英语长、难句子翻译技巧指导.pdf

虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，表示所说的 话不是一个事实，而只是一种假设，愿望，建议，怀疑，猜测或不大可能实现的空想。I.虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中，通常从句 由连词if引导,通常表达三种含义：1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句 2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句 3.与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句 注意：在条件状语从句中，如果有were,should,had,可以把连词if省去，把 were,should,had提前放在句首，构成条件意义。L与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句条件状语从句：If+主语+动词过去式（be的过去式用were）主句：主语+would/should/could/might+原形动词 E.g.If I feared death,I wouldnt be a communist.怕死就不做共产党员。If there were no air,we couldnt live.如果没有空气，我们就不能生活。L与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句条件状语从句：If+主语+动词过去式（be的过去式用were）主句：主语+would/should/could/might+原形动词 E.g.If I feared death,I wouldnt be a communist.怕 死就不做共产党员。If there were no air,we couldnt live.如果没有空气，我们就不能生活。Exercise:I would ask George to lend us the money if I _ him.A.had known B.knew C.have known D.knowI_it to him if I thought he would understand.A.shall explain B.will explainC.would explain D.explain2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句条件状语从句：If+主语+动词过去完成式主句：主语+would,should,could,might+have+过去分词E.g.If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would have met him.如果你早来几分钟，你就会碰上他。If there had been no air in the tube,the result of the experiment would have been more accurate.如果试管中没有空气，实验结果就会更精确。Exercise:If you hadnt gone with Tom to the party last night,A.you would meet John already B.you wont have missed John C.you will have met John D.you would have met John3.与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句条件状语从句:If+主语+should+原形动词，或If+主语+were+不定式+原形动词主句:主语+would/should/could/might+原形动词 E.g.If he were to come tomorrow,things would be easier.假如他明天会来，事情就容易办了。If the sand should be broken up,it would give out much energy.如果沙子能被分解，它会释放出大量的能量。注：在表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句中，从 句中的should有时可以省略。E.g.If he make the design,he might do it in some other way.要是他来搞这个设计，他可能用另外的方法设计。Exercise:If the sea_to rise 50 feet,India would becomean island.A.will B.is C.was D.wereIf you_to see Mary,what would you tell her?A.are B.will be going C.must D.were错综时间的虚拟语气在一些含有虚拟语气的句子中，如果主句与从句的谓语 表示不同的时间，虚拟语气可有不同形式，即主句与从 句各自按自己的时间构成虚拟形式。E.g.If I had met him before,I could recognize him.要是我以前遇见过他，我就能认出他了。（从句表示与 过去事实相反，主句表示与现在或将来事实相反）If we were driving at a speed of 100 Li an hour,we would have arrived there 2 hours ago.如果我们的行车速度每小时100里，两小时以前我们就 会到达那里了。（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事 实相反）省略连词if在条件状语从句中，如果有were,should,had,可以把连 词if省去，把were,should,had提前放在句首，构成条 件意义。E.g.Should it rain tomorrow,what would you do?万一明天下雨，你怎么办？Were there no friction,we could not walk.要是没有摩擦力，我们就不能行走。Had we known about the new method,we shouldhave applied it earlier.如果我们过去知道这种新力法，我们早就应用工。.Exercise:Had Alice been more hardworking,sheA.had not failed B.would not failC.could not be failed D.would not have failed_today,he would get there by Friday.A.Would he leave B.Was he leavingC.Were he to leave D.If he leaves_difficulties,we would be successful.A.Should we overcome B.Would we overcomeC.Might we overcome D.Could we overcomeII.虚拟语气用在wish后的宾语从句中虚拟语气用在wish后的宾语从句中，（常常 省去连词that）,表示不可能实现的愿望。1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望 2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望 3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望L表示与现在事实相反的愿望主语+wish(that)+从句主语+动词过去式(be 一律用were)E.g.I wish I knew everything in the world.I wish that the experiment were a success.We wish we had wings.我们希望有翅膀。