高考英语总复习语法专项.pdf

高考英语总复习语法专 第一章：名词 名词的意义和种类 一.名词的意义：表示人，事物，或抽象概念的词叫做名词二.名词的种类：1.专有名词：表示具体的人，事物，地点或机构的专有名称，如：China,Lei Feng,Yan an2.普通名词：表示某类人或某类事物的名称，又可分为四类.个体名词：表示单个的人或事物，如：doctor,house,tree,orange,photo.集体名词：表示一群人或事物的总称，如：class,family,group.物质名词：表示无法分出个体的物质，如：rice,steel,water,coal,cotton.抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词，如：victory,health,progress,friendship名词的数一般地说，个体名词和集体名词是可数的，称为可数名词；物质名词和抽象名 词一般是不可数的，称为不可数名词一.可数名词复数形式的构成：1.规则变化：.一般直接在名词后加-s,如：desks,maps,bags,days,houses,faces.以字母 s,sh,ch,x 结尾的名词后加-es,如：buses,brushes,watches,boxes.以字母f或fe结尾的名词构成复数形式时，把f/fe改为v,再加-es,如：lives,leaves,shelves,knives,wives,thieves,但 roofs,chiefs,gulfs,beliefs,proofs 等例外.以-o结尾的名词的复数多数加-es,如：heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,Negroes 等，少数力口一s,如：zoos,radios,studios,photos,pianos,bamboos,tobaccos,videos,kilos 等.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，要把y改为i,再加-es,如：factories,babies,countries2.不规则变化：.改变单数名词中的元音字母，如：men,women,feet,geese.单复数形式相同，如:sheep,deer,fish,means（方式，方法），jin（斤）,yuan（元）1.其他形式，如：child-children,oxoxen,mousemice.表示某国人的名词的复数形式因习惯不同而名异a.单复数形式相同（多以-ese结尾），如：Chinese,Japanese,Swiss b.词尾加-s（多以-an 结尾），如：Russians,Germans,Americans,Koreans,Indians,Italians,Greeksc.将 man 变成 men,将 woman 变成 women,如：Engl ishman,Engl ishwomen,Dutchmen.复合名词的复数形式有以下几种情况：a.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式，如：lookers-on,sons-in-law,step-sons,passers-by,editors-in-chiefb.如果复合名词中没有主体名词，则在最后一个词的后面加s（或其他复 数形式），如：grown-ups成年人，go-betweens中间人c.有些复合名词的组成部分都要变成复数形式，如：men servants,women doctors二.不可数名词一般只有单数形式，但要注意以下几点：1.物质名词的复数可表示多种类，多量，多次等含义，如：fruits各种水果,teas,steels,snows积雪，waters海水（或河水，湖水，江水）2.有些不可数名词的复数形式表示与这个不可数名词不同的意义，如：greens 青菜，times 时代，works 著作，spirits 情绪，irons 镣铐，manners 礼貌3.有些物质名词有时也是可数名词：a.A glass（玻璃杯）is made of glass.b.Do you have any evening papers（报纸）?4.专有名词一般只用单数，但有时也可用复数，如：the West Indies西印度 群岛，the Jacksons杰克逊一家a.T here are four Lius in our class.在我们班有四个姓刘的5.物质名词在表示数量时，常借助一些量词来表示，如：a cup of tea,two glasses of milk,three pieces of chalk.可数名词也可用这种形式来表示数 量，如：three boxes of matches,four baskets of apples三.有此名词既可作不可数名词，也可作可数名词，但意义常有不同1.物质名词表示种类或具体事物时，可成为可数名词，如：tea茶/teas各种 茶，hair头发/a hair一根头发，glass玻璃/a glass玻璃杯，paper纸/papers试卷,论文，报纸2.抽象名词具体化可使之成为可数名词，如：difficulty表示“困难”时是不 可数，表示“难事”时是可数，再如：pleasure表示“乐事”，youth表示“青 年”时都是可数23.可数名词用来表示抽象意义或物质意义时，成为不可数名词，如：room空间，talk空谈，chicken鸡肉名词的格英语中名词有三个格：主格（作主语），宾格（作宾语）和所有格一.名词的所有格：名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词的所有格1.表示有生命的东西（人或物）的名词的所有格一般在名词后加s,如：my father s room.以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加，如：the teachers reading room,the masses*advice.不以-s结尾的复数名词的所有格要加s,如：the people s needs,women,s rights.若专有名词以-s结尾，它的所有格一般只加，但也有加s的，读作 iz,如：Burns s poems 或 Burns poem.复合名词或短语的所有格的s加在最后一个词之后，如：her son-in-law s photo,the commander-in-chief*s report,the king ofSpain s daughter,somebody else s car.如果一样东西为两人共有，则在后面一个名词后加s;如果不是两者 共有，则在两个名词之后都要加S,如：Jane and Helen*s room（Jane和 Helen共用的房间）,Bill s and T om s rooms（Bill的房间和T om的房间）.在表示店铺，某人的家的名词所有格后面，一般省掉它所修饰的名词，如：the tailor s 裁缝店，the barber s 理发店，at my uncle*s 在叔叔家2.表示无生命的名词一般用of构成词组表示所有关系，如：the cover of the book,the workshops of the factory.