名师讲义高中宾语从句适合基础不好的学生.doc

讲义编号： 学员编号： 年级：高一 课时数及课时进度：18（18/90)学员姓名： 辅导科目：英语 学科教师： 学科组长签名及日期课 题宾语从句讲解教学目的把学生没掌握好的语法点细化讲解，让学生深入掌握教学内容Step1: 基础复习：什么是宾语？宾语，又称受词，是指一个动作（动词）的接受者。什么是宾语从句？在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。Step 2: 课前准备：朗读下面句子，每句读三遍，读五次，即每句15次。五分钟内完成。1. He told me that he would go to college the next year.2. Do you know who has won Red Alert game. 3. Could you please tell me how you use the new panel. Step 3： 语法详解(一)、宾语从句的连接词 从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that, if, whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句， if和whether，whether.or not引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句. He told me (that ）he would go to college the next year 他告诉我他明年上大学. I dont know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没有人知道他是否会通过考试. （二）连接代词 连接代词主要有who, whom, whose, what, whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问，但what, whatever除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述. Do you know who has won Red Alert game 你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么？ The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么. Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗 相关知识：什么是代词？代词可分为十类,他们是: 代词(3张)1）人称 2）物主 3）反身 4）相互 5）指示 6）不定 7）疑问 8）关系 9）连接 10）替代词 分类 例词 人称代词 I我 you你 he他 she她 they他们 me我（宾格）you你（宾格）him他（宾格）her她（宾格）them他们（宾格） 物主代词 my我的 his他的 your你的（your你们的） their他们的 her她的 指示代词 this这 that那 these这些 those 那些 反身代词myself我自己 himself他自己 themselves他们自己 疑问代词who谁 what什么 which哪个 不定代词some一些 many许多 both两个；两个都 关系代词which的物 who的人 that的人或物 who谁 that引导定语从句 相互代词 each other 互相 one another互相 连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever 替代词one(单数),ones(复数） 用于替代前面出现的同类事物（三）连接副词 连接副词主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等. He didnt tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. Could you please tell me how you use the new panel 你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗 None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到. 相关知识：什么是副词？起修饰或限制动词或形容词作用、表程度或范围的词。二、动词的宾语从句大多数及物动词都可以带宾语从句 We all expect （that ）they will win, for members of their team are stronger. 我们都预料他们会赢，因为他们的队员更强壮. He told us （that） they would help us through the whole work. 他告诉我们在整个工作中，他们都会帮忙的. 部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句 I have found out （that） all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了. Can you work out （that）how much we will spend during the trip 你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗 动词短语也可以带宾语从句 常见的这些词有： make sure确保 make up ones mind下决心 keep in mind牢记 Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in. 当你在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误. 可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句 动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置. 相关知识：什么是宾语补足语？宾语补足语：某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。例如： We call him Jack . 我们叫他杰克。 这里him 是宾语, Jack 是宾语补足语 They appointed him chairman. 他们任命他为主席. 这里的him是宾语, chairman 是宾语补足语.什么是双宾语？双宾语由直接宾语和间接宾语组成。直接宾语是谓语动词的承受者，间接宾语表示谓语动作的方向（对谁做）或动作的目标（为谁做），间接宾语紧接在谓语动词后，但它不能单独存在。它和直接宾语组成双宾语。例句：I showed the map to BenI think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的. I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together. 我没去聚会，感觉非常遗憾. I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this matter. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it 这类动词主要有：hate, take, owe, have, see to. I hate it when they say with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. He will have it that our plan is really practical. 他会认为我们的计划确实可行. We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的. When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral. 开启发动机时，一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置. 问题：为何有hate等词的宾语从句要在从句前加it？1.Hate 本身可以作及物动词，后面可以直接接宾语如“I hate you ，但如果宾语是由宾语从句来充当，需用it替代宾语从句作形式宾语而把从句放在句后。 类似的词有like, enjoy, love, hate, 等表“喜怒哀乐”的动词，后若要跟宾语从句，都需跟形式宾语 it。 2.think 与上面的hate“用法不同，think 是需要接宾补的动词,如果宾语是从句为了避免句子头重脚轻，需用形式宾语it替代宾语从句,而把从句后置.如果提问者细心会发现这时形式宾语it后面多为做补语的形容词而不会像hate那样it后直接接宾从。总而言之凡是需要接宾补的动词，接宾语从句时都用形式主语it替代从句前置到宾补前,常见的动词consider, find, guess, think 若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it代替 We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 我们都认为你所说的是不可信的. We discovered what we had learned to be valuable. 我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有价值的. 相关知识：什么是及物动词？不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。 及物动词： 又称“他动词”。又称“外动词”。动词的一种。它所表示的动作常涉及动作者以外的事物，如“吃”、“穿”、“读”、“写”等。字典里词后标有vt. 的就是及物动词。及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象（即宾语），并且可直接跟宾语。三、介词的宾语从句用whether之类的介词宾语从句： We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部. The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space. 这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的. 用that, if引导的介词宾语从句 有时候except, but, besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句 I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班，其他一无所知. 相关知识：什么是介词？（1）表示时间，处所，方式，对象等语法意义。如： 从明天（开始）（表示时间） 在家（自修）（表示处所） 按原则（办事）（表示方式)）把作业（做完）（表示对象） （2）介宾结构主要充当状语，修饰动词或形容词。如“从车上下来”“比他高”。有的介宾结构可以作定语，但要加“的”，如“对历史人物的评价”“在桌子上的书”。少数介宾结构可以充当补语，如“工作到深夜”“睡在床上”。