英语句子成分和基本句型.pdf

句子成分201 0-9-26基本句型1Members of a jenteflcg京密即201 0-9-262什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是 能表达一个完整概念的语言单位.句子的第 一个字母必须大写，结尾要有.?!IfI am a teacher.1-1，、尸Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is I201 0-9-263句子包括哪些成分?现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)和补语(complement)。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型；，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基 础。201 0-9-264 1.主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的 部分.一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从 句充当.它的位置一般在句首.The girl is pretty.Reading is useful.To see is to believe.They are good friends.201 0-9-265谓语:谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由 简单动词 或者动词 短语构 成.They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English.201 0-9-26 6表语：表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当.表语位于系动词后面.I am a teacher.She is happy.4/1Everybody is here.They are at home now.My job is to teach EnglisKTSeeing is believing.201 0-9-26 1 7宾语宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短 语，不定式，动名词，从句充当.它和及物动 词一起说 明 主语做了 什 么，在谓 语之后.She plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop-this afternoon.2函9*hink that he is good guy.8宾语补足语 在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还义须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意 思.它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用.它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现 在分词和过去分词充当.If you let me go,工II make you king.Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived.Make yourself at home.I saw him enter the halL The boss keeps them working all day.heard my name called.9状语 W u状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词.它表示行为发 生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度.一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当.He did it carefully.IWithout his help,we couldn t work it out.IB I iIn order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.Fteois writing with a pen.w定语 W 用定语用 来修饰名词或代词.形容词，代词，数 词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词,从句都可以充当定语.The black bike is mine.What s your name?A broken vase.I have 5 books.A sleeping boy.They made paper flowers.The boy in the room is Jack.I have something to do.201 0-9-26 11 It is a swimming pool.201 0-9-2612种类类型主语 s谓语 动词V表语/宾 语p宾语 0宾补 ocS+VWeworkriS+V+0Heplaysviolin.Is3 1S+v+pWeare;student srlS+v+IO+DOshegaveme Ja pen.第5种 2010-s+v+o+oc9-26Hemademelaugh13基本句型一：SVP（主+系+表）s|v（是系动词）|P，1.This is|an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.The dinner|smells|good.午餐的气味很好。3.He|fell|in love.他堕入了情网。4.Everything|looks|different.一切看来都不同了。5.He|is growing|tall and strong.他长得又高又壮6.The trouble|is|that they are short of money.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7.Our well has gone|dry.我们井干枯 了。8.His face turned|red.他的脸红了。201 0-9-2614系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使 用（除雀r略句外）,后面必须接有表谙,系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。201 0-9-2615一、系动词的分类：，N常见的系动词大致可分为三类。第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be,look,fee I,seem,appear,smeI I,taste,sound,turn out（结果是、证明是）等。You I I be a I I r i ght,soon.You don t look very we I I.I fee I rather cold.201 0-9-2616He seems to be ill.It appears that he i s unhappy.The roses smeI I sweet.The mixture tasted horr ibIe.How sweet the music sounds!The day turned out(to be)a fine one.)-9-26 11第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的 变化，有become,get,grow,turn,fall,go,come,rim 等。He became a world-famous scientist.It is getting warmer and warmer.It grew dark.The food has turned bad.201 0-9-2618Yesterday he suddenly felI ill.Mary s face went red.His dream has come true.The boy s bIoq r褪old.Tj.A201 0-9-26 19第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep,rema in,cont i nue,stay等。Keep quiet,chiIdren!The weather continued fine for a long time.It remains to be proyed.201 0-9-26 20系动词后的表语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容 词、分词、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句，系动词be可用于上述所有情况。The news was surprising.（分词）His job is teaching English.