但，表示时间，距离，重量，国家，城 市，地点等无生命的名词也可用s形式来表示其所有关系，如：three days，sick leave,half an hour,s walk,today s newspaper,a ton s weight,China s agriculture,Shanghai?s industry.3.指有生命的名词也可以用of词组表示所有格，常用于以下情况之下：.名词较长时，如:the story of doctor Bethune,the works of Marx,Engels and Lenin.名词的定语较长，如：the son of the man who you just talked to,the name of the boy standing there4.of+名词的s所有格形式或名词性物主代词称为双重所有格.在表示所 属物的名词前有冠词，数词,不定代词或指示代词（如a,two,some,any,such,no,a few,this,that,these,those等）时，常用双重所有格表示所属关系，如：a friend of my fatherJ s=one of my father s friends,two brothers of his,some inventions of Edison s,these poems of Li Bai s,a few 3classmates of Xiao Ming s,any friend of T om s,some houses of my grandfathers.关于双重所有格还需注意以下几点：.在双重所有格中，of前面的名词不和the连用，如不能说：the new dress of Susan s.但若有定语从句在后，则可以用the,如可以说：the friends of my father*s who is going abroad.在双重所有格中，作。f宾语的名词必须是人，而且是特指二章：代词英语代词分为以下八类：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词，疑问代词,连接代词，关系代词.本章只说明前五类代词的用法，后三类代词的用法在其他章节说明人称代词一.人称代词的形式：人称代词有人称，数和格的变化我 我们 你/你们他 她 它 他们/她们/它们主格Iweyou he sheit they宾格4me usyou him her it them二.人称代词的用法：1.主格的用法：作主语，表语a.He often helps me with my English.b.It is he who often helps me with my English.2.宾格的用法：作及物动词的宾语或介词的宾语.a.Mr.Li teaches us English.b.We often go and see her on Sundays.c.You are really above me in maths.d.Father bought a new bike for him.3.关于人称代词用法需注意的问题：.在than/as引导的比较状语从句中常有省略，注意其中的人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语 用宾格.在这类从句中，在不引起误解的情况下，有时用宾格代词代替主格代词a.He likes Mary better than I(like Mary).他比我更喜欢玛丽b.He likes Mary better than(he likes)me 他喜欢我，更喜欢玛丽5c.He is taller than I/me.在强调句中，若被强调的部分是代词，则其格不变，如：a.It was I who first opened the door this morning.b.It was me whom they talked about.人称代词单独使用或是在not之后，常用宾格a.u I like English.”“Me too.b.”Would you like more wine?”Not me.在同位语中，人称代词的格视与之同位的词在句中的成分而定，如：a.We,Ibm and I,showed her many wonderful pictures.b.She showed us,Tbm and me,many wonderful pictures.人称代词在代替一些不定代词，如：anybody,everybody,anyone,someone,no one,whoever 及person等这些无明确对象的代词或名词时，在正式场合用he/his/him代替，在非正式场 合用 they/them/their 代替，如：a.Nobody came,did he/they?b.Whoever comes,tell him/them the news.在be或to be之后的人称代词的格应根据它所指代的名词或代词在句中的成分而定a.I thought it was she./1 thought it to be her.b.I was taken to be she.我被当成了 她./They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她.在口语中常用宾格代词作表语6a.Who is that?”“It is me.they可指“有关的人”“人们”，相当于people,如：a.They say the fire broke out at midnight.=People say the fire broke out at midnight./It is said that the fire broke out at midnight.三个人称代词同时出现时，其顺序一般是：你，他/她，我；我们，你们，他们a.You,he and I all enjoy music.物主代词表示所有关系的代词称为物主代词一.物主代词的形式：物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种我的 我们的 你的/你们的 他的 她的 它的 他们的/她们的/它们的形容词性物主代词my ouryour his her itstheir名词性物主代词7mine oursyours his herstheirs二.物主代词的用法：1.形容词性物主代词相当于一个形容词，作定语，如：our work,her students,their house2.名词性物主代词相当于一个名词，作主语，表语，宾语a.His brother is a driver;mine is a worker.b.These books are mine.c.You can use my bike and I may use hers.3.“of+名词性物主代词”可构成双重所有格，如：a.Wang Ling is a friend of mine.b.This baby of hers is so lovely.4.物主代词用法应注意的问题：.动名词的逻辑主语如果位于句首，则多用物主代词，如：a.His coming late made everyone angry.