(修改)写作-初中作文-初中教育-教育专区.ppt

(修改)写作_初中作文_初中教育_教育专区 CET 4 Writing 写作 专题 大学英语四级考试大纲对写作的要求大学英语四级考试大纲对写作的要求 评分标准评分标准 历年真题分析与总结历年真题分析与总结大学英语四级考试大纲大学英语四级考试大纲对写作的要求对写作的要求v教育部（2006修订版）明确规定写作部分要求考生达到大学英语课程教学要求中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性写作任务，能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等，能写常见的应用文，能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出至少120词的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯。能掌握基本的写作技巧。”评分标准评分标准v短文写作要求考生在30分钟内根据提纲写出一篇120词以上的短文，本部分的得分占总分的15%，采用总分评分法（Global Scoring），从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。满分为15分，共分五等：14分、11分、8分、5分及2分（注：四级作文在试卷总分中占15%，改卷时按照作文总分15分来评改，然后经过处理转化为710分中的作文分数）。各个分数档的标准如下：评分评分依据依据（1.主题主题、2.表达表达、3.文字文字、4.语言语言）14分 切题切题，表达表达思想清楚，文字文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言语言错误，仅有个别拼写错误。11分 切题切题，表达表达思想清楚，文字文字通顺，但有少量语言语言错误。8分基本切题切题，有些地方表达表达思想不够清楚，文字文字勉强连贯；语言语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。5分基本切题切题，表达表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重错误。2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。0分白卷；文不对题，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想。v备备注注：阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该档次，则可加分（即9分）或减1分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。v字数不足按下表所示酌情扣分：v 累计字数90-9980-8970-7960-6950-5949扣分123579历年真题分析与总结历年真题分析与总结v一、请看近十年的20套作文试题列表分析：参见新潮大学英语四级考试教程v二、纵观历年大学英语四级考试作文题目，我们不难发现，近年来的四级作文凸显三大趋势三大趋势：序号序号内容内容1实实用用性性增强从体体裁裁上看，议论文、说明文、应用文写作占绝大多数，记叙文偶尔也会涉及。到目前为止，虽然议议论论文文占绝对优势，但近年来应应用用文文上升的势头很猛，书信、欢迎词、祝贺词、招聘书、解说词、见证书、竞选演说等频频出现，集中体现了大纲对实际运用语言能力的要求。2主要考核三三大大主主题题从内内容容上看，所考题型都与考生熟悉的生活事件与现象有关。就话话题题而言，四级作文主要有三类：社社会会热热门门话话题题、校校园园生生活活话话题题和日日常常生生活活话话题题，如网上购物、过度包装等等，因此，平时应尽量偏向这几方面的主题进行练习。3注重综综合合能能力力的考核四级作文从倾向于单纯考查某一文体，逐渐过渡到几几种种文文体体的的结结合合。如：2004年6月的A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction是一篇解说词，属应用文，但同时要求说明和描写。这说明作文命题越来越灵活。四级写作基本模式四级写作基本模式三段式三段式文章引言段主题句(Topic Sentence)扩展句1(Developing Sentence 1)扩展句2(Developing Sentence 1)结尾句(Concluding Sentence)发展段主题句(TS)扩展句1(DS1)扩展句2(DS2)结尾句(CS)结尾段主题句(TS)扩展句1(DS1)扩展句2(DS2)结尾句(CS)三、为了便于考生尽快掌握四级作文的写作方法，在此综合历年四级考试作文真题，重点介绍七七 类常类常见的写作类型见的写作类型：.现现象象解解释释型型.应应用用型型.综综合合叙叙事事型型.问问题题解解决决型型.原原因因阐阐释释型型.对对比比选选择择型型.图图表表型型I.I.图表型图表型特点及写作要求特点及写作要求v图表型作文包括看图作文看图作文和图表描述作文图表描述作文两类。v看图作文要求考生以图画为线索进行写作。写作关键在于通过图画提供的信息，分析分析及综合综合出作文主题及意义层次，然后按这些层次分段写成短文。分析综合时，要把标题与图画统一起来统一起来，弄清图画的含义，把握画面的重点部分，否则就会偏离主题。v图表描述作文要求根据图表上的数据，找出所反映的某某个个趋趋势势或或某某一一个个问问题题、现现象象，并对该问题、趋势所产生的原因进行分分析析。常见的图表描述作文有表格（table）、曲线图（line chart）、条形图/柱状图（bar chart）、饼形图（pie chart）和图片（picture）。v图表描述作文的写作误误区区：有些考生习惯在第一段罗列所有数据，形式单调，没有重点，篇幅又长，容易让人厌倦，而第二、三段受篇幅和时间限制，未能充分展开。I.I.图表型图表型特点及写作要求特点及写作要求I.I.图表型图表型写作注意事项写作注意事项v写图表描述作文的注意事项注意事项：1.看懂并理解图画、图表的含义，这是写好图表型作文的前提；2.分析图画提供的关键信息；选择能充分说明图表主题的典型数据；3.根据分析结果和文章的题目写出各段的主题句展 开论述。v合理的结构安排是：第一段简明扼要，重在点明趋势；二、三段的分析是重点，应展开。I.I.图表型图表型写作流程写作流程v第一段：描描述述图图表表反反映映的的总总情情况况。(总体说明图画或图表所反映的问题、现象或趋势。图表描述型作文应选用典型数据进行说明。)v第二段：分分析析原原因因或或影影响响。(分析该问题或该现象的原因或产生的影响。)v第三段：结结论论。(提出解决问题的办法、建议或进行展望。)I.I.图表型图表型句子模板句子模板v1.图表内容总括性描述：As can be seen from the table,great changes have been taking place in .From the above picture/cartoon/table it can be seen that .As it is shown in the picture/cartoon/table,.According to the graph,.I.I.