介宾结构不能做谓语。 （3）“在，向，于，到，给，自”等可以直接附着在动词或其他词语后边，构成一个整体，相当于一个动词。如“落在我身上”“奔向二十一世纪”“取决于你的考试成绩”“勇于实践”“走到了目的地”“献给人民”“来自纽约”。四、形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有： sure, certain, glad, please, happy, sorry, afraid, satisfied, surprised I am sure I will pass the exam. 我确信我会通过考试. I am sorry that I have troubled you so long. 很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你. He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. 他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他. 五、if, whether在宾语从句中的区别 if和whether在作“是否”解时，引导宾语从句常放在动词know, ask, care, wonder, find out等之后，介词后一般不用if 少数动词，如：leave, put, discuss, doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. 在不定式前只能用whether. （如：I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。） 避免歧异时，我们常用whether而不用if. 六、哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that1、在英式英语中动词add, agree, announce, argue, assume, complain, decide, hold, indicate, insist, intend, learn, promise, point out, remark, suggest, state等之后的宾语从句的引导词that需保留。例如：I complained that I had been unfairly treated.2、及物动词后跟有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，最后一个从句的that不可省略。例如：I realize that Im in charge and that everybody accepts my leadership.3、当动词后跟有复合宾语结构时，it作形式宾语，that从句作真正宾语，引导词that不可省略。例如：We consider it an honor that we can have the pleasure of serving you.4、当动词和that从句之间有插入语或者主句的状语时，that不可省略。例如：The secretary said, pleasantly and sternly, that our thinking was too slow to suit the needs of modern society.We learned at school that everything we see and touch is matter.5、当that从句的状语紧跟在that之后时，that不可省略。例如：They told us that once again the situation was serious.试比较：They told us once again that the situation was serious.6、当作宾语的that从句移到句首时，that不可省略。例如：That she ever said such a thing I simply don”t believe.7、在简短答语中当that从句单独出现时，that不可省略。例如：What did he say at the meeting?8、当that从句中含有一个状语从句，且这个状语从句在主句之前时，that不可省略。例如：Mr Parker understands that unless he pays back the debt, he”ll have to appear in court.9、当that从句用作in, but, except等介词的宾语时，that不可省略。例如：The book is unsatisfactory in that it lacks a good index.七、宾语从句的否定转移主句的谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等，并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来，其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致. I dont think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he wont come to my party. 我认为他不会来我的舞会. I dont believe that man is killed by Jim, is he 我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的，是不是 如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词，其反义疑问句要用肯定形式. We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he 我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是 八、宾语从句的时态和语序当主句为现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响. 当主句为过去时 从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生 I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in. 我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书，可不知道是哪个国家. He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in. 他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读. 从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前 He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already. 他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉了Mary. 从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后 The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱. 如果从句是一个客观真理，那么从句的时态不根据主句的时态而变化 The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday. 老师昨天说月亮围着地球转. 当宾语从句的引导词是who, which, what, when, where, how, why等表疑问时，不能按正常语序安排，经常将这类引导词置于句首 Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year 你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手.Step 4: 相关习题一、选择填空 1. Do you know _ Mr Green came to China? A. whatB. when C. whichD. where 2. I want to know _ he can be here on time. A. whoB. when C. whereD. if 3. Could you tell me _? A. what your mother do B. what does your mother do C. your mother does D. what your mother does 4. Would you please tell me _ I can get to the station? A. whereB. how C. whichD. why 5. Please tell me _. A. why hasnt he come B. why he didnt come C. why didnt he come D. why he hasnt come 6. Did you know _ a sports meeting next Saturday? A. there would have to be B. if there were C. if there was going to be D. there was going to have二、把每题中的两个句子，连接成一个带有宾语从句的主从复合句 1. He will come back in a week. I think . I think _ he _ _ back in a week. 2. Who is he looking for?Do you know? Do you know _ _ _ looking for? 3. Why is the plane late?I didnt know . I didnt know _ the plane _ _. 4. He has already come back.He told me. He told me _ he _ already come back. 5. How can I get to the Summer Palace? Could you tell me? Could you tell me _ _ _ get to the Summer Palace? 6. Why didnt he come yesterday?Can you tell me? Can you tell me _ _ _ come yesterday? 7. What are they doing?Tom didnt tell me. Tom didnt tell me _ they _ doing. 8. When will we have an English test? The teacher didnt tell us. The teacher didnt tell us _ _ _ have an English test. 9. Where will the meeting be?I asked him. I asked him _ the meeting _ be. 10. Whose watch is this? Does anybody know? Does anybody know _ _ _ _?