在介词后，表示身体某部位或身上某位置的名词前，用the而不用物主代词，如：a.Ive hurt him in the finger.8b.He hit me on the back.c.He caught me by the hair.d.The man pulled me by the sleeve.揪住 了 我的衣袖.反身代词一反身代词的形式：myself,ourselves,yourself yourselves,himself herself itself themselves二.反身代词的用法：1.作宾语：a.He taught himself English.b.He is old enough to look after himself.2.在句中作名词或代词的同位语，以加强名词或代词的语气，一般表示“亲自”“本人”a.I myself did the work.b.You had better ask Tom himself.指示代词一.指示代词的形式：this,that,these,those,it,such,same二.指示代词的用法：l.this/these常指时间，空间或心理上较近的人或物,that/those常指时间，空间或心理上较 远的人或物2.this/these常指后面要提到的事物，有启下的作用；而that/those常指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用9a.What I want to tell you is this:The meeting is put off until Friday.b.He had a bad cold.That is why he didnt attend the meeting.3.that/those还可用来代替上文出现过的名词.作此用法时，它们的用法及与one/ones的对 比见下表代替什么词替换成.定语问题oneC单数某名词 有前置定语或后置定语onesC复数 某名词 有前置定语或后置定语thatC单数或Uthe+某名词 必无前置定语，必有后置定语thoseC复数the+某名词必无前置定语，必有后置定语a.The weather in Beijing is not so hot as that(=the weather)in Shanghai.10b.The population of China is a quarter of that(=the population)of the world.c.The students in class one work harder than those(=the students)in class two.d.The question is an easy one.e.Which pencils do you want?The red ones.He has a new coat and several old ones.g.I have lost my pen.I am going to buy one.4.such的用法.such代替或修饰可数与不可数名词都可a.He is such a man.b.I don5t like such words.c.Such is our plan.such 应位于 no,one,another,some,many,all 等词之后a.One such grammar book is enough.such+a(n)+adj.+n 结构等同于 so+adj.+a(n)+n,如：a.It is such a good chance.=It is so good a chance.如果名词为U,则只能用such而不能用so,如：a.He has made such great progress.b.It was such good weather.11.如果名词被many/much/little/few四个词修饰，则要用so而不用such,如:a.He has made so much progress.5.the same的用法:the same=同样（的），可以作定语，表语，主语和宾语a.They left for Beijing on the same day.b.He will go to swim and ril do the same.c.Whether he will come or not,it is all the same to me.6.it的用法：.it指前面己经提到的人或事物.模糊it:it指时间，季节，气候，距离，情况等a.It is time for the meeting.b.It is Saturday today.c.It is fine today.d.It often rains in summer and it often snows in winter in this city.e.It is five kilometer from home to the school.f.It is well with you?你身体好吗？.it作形式主语:it作形式主语时，真正的主语可以是动词不定式，动名词或由that引导的主 语从句.当句中的这些真正主语用词较多时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语移到后面a.It is a good habit to do morning exercise.b.It is no use learning without thinking.12c.It is pity that you didnt see such a good film.it作形式宾语:it作形式宾语时，真正的宾语可以是不定式，动名词或that引导的宾语从句.当宾语之后有宾补，而作宾语的不定式或宾语从句用词较多时，常用it作形式宾语，而把真 正的宾语移到后面a.I find it easy to learn English well if in the right way.b.I consider it wrong that you stand too close to an Englishman.c.They want to make it clear that they are doing an important and necessary job.it用于强调句型:It+is/was+被强调的部分+that/who+其他a.Professor Wang teaches us English every Monday afternoon.（一般陈述句）b.It is Professor Wang that/who teaches us English every Monday afternoon.（强调句）c.It is us that/who Professor Wang teaches English every Monday afternoon.（强调句）d.It is English that Professor Wang teaches us every Monday afternoon.（强调句）e.It is every Monday afternoon that Professor teaches us English.（强调句）不定代词.