（动名词）The only method is to give the child more help.（不定式）_I must be off now.（副词）The bridge is under constructioii.（介词短语）That would be a great Weight off my mind.（词组）This is why he was late.（从句）201 0-9-26 21所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数 例。Our future will be beautiful.She looks unhappy today.Do you feel cold?You seem/appear ill.The food tastes delicious.The weather is turning/growing/becoming/getting cold.He often went hungry.201 0-9-26223.能用不定式作表语的系动词有：appear,seem,get,prove,remain,turn out等。She appears/seems to be very young.He appears/seems to have caught cold.They got to be fr i endsoThe meet i ng turned out to be successfuI.The theory proved to be r i ght.Much rema i ns to be done.201 0-9-26 234,能接从句的有：be,seem,appear,sound I ook 等。That，s why he fell ill.My i dea i s that we should he I p him.11 seems/appears to me that someth i ng i s wrong.11 sounds to me as i f someone were try i ng to get i nto the house.Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.It looks as if it is going to rain.201 0-9-26245.能接介词短语的有：be,feel,look,sound,taste,remai n等。be是特别活跃的系动词，其后可接很多介词 短语作表语。He is at home/in the I ibrary/on the way home/on holiday.They are on duty/on str ike/on leave.The road i s under repair丁201 0-9-2625其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如：It fee Is Ii ke a ra i n.It Iooks Iike a rain.It sounds I ike a train going under my room.It tastes of appIes.（这有苹果的味道。）The concert rema i ns i n my memory.201 0-9-26266,能接分词的系动词有：be,become,get,grow,seem,appear 等。His report was surpr i s i ng/d i sappoi nt i ng/de I i ght i ng/mov i ng/aston i sh i ngThe boy was moved/de Ii ghted/surpr i sed/d i sappo i nted/aston i shed。He has become/got/grown/i nterested in modern physicso He seems/appears drunko系动词后还可接代端L数词、动名词、副 词及其词组，基本都是be的用法。其他系动词几 乎忝熊这样用或很少这样用。27一.纵观历年的高考题，对系动词的考查一直是高 考中非常重要的热点之一，对于考生来说也是难 点所在。高考对系动词考查的覆盖面广，涉及的系动词较 多，重点考查的是get,其次是feel和 remain,考查的难度在逐年增大。二.对表示状态变化的系婀的、切/9；、/英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有get,turn,turn out（结果是.），go,come（成为），fall,become 等。201 0-9-26 281.对get的考查get表示状态的改变，意为“变成，变得，做 成”，它后面可以接形容词、v-ing形式、过去 分词等。Sarah,hurry up.Im af ra i d you won71 have time to_before the party.A.get changed B.get changeC.get changing D.get to change201 0-9-2629 B e carefuI when you cross th i s very busy street,if not,you may _ run over by acar.A.have B.get C.become D.turn(3)As we jo i ned the b i g crowd I got_from my fr i ends.A.separated B.spared C.lost D.missed分析：例中考查的是黑遍斗我去分词”构成 的系表结构。例get changed善为“换衣服”，例 get run over意为“碾过，压过“，例get separated意思是“冲散，分离”，所以正确答案分 别是唬2：b、B。302.对go的考查系动词go的意义是“变成，成为”，后多跟 形容词，如 go bad,go mad,go wrong,go hungry,go sour 等。例如：On hear i ng the news of the acc i dent i n coaI mine,she_pale.A.got B.changed C.went D.appeared分析：该题考查的是go+9编系表结构。got和changed不能与pale搭配起来表达这一状态的变化，而appeared是表示状态存在 的系动词。所以正确答案是C。201 0-9-26 313.对fa I I的考查 系动词fall表示“（不知不觉地或突然地）进入 状态”，后常跟形容词、副词或介词短语等，如：fal I i I I（生病）,fa I I apart（散开），fa I I as I eep,fa I I i nto a deep s I eep（睡熟）。例如：As she _ the newspaper,G ranny _asleep.A.read;was falling B.was reading;feI I C.was reading;was fal l ing D.read;feI I 分析：该题第二空考查对是诲奇词“fall+adj.”结构，fall asleep是短暂性动词短甯，不能用于 进行时态，故正确答案是B。句意是“她读报 时刎0嬷奶睡着了。“32三.对表示状态存在的系动词的考查常见的有 be,seem,appear,look,fee I,sme I I,sound,keep,taste,rema i n,prove,stay,I i e（处 于某种状态），stand（处于某种状态）等。1.对remain的考查系动词remain的意思是“保持，继续，依然不变”，后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等。Hav i ng atrip abroad i s certa inly good for the o I d coup I e,but i t rema i ns_whether they wi I I enjoy it.A.to see B.to be seen C.see i ng D.seen201 0-9-2633 Although he has taken a lot of medicine,hi s health_poor.A.proves B.rema i nsC.ma i nta i ns D.cont i nues分析：例中的remaiiv是个动词，“有待被看，证实饼匹用不定式的被 动式，故答案是B。伽中remain poor意为“仍然很差”，maintaiiT意为“维持，保 持，继续”，不与形容词poor连用，所以正2确籥案是B o342.对stay的考查stay意为“保持原状，维持”，后面可以接形 容词、副词、介词短语、名词等。The weather has stayed warm al I week.Why dont you put the meat in the fridgeIt wi I I fresh for severaI days.A.be stayed B.stayC.be staying D.have stayed*I分析：该题考查的是亲忠法&丫后接形容词(fresh)的系表结构，它表示二种存在的状态，主动形式表示被动意义，这种结构一般不能用于进行时态，所以正确答案是B。353,对appear的考查appear的含义是“似乎，好像，看来（如关于 某人的性格、感情或意图）”，此时不用进行式,后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等。