Exercise:I wish it_not so cold outside.A.shall be B.be C.were D.isI wish I_you better.A.know B.knew C.will know D.have known2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望主语+wish(that)+从句主语+would/could+have+过去分词或had+过去分词E.g.I wish that you had called yesterday.I wish that I could have gone with you last night.I didnt go to the party,but I do wish I had been there.Exercise:I wish you_such a great deal of fuss.A.were not caused B.had not caused C.have not caused D.are not causedI wish that you_such a bad headache because Imsure that you would have enjoyed the concert.A.hadnt had B.hadntC.didnt have D.hadnt have3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望主语+wish(that)+从句主语+would/should/could/might+原形动词 E.g.I wish that he could try again.I wish that someday I should live on the moon.We wish that they would come soon.Exercise:I wish that we_with my brother when he flies toEngland next week.A.could go B.had gone C.will go D.are goingIII.虚拟语气用在其它名词从句中1.虚拟语气川在 suggest,demand,insist,ask,move,advise,desire,order,propose,require,recommend,request,maintain,vote等表示建议，命令，请求的动词后的宾语 从句中，从句的谓语川should+原形动词，但美国英语 中常要省去should oE.g.I suggest we start at once.They propose that you(should)read the rules carefully.The commander ordered that the soldier fire at the enemy.He insisted that he go there on foot.2.虚拟语气川在It is+形容词（或过去分词）+that.的 主语从句中，表示要求，建议，提议，命令，请求等，英国英语中从句的谓语川“should+原形动词（或完成式）构成”，而美国英语中则要求川原形动词。该句型中 常用的形容词或过去分词有：advisable,desirable,essential,important,better,keen,natural,necessary,probable,possible,strange,vital,desired,demanded,requested,suggested,recommended,required 等。E.g.It is necessary that the machine（should）be oiled once a week.It is important that everyone(should)obey the law.It is suggested that you take a walk after supper.3.虚拟语气用在与表示建议，要求，提议，命令，请求 等意思有关的同位语从句和表语从句中，英国英语中要 求从句谓语用“should+原形动词”，而美国英语中则要 求用原形动词，但在as if,as though引导的表语从句 中，从句中谓语用动词过去式或过去完成式，表示对现 在或过去的虚拟。E.g.He complied with the requirement that the experiment(should)be done tomorrow.他同意明天再做实验的要求。He looks as if he were tired.他面带倦容。We agree to the suggestion that they(should)work on night shifts in turn.我们同意轮流值夜班的建议。His order is that you(should)send the materials to the work site at once.他的命令是你们要把材料立即送到工地。4.虚拟语气川在It is(high,about)time(that)句型中，定 语从句中谓语用动词过去式，意指将来。E.g.It is time(that)we went home.It is high time we had the meeting.It is time you left.It is time that I was off.注：如果主语是单数第一，三人称，动词be常用was oIV.虚拟语气用在其它状语从句中1.虚拟语气川在由as if/as though引导的方式或让步状 语从句中，一般情况下，如果主谓语动词为现在时，从 句谓语多川过去时；如果主句谓语为过去时，从句谓语 多用过去完成时。虚拟语气用在even if5 even though,whatever引导的状语从句中，从句谓语可参照由讦引导 的虚拟条件从句的谓语，一般用过去时或过去完成时。E.g.This old machine runs as if it were a new one.The old worker works as though he were a young man.Even though she had been here very soon,she would not catch the train.2.虚拟语气用在so that,lest（唯恐）,in case（万一），unless,in order that（为 了，以便）,that（为 了，以至于）,for fear that（生怕，以免），on condition that（如果）等引导的目的，条件状语从句中，从句谓语may或 might+原形动词，也有用should,can,could+原形动词构 成命。E.g.The teacher explained the law once more in order that we might understand it better.Some people eat so that they may live.Others seem to live in order that they may eat.一些人吃是为了生存，而另一些人似乎是活着就是为了吃。I left him a note with my address on for fear that he should not know where to see me.The heroes gave their lives that we might live a happy life.为了我们过上幸福生活，英雄们献出了自己的生命。叵倍数的翻译I常见的倍数的翻译有倍数的增加和倍数的减少倍数的增加倍数的减少Exercises倍数的增加1.n times+名词或+that of.5 n times as.as或v+n times等可译成“是.的n倍”或“比 增加n1倍”。e.g.The output of cars of this year is about three times as great as that of last year.今年的汽车产量大约是去年的三倍。（或：今年的汽车产量比去年多两倍左右。）2.n times+“增加”意义的比较级+than可译 成“净增加或.倍e.g.The irrigated area in this prefecture is four times bigger than in 1998.这个辖区的灌溉面积是1998年的4倍。倍数的增加3.“增加”意义的动词+by可译成“增加了倍”；“增加噫义 的动词+by a factor of可译成“增加了n-l倍”；增加意义 的动词+to.可译成“增力口至U.或倍”或“增力口了 n1倍”。e.g.The value of our industrial output this year has increased five times as compared with that of ten years ago.今年我们的工业产值比1 0年前增加了四倍。The rate of inflation has increased by 3%.通货膨胀率增长了3%o 一4.Double,treble,quadruple,n+fold等表示的倍数 可译成“是的n借域“增加了 n-1倍工e.g.The efficiency of the machine has been more than trebled.这台机器的效率增加了二倍多。倍数的减少1.n times as“减少”意义的原级as.,n times“减少”意义 的比较级than，“减少”意义的动词+n times等,可 译成“比减少（n-1）/n 减少了（n-1）/n”、“是 1/n”、“减少到1/n”（若n中有小数点，则要换算成不带小 数点的分数或百分数）。