不定代词的形式：some,any,no,none,many,much,few,little,each,every,one,all,both,either,neither,other,another 及 some,any,no,every 构成的复合不定代词二.不定代词的使用：1.不定代词的使用要注意以下几个方面.不定代词作主语时，要明确其究竟是单数还是复数，如:both是复数,either/neither是单 数,all则根据情况可作单数或复数13a.Both of them are students.b.All were present at the meeting.c.All goes well.不定代词作定语时，要明确其修饰可数与不可数的问题，如:many/few修饰可数名词；much/little修饰不可数名词；some/any既修饰可数也修饰不可数.all/both/each/everybody/everything等含有全部或每个意义的词与否定词not连用 时，通常表示部分否定.全部否定时通常采用否定代词none,no one,nobody,neither,nothing 等a.Not all ants go out for food.=All ants dont go out for food.并不是所有的蚂蚁出去找食物b.None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.2.some/any 的用法：.some常用于肯定句中.some在下列情况下也用于疑问句：表示请求或邀请；期待肯定回 答，或认为对方肯定回答的可能性很大时；表建议时a.Could you lent me some money?b.Will you have some milk?c.Are you waiting for some friends?d.Would you lend me some books please?.any常用于疑问句和否定句中;any用于肯定句中表示“任何”；与一些否定含义的词如：hardly,never,not,without 等连用多用 anya.I dont have any ink.14b.Do you have any ink?c.You can come and see me at any time.d.Any student can solve the problem.3.no/none/no one 的用法：.no=notany,通常用作定语，修饰可数或不可数a.There is no milk in the glass.b.He has no brother.none代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数或复数都可(参看“主谓一致”);none代替不 可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数a.None of the stories are/is interesting.no one只泛指人，不与of连用；none指人，事，物皆可，可与of连用4.many/much的用法:many用来修饰或代替可数名词;much用来修饰或代替不可数名词a.Many students,many of the students.b.Much has been done./He has much to do./He has much work to do.5.few/little,a few/a little的用法:(a)few修饰或代替可数名词；(a)little修饰或代替不可数 名词a.Few of them are good at skating.b.I met a few of my friends at the party.c.There is still a little milk in the bottle.15d.Little remains to be said.6.each/every 的用法：.each指“每个，的个别的情况，相当于汉语的“各个.every虽有“每个”的意思，但常从整体出发，强调共同性，相当于“每个都”a.Every one of us has strong and weak points.（强调所有.人都.）b.Each of us has strong and weak points.（强调每个都.）.主语中有each/every,构成反意问句时，多用复数变化.，如：a.Every student like the film,dont they?b.Each of us takes part in the activity,dont we?.every可以和not连用，each不可以a.Not every worker can do it.7.one的用法：.表示一个，如：one hour,one man.泛指不确定的人，可译为“人们”“一个人”，表此意时，它的所有格是ones,反身代词是 oneselfa.One should be strict with oneselfb.One should serve his country wholeheartedly.one/ones代替上文出现过的可数名词，以避免重复a.He has a washer.I want to buy one too.16b.Which shirt do you like?I like the red one.8.all的用法：作主语时，谓语动词根据情况采取单数或复数；作定语时，修饰U/Ca.All are here.大家都到了b.All is going on well.9.both表示“两者都”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数；作定语时，修饰复数名词lO.either表示“两者之中任何一个，作主语时，谓语动词用单数；作定语时，修饰单数名词a.Here are two pens.You may use either of them.b.There are shops on either side of the street.c.Either of them is going there.neither表示“两者都不”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数；作定语时，修饰单数名词a.Neither is right.b.Neither film is interesting.12.other的用法:the other表示两者中的另外一个;the others=the other+复数名词，表示“其余 的一些”;others=other+复数名词，表示“别的人或事物”a.He has two sons.One is a teacher.The other is a worker.b.Some went to the Great Wall,the others went to the lake.13.another指不定数目中的另外一个;another+复数名词表示“再一些，又一些a.This skirt is too long.Please show me another.b.I want to have another cup of coffee.17c.I will finish the work in another ten minutes.14.