计tosb.that把.归功于.leave计tosbthat把.留给某人去做take 让 forgrantedthat想当然keepitinmindthat.iJDontbothertoarrangeanything.Justleaveittometosortout.6.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy,like,love,dislike,resent,hate,dorftmind,befondof,feellike,seet。宾语从句紧尾艮让之后ijlhateityoucanswimsowellandlcant.71t用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后(exceptthat例外)ijrmforitthatyouwillfollowtheiradvice.五、强调句型ltis/was+被强调部分+that(who)强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部 分是人时也可以用who。在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点:1.请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句iJWhenwasitthathechangedhismindtotakepartintheactivity?2.在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句ijltwasbecausehewasillthathedidntcometoschoolyesterday.3.在强调not.until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上Oltwasnotuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatlrealizedshewasmybrother.4.注意强调句型与定语从句的区别例 Itwasat7oclockthathecamehereyesterday.（强调句型）Itwas7oclockwhenhecamehereyesterday.（定语从句）六、It常用的固定搭配1.makeit.在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达Itshardtomakeittothetopinshowbusiness.在口语中相当于fixthedatefor,表示约定好时间”例一Shallwemeetnextweek?OK.WejustmakeitnextSaturday.2.asitis.相当于infactjnreahty表示事实上，实际情况是”!jWehadplanedtofinishthetasktoday,butasitisweprobablywontfinishituntil nextweek.（2）.相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”例 Leavethetableasitis.3.asitwere相当于asonemightsay上hatistosay,表示也就是说，可以说，换句话说!Heis,asitwere,amodernSherlockHolmes.4而附6e4甘0匚.所计卜2（此66/0匚.用来弓|导虚拟语气，相当于without,orbutfor,表示如果不是.，要不是.iJIfitwerentforTom.lwouldntbealivetoday.5.thatsit.相当于ThatsalLThatssomuch.表示至此为止,没有别的了 iJYoucanhaveonemoresweet,andthatsit.(2).相当于Thatsright.表示对啦例一lguessthekeytotheproblemisthechoice,AThatsit.6.catch计在口语中，相当于bepunished/scoldedfordoingsth.wrong.表示因做错事而挨 骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”iJWellreallycatchitformourteacherifwerelateforclassagain.7.haveit.相当于say,insist表示说，主张，表明，硬说”OR umourhasitthattheyaregettingdivorced.(2).相当于gettoknowsomething,表示了解，矢口道，获悉iJIhaditfromJohnthatshewasgoingabroad.8.havewhat让takes在口语中，相当于bewellquahfiedfor,表示具有成功的条件”Youcantakeitfrommethatyourdaughterhaswhatittakestobeastar.9.soitseems/appears.10.Keepatit!(Dontgiveup!)相当于goon,表示继续做，不放弃例 Myteacheraskedmetokeepatit.11.Goit!(Goon!)拼命干，莽撞12.Nowyouhavedoneit!(Youhavedonesth.wrong.)13.Nowyoullcatchit!(Youllbepunished.)14.Asithappened,在口语中，相当于if sap让ythat.,表示嗔不凑巧，真遗憾”!jAsithappened,theywereout.15.As计turnedout,在口语中，相当于itwasfoundtobeintheend,表示最后被证明是”iJAsitturnedout,hisstatementwasfalse.16.Suchasitis(theyare)在口语中，相当于21由。11911匕1112丫110七677。111111111(:11,表示“虽 然没有多大价值”iJYoucanborrowmyexamnotebook,suchasitis.17.Takeit/thingseasy.相当于口。1/7。0709。1甘11117丫.用来劝告另|人，表示不要慌，别担心，存住气”例 T akeiteasy!H ewilldo itwell.18.TakHtfromme.在口语中，相当于believemewhatlsay.表示请相信我的话，我敢担保Youcantakeitfrommethathewillmakeitthistime.19.Forwhatitisworth在 口语中，相当于althoughlmnotsureitsofvalue,表示“不 管其价值如何”例 Hereisthearticlelpromiseyou,forwhaMtsworth.20.Worth计在口语中，相当于useful,表示“有好处，值得做”ijDonthesitateaboutitiltsworthit.21.Believeitomot.表示信不信由你!Believeitornot,TomisgettingmarriedtoMarynextSunday.22.TakHtorleaveit.v.要么接受要么放弃iJThatismylastoffer.Youcantakeitorleaveit.23.Italldepends/thatalldepends在 口语中,相当于让hasntbeendecidedyet,表示“那 得看情况，还没有定下来”例一Areyougoingtothecountrysideforholiday?It/Thatalldepends.24t，suptosb.