e.g.The length of the laser tube was reduced ten times.激光管的长度缩短到1/1 0.（或：激光管的长度缩短了9/10。）This kind of film is twice thinner than ordinary paper,but its quality is quite good.尽管这种薄膜的厚度只是普通纸张的一半，可是质量却相 当好。E倍数的减少2.“减少噫义的动词+by可译成减少.，、“减少n-l/n”或“减少到1/n”；减少意义的动词+by a factor of可 译成减少n-l/n”或“减少到1/n“；减少意义的动词+to可译成减少到”。e.g.The load resistance is reduced by a factor of 5.负载阻抗减少到五分之一。The company has reduced its work force from more than 15,000 to 10,000.该公司将其工作人员从一万五千人裁减到一万人。回目Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.The sales of computers have multiplied six times since 1988.“1988年以来，计算机的销售量增加了五倍。2.The number of the students enrolleidrtnevenmg classes has increased more than twofold.今注册晚间上课的学生人数增加了一倍多。口百3.The population of this small town has increased by a factor of four.“这个小城镇的人口增长了三倍。4.The price of mobile phones was reduced by 70%.今移动电话的价格降低了70%。口目5.If you treble the distance between two objects,their gravitational attraction gets nine times weaken“假如你使两个物体之间的距离增大到三倍，那 么它们之间的万有引力就会减小到九分之一。6.By using an automatic assembly line,the assembling time will be reduced这条自动装配线使装配时间减少了五分之四。口7.The cost of the new product is 25%as much as that of the old one.少新产品的成本是老产品的25%。8.The machine improves the working conditions and raises efficiency four fold.“这台机器改善了劳动条件，使可效窥高了三 倍。（功效是原来的四倍）/国同位语翻译(Translating Skills:Appositive)可以充当同位语的有名词、代词、介词短语、不定式等。同 位语通常放在有关成分（本位语）之后，并对其内容进行进 一步的解释说明。同位语一般用逗号与本位语隔开（但有时 也可不隔开）。下面举例说明有关同位语的各种表达方式及 其翻译方法：名词或代词、形容词、数词等作同位语 结构复杂同位语 同位语从句Exercises1.名词或代词、形容词、数词等作同位语，一般与本 位语译在一起JExample You may leave it to us two.你可以把这件事交给我们两个。.This is Mr.Zhou,director of our hospital.这是我们医院魔长周先生。She seemed different from them all.1 她似乎和您新有的人都不同。This theory was advanced by Li Siguang,a famous Chinese geologist.G一理论是由中国的一位著名的地质学家李四光提出的。2.有些同位语结构复杂一些，如由引导词 引导，翻译时一般译在本位语之后，且要用 标点符号（逗号或破折号）隔开。Example】Then arose the question where we were to get，the machines needed.这时就产生了这样一个礴我们到哪儿去找 需要的机器。They visited eight cities,for example,London and Paris.他们访问了八座城西例如伦敦、巴黎。j3.在某些涵义需要进一步说明的名词(如 idea,fact,news,hope,belief,thought,doubt 等)后可用that从句作同位语，称为同位语 从句。翻译时可译成该名词的定语。r.ExampleI had no idea that you were here.我不知道你也在这儿。Obviously there was little probability that they would succeed,but they didn5t mind.很显然他们成功的可能性极小，但是他们 不在意。叵目Translate the following sentences into Chinese and pay special attention to the appositive in italics*L We expressed the hope that they would come and visit China again.“我们表示希望他们再次访问中国。2.The story goes that William Tell did kill the tyrant with that arrow.今传说威廉泰勒真用这支箭射死了暴君。口目3.There is not probability that human beings will ever be controlled by robots.“人类受机器人控制德可能性是不存在的。4.She went to the meeting on the supposition that people would not assail her with questions.今她参加了这次会议，心想人们是不会向她提许 多问题的。口目5.Ive come from Mr.Lin with a message that he won t be able to see you this attention.“我从林先生那儿来，他让我告诉你他今天下午 不能来看你了啦。6.The middle-aged man is a newly elected team leader,able,open,and sincere.“那位中年人是新选出的队长，他能干、开朗而;又诚恳。口目7.His only interest in life,playing footbalL has brought him many friends“他生活中唯一感兴邀感是踢足球，这使他 得到很多朋友。&Their staff of 360,mostly former housewives,help the residents with their laundry and mending.“他们有36。名影，大部分原来是家庭妇女，现 在帮助居民做一些洗涤、缝补的事。口名词性从句的翻译在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses)o名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，因此名 词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从 句和同位语从句。名词性that.从句的翻译名词性wh.从句的翻译 for the first time in large numbers,to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite:the kings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.今 二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲(此处我们可将 其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲)的史学家，首次 以众多的人数，开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而 非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国 王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是 这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。叵