复合不定代词是由 some,any,no,every 和 body,thing,one构成的，如:somebody,something,someone.带some的不定代词一般用于肯定句，带any的不定代词一般用于否定句及疑问句 中，它们的用法与some/any的用法相似b.There are shops on either side of the street.c.Either of them is going there.ll.neither表示“两者都不”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数；作定语时，修饰单数名词a.Neither is right.b.Neither film is interesting.12.other的用法:the other表示两者中的另外一个;the others=the other+复数名词，表示“其余 的一些，；others=other+复数名词，表示“别的人或事物”a.He has two sons.One is a teacher.The other is a worker.b.Some went to the Great Wall,the others went to the lake.13.another指不定数目中的另外一个;another+复数名词表示“再一些，又一些”a.This skirt is too long.Please show me another.b.I want to have another cup of coffee.c.I will finish the work in another ten minutes.14.复合不定代词是由 some,any,no,every 和 body,thing,one构成的，如:somebody,something,someone.带some的不定代词一般用于肯定句，带any的不定代词一般用于否定句及疑问句 中，它们的用法与some/any的用法相似第三章：形容词和副词形容词18一.形容词的定义：形容词表示人或事物的性质，特征或状态，修饰名词或不定 代词二.形容词在句中的作用：1.作定语：a.He is a great writer.b.T his is an interesting book.c.I have something important to tell you.2.作表语：a.T he bridge is long and wide.b.It is getting warm.3.作补语（宾语补足语或主语补足语）:a.T he news made her happy.b.We found the text very difficult.c.You should keep your classroom clean.d.T he classroom should be kept clean.4.作主语或宾语：the+adj表示某一类人或事物，这种名词化的形容词起着名词 的作用，在句中可以作主语或宾语a.We should respect the old and love the young.b.T he new will replace the old.19c.T he rich and the poor live in separate sections in London.5.作状语：形容词作状语时，多用来说明一个名词或代词的情况a.Unhappy with the result,he returned to work.b.Long and tidy,his hair played in the breeze.c.Anxious for a quick decision,we called for a vote.三.关于形容词的作用要注意的问题：1.有些形容词只能作表语和补语，不能象普通形容词那样作前置定语，这样的 形容词称为表语形容词，如：alive,alone,asleep,alike,afraid,awake,ashamed,able,sure,ill,worth等词；表语形容词作定语时需后置2.有些形容词只能作定语，不能作表语，这样的形容词称为定语形容词，如：golden,wooden,silken,live（活的），elder（年长的），former 前任的，latter 后者，front前面的,back后面的，outer外部的四.形容词在句中的位置：1.单个形容词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之前；两个或两个以上的形容 词修饰一个名词时，同种类形容词的排列顺序一般应考虑以下两种情况：.和被修饰的名词关系比较密切的形容词位置更靠近名词a.It is a touching English film.音节少的形容词在前，音节多的形容词在后a.I have a small but beautiful room.不同种类的词同时出现在名词前作定语时，按以下顺序进行排列：20数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词，物主代词，指示代词，不定代词,所有格 序数词基数词 性质状态 数量大小长短形状 新旧温度长幼 颜色 国籍 材料来源用途all,both,such 等 the,a,this,that21another,your 等 first,second,next 等one,five 等 kind,good,sick 等 large,long,round 等 oldcool 等 red,blue 等 ChineseEnglish等 iron,stone 等222.单个形容词作定语时，在下列情况之下，形容词应放在被修饰的词之后.形容词修饰不定代词something,nothing,anything等时应后置a.Is there anything important in the article?b.T here is something difficult in the lesson.c.T here is nothing wrong in your homework.形容词修饰表示度量的名词应后置a.T he building is seventeen storeys high.b.He is ten years old.c.T he street is five hundred meters long.用and/or连接的两个形容词通常放在被修饰的名词之后，起强调修饰语的 作用a.We will turn our motherland into a country,strong and modern.b.Every nation,big or small,has its rights.c.Power stations,large and small,have been set up all over the country.有些过去分词形容词作定语时应后置，如：given,left,won,missed等a.None of the answers given（被给的答案）were correct