在口语中，相当于让,sdecidedbysb.表示由.决定，由.负责，取决于”例一Shallwegooutfordinner?ltsuptoyou.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练1.WasitduringtheSecondWorldWar hedied?A.thatB.whileC.inwhichD.then(88)2.1s necessarytocompletethedesignbeforeNationalDay?A.thisB.thatC.itD.he(89)3.ldontthink possibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemorywork.A.thisB.thatC.itsD.it(91)4.Does matterifhecantfinishthejobontime?A.thisB.thatC.heD.it(91)5.ltwasnot shetookoffherqlasses Irealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.A.when,thatB.until,thatC.until,thatD.when,then(92)6.lwasdisappointedwiththefilm.lhadexpected tobemuchbetter.A.thatB.thisC.oneD.it(93)7.ltwasnotuntil1920 regularradiobroadcastsbegan.A.whileB.whichC.thatD.since(94)8.isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.lt(95)9.ltwasonlywhenlrereadthispoemsrecently Ibegantoappreciatetheirbeauty.A.untilB.thatC.thenD.so(97)lO.lhate whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.A.itB.thatC.theseD.them(98)11.Itistheabilitytodothejob mattersnotwhereyoucomefromorwhatyouare.A.oneB.thatC.whatD.it(2000)12.llike_ _ _intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.(2004)A.thisB.thatC.itD.one13.Doyoulike_ _ _here?一Oh,yes.Theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingissonice.(:ffl)A.thisB.TheseC.ThatD.it14.Weneededanewcupboardforthekitchen.SoPetermade_ _ fromsomewood.（:H#）A.itB.OneC.HimselfD.another15.TheforeignMinistersaid,ourhopethatthetwosideswillworktowards peace.（2004北京）A.ThisisB.ThereisC.ThatisD.ltis16.isreportedinthenewspaper.talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.（2004北京）A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What17.Howoftendoyoueatout?（2004,天津）,butusuallyonceaweek.A.HavenoideaB.ltdependsC.AsusualD.Generallyspeaking18.Wewantedtogethomebeforedark,butitdidntquite asplaned.（2004浙江卷）A.makeoutB.turnoutC.goonD.comeup19.Whatdoyouwanttodonext?Wehavehalfanhouruntilthebasketballgame.-.Whateveryouwanttodoisfinewithme.A.ItjustdependsB.ItsuptoyouC.AllrightD.GIadtohearthat2O.ltwas backhomeaftertheexperiment.A.notuntilmidnightdidhegoB.untilmidnightthathedidntgoC.notuntilmidnightthathewentD.untilmidnightwhenhedidntgoKEYS:1-5ACDDB6-10DCDBA11-15ACDBD16-20BBBBC第三章高中英语语法中的省略现象在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句 子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下：一、并列复合句中的省略在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如：a)Theboypickedupacoinintheroadand(theboy)handedittoapoliceman.SB 孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。b)Youradvicemademehappybut(youradvicemade)Tomangry.你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生 气。c)TommusthavebeenplayingbasketballandMary(musthavebeen)doingherhomework.i 姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。d)GaoXiuminwasbomin1959andFuBiao(wasborn)in196 3.高秀敏出生于 1959年，傅彪 出生于1963年。二、主从复合句中的省略1.状语从句中的省略一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;由whether#,unless等引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,even 计,whatever等引导的让步状语从句;由as Jhan等引导的比较状语从句;由as,asif,asthough 引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则：1)当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出 现如下结构：连词(as,asif,once)+名词;(2)连词(though,whether,when)+形容词X3)连 词(wheth