She appeared rather upset about something.看来有些什么事使她心烦。Do Iet your mother know a I I the truth.She appears everyth i ng.（上海2 001）A.to te I I B.to be to I dC.to be telling D.to have been told201 0-9-2636分析：句意是“一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈。她看上去已经知道一切事情。句中 tell 后面 没有宾语，故用不定式的被动式，又因为“知道 一切”发生在“告诉真相”之前，要用完成式。所以正确答案是D。：4.对feel的考查feel的意思是“感觉是，似乎，后常接形容词、副词、介词短语等。I love to go to the seaside iia summer.It_good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea.A.does B.feels C.gets D.makes201 0-9-26 37-Do you I i ke the mater i a I?-Yes,it_very soft.A.i s fee I i ng B.felt C.fee I s D.is felt分析：这两道考题考查的是“feH+adjJ的系表 结构。例中feel good意为“感觉翎艮”；例 feel soft意为“摸上去软租;，止匕时，主动结构 表示被动的含义。所以而I答巢姿即是B和C。X1 工11201 0-9-26385.对系动词look的考查look有“看来，显得”等意，后面常接形容词、介词短语、不定式短语、从句等。The pI an Iooks good on paper,but wi I I it work?这个计划从表面上看来不错，但能行得 通吗？You dont Iook very_.Are you ill?一 No,17 m just a b i t t i red.A.good B.we I I C.strong D.healthy分析：尽管提供的四个福速项蒲是形容词，但look well的意思是“看上去气色好”，符合对话的语境，故正确答案是B。201 0-9-26 396.对sound的考查sound有“听起来，令人觉得，似乎”等含义,后面可以接形容词、名词短语、介词短语、不定 式等。She sounds to be a very strange woman.听起来她似乎是一个非常古怪的女人。What he said soundsA.nicely B.pIeasantIyC.fr iend Iy D.wonderfully分析：四个选项中只有friei/ly 娅彝词，可以和 sound连用构成系表结构，其他三项都是副词，只 能作状语不能作表语，所以正确答案是C。201 0-9-26407.对taste的考查taste在使用时不用进行时态，含义是“尝起 来，有某种特殊的味道”，一般接形容词构成系 表结构。These oranges taste n i ce.这些橙子味道 很好。These oranges taste _.A.good B.we I I C.to be good D.to be we I I分析：taste是系动词,要用形容词good 作其表语。well作形容词日丁震思是“健康 的”，只能形容人，不能形容物。故正确答案悬（A2仇 418.对smell的考查smell经常与形容词连用，意思是“闻起来，有气 味，发出的气味”。This book smells old.这本书有一股霉味。We don t care if a hunting dog smells_,butwe really don t want him to smell_A well;well B.bad;bad C.well;badly D.badly;bad分析：第一空前的sm&篡菊及版动词，意为“嗅，闻，有嗅觉”，副词badly修饰 smells；而第二空前的smell是系出词，与形容埔一墟d构成系表结构。答案为D 42基本句型二：s V（主+谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy）,主格代词（如you）,动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。S|V（不及物动词）/*1.The sun|was shining.太阳在照耀着。2.The universe|remains.宇宙长存。3.We all|breathe,eat,and drink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。4.Who|cares?管它呢？5.What he said|does not matter.他所讲的没有什么关系。6.The pen|writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。201 0-9-26 43主语可有修饰语定语，谓 语可有修饰语状语。如：1.The red sun rises in the east.2.So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to gatch the first bus.4.She sat there alone,reading a novel.5.He came back when we were eating.6-Weak buildings will fall down in an earthauake.but strong ones may stay up.201 0-9-26 441.她昨天回家很晚。巩固练习：1.She went home very late yesterday evening.2.会议将持续两个小时。2.The meeting will last two hours.3.在过去的十年里我的家乡已经发生了巨大变化3.Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.4.19 19年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。4.The May Fourth Movemehf broke out5,嗜臾啊啊愣工课。201 0.9.26 5,Classes begin at eight every day.456.这个重五公斤。巩固练习：6.This box weighs five kilos.7.五年前我住在北京。7.1 lived in Beijing five years ago.8.秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。i I8.I n autumn,some birds fly to the south.9.我的爷爷早晨起得很早：9.My grandfather gets up early in the morning.10.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。10.Every afternoon a lot of students come to 20thes library to borrow books.46基本句型三：s V 0（主+谓+宾）构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me,him,them 等s I V（及物动词）I 0:1.Who|knows|the answer?谁知道答案？2.She|smiled|her thanks.她微笑表示感谢。3.He|has refused|to help them.他拒绝帮他们。4.He|enjoys|reading.他喜跖看书。5.They|ate|what was left Over.他桁吃了剩饭。6.He|said|G ood mornin莪他说：”早上好！”7.I|want|to have a cup of tea.我想喝杯茶。8.He|admits|that he was mistaken.他承认犯了错误。201 0-9-2647巩固练习：1.昨晚我写了一封信。,I wrote a letter last night.鼻2.今天下午我想同你谈谈。I want to talk with you this afternoon.3.这本书他读过多次了。He has read this book rriany times.4.他们成功地完成了计划。They have carried out the plan successfully.5.那位先生能流利地说三种语言。That gentleman can speak three languages2oi 0-9 2/u e n 11 y.48巩固练习：6.我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia.7.Jim还不会自己穿衣服。Jim cannot dress himself.8.我们大家都相信Jack是一个诚实男孩。All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.9.他不知道而什麽好。He did not know what to say.10.我开窗户你在春意TDo you mind my opening the window?201 0-9-26 49基本句型四：s V o 0（主+谓+间宾+直宾）s I V（及物）|o（多指人）|0（多指物）1.She|ordered|herself|a new dress.她给自己定了一 套新衣裳。2.She|cooked|her husband|a delicious meal.她给丈 夫煮了一顿美餐。3.He|brought|you|a dictionary.他给你带来了一本字 典。4.He|denies|her|nothing：他对她件么都不拒绝。5.I|told|him|that the bus was late.我告诉他汽车晚点 了。6.He|showed|me|how to run the machine.他教我开 机器。201 0-9-26 50但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词t。或for。如：He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.201 0-9-2651用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着 某人。用for侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替 某人。常捻双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teacj tellurite,ask等；（需借助for 的）buy,dall,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare寸O201 0-9-2652巩固练习：4 111.Johnson先生去年教我们德语。Mr Johnson taught us German last year.2.奶奶昨晚给我们讲了 一个有趣的故事。Grandma told me an interesting story last night3.请把那本字典递给我好吗?_ JrWould you please pasme the dictionary?4.他把车票给列车员看。He showed the ticket to tlTeohductor.201 0-9-2653巩固练习：/X5.我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？Shall I call you a taxi?6.新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。金The new machine will save-you a J6t of labour.7.他用他的第一个月工资亲他妈妈买了一件毛衣。7.He bought a new coat for his mother Ji._ with his first months salary.201 0-9-2654基本句型五：s V 0 C（主+谓+宾+宾补）说明：此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻 辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，:若无地补足语，则句意不够完整。产一 The sun keeps us warip：二上哈I heard him singing.、You must get your hair cut.201 0-9-26 55s I V（及物）I 0（宾语）I C（宾补）名词/代词宾格+名词 .The war|made|him|a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词New methods|make|the job|easy./新方法使这项工作变 得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语 了 e with your family.201 0-9-2657巩固练习:1 We call her Alice.:All of us considered him honest.孤3.They have set the thief free.4.1 want you to tell me the truth.5 The guards ordered us to leave at once.6.|Every morning we hear him read English aloud./.)7 r、/一1 7 一7.He has his hair cut every month.g；We won t let her go out at night 58The terrible sound made the children frightened.She is listening to someone telling stories.I have never seen the word used that way before.1口e 而寸斤送小噌亩04%。alk with you.二.JI consider it possible to work out the problem in another way.1 The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins._201 0-9-2659英语基本句超6 There be句型说明：此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成,用以表达存在关系可以称“有”。它其 实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词be之后，there仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词，而用iive,stand,come,go Jie,remain,exist,arrive 等。如：There stands a hill in the middle of the park.Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.201 0-9-26 60Be与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时 态和情态变化。如：现在有 there is/are过去有 there was/were.将来有 there will be.；there is/are going to be.现在已经有 there has/have been.可能有 there might be.肯定有 there must be./there must havebeen.过去曾经有 there used to be似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be.碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to201 0-9-26 61be巩固练习：1.这个村子过去只有一口井。There was only a well in the village.2.客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.F3.天气预报说下午有大风。The weatherman says thereUI be a strong wind in the afternoon,一4.灯亮着，办公室里肯定有肉;二/The light is on.There must be someone in the offico.5.战前这儿二直有家电影院的.There used to be a cinema here before the war.201 0-9-2662巩固练习：6.恰好那时房里没人。There happened to be nobody in the room.7.从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。Once,there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.J all%js.（四）挑出下列句中的表语（5分，5分钟）The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?_ The leaves4Tavejurned yellow.Soon They all became interested in the subject.She was the first to learn about it.201 0-9-2678（五）挑出下列句中的定语（6分，6分钟）They use Mr,Mrs with the family name.What is your given name?On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.（3）I am afraid some pe