图表型图表型句子模板句子模板v1.图表内容总括性描述：It is clear from the picture/cartoon/table that .The survey/study shows/suggests that .According to the figures given in the table .As you may see from the picture/cartoon/diagram,.The two charts above tell us something about .I.I.图表型图表型句子模板句子模板v2.图表内容具体数据变化描述：increase/decrease by increase from to increase steadily from There was a marked increase in There has been a rapid increase in an increase of decline in four times as much as amount to I.I.图表型图表型句子模板句子模板v2.图表内容具体数据变化描述：fall from to appear stable reach(+数字)continue to grow has been growing faster and faster since less than up to compared with the number of remains the same as I.I.图表型图表型句子模板句子模板v3.分析原因：T h e re are m any/pl en t y of/a n u m b er of/num erou s reasons explaining/for .The reasons of lie in several aspects .Many factors contribute to .There are many reasons that many account for .The reasons for/why are as follows:.T h e re are m any reasons for it,but general ly,they come down in three major ones.I.I.图表型图表型句子模板句子模板v3.分析原因：v is mainly caused by .v What caused these changes .v There are many factors that have stimulated this huge v change.v The reasons that caused changes are diverse.On the v one hand,.On the other hand,.v The rapid growth of .owes much to .I.I.图表型图表型句子模板句子模板v4.总结归纳/说明影响/表明作者态度/以作者 个 人为例：T h r o ugh t he analysi s,w e ca n draw a c o ncl usi on that .In short/In brief,.To solve the problem of ,we .From all the facts given above,we can see .C on si dering al l t hese/Taking al l t hese i nt o consideration/account,I believe .As to/for me,I believe .Take me as an example/In my own case,I .I.I.图表型图表型作文模板作文模板1.看图作文模版:1.As is vividly depicted in the picture,(简要描述图画内容).2.The picture informs us of the phenomenon that (简述某种事实或现象，引出论点).3.Admittedly,is surely importantly,but matters the most.4.It is useless to .5.We should ,which can make .6.Take for example,if we only ,we are merely .7.It is advisable to .8.All in all,.9.We must .I.I.图表型图表型作文模板作文模板2.图表描述型作文模版:1.According to/As shown in the table/chart/graph,the period from to ,increased significant,while decreased/dropped sharply.2.There are a huge number of reasons behind this phenomenon./The reasons of the changes lie in several aspects.3.First of all,(原因1).4.Secondly,(原因2).5.Thirdly,(原因3).I.I.图表型图表型作文模板作文模板 6.All in all,we can see that in the past years/months/weeks,has/have been rising/dropping year by year.7.We can also expect that (展望发展趋势).v第三段或为以下模式：6.From the above discussions,we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future.7.The trend described in the table/chart/graph will continue for quite a long time(if necessary measures are not taken).II.II.对比选择型对比选择型特点及写作要求特点及写作要求v对比选择型议论文是大学英语四级考试写作最常见最常见的写作题型。一般来说，这类议论文通常是对一个观点或事物的正反两方面正反两方面或者两种不同的观点或事两种不同的观点或事物物进行对比对比，从而引出主题，得出结论。在对两种不同的观点或事物进行对比时，主要运用比较比较和对对比比两种写作技巧。在四级考试中曾多次出现此类议论文。II.II.对比选择型对比选择型写作流程写作流程v第一段：简介简介。(简单介绍某一现象或事物。)v第二段：主主要要对对比比观观点点或或事事物物。(分析某一观点或事物的正反两面，或比较两种不同的观点或事物。)v第三段：结论结论。(得出结论，或提出自己的看法。)或者或者v第一段：主主要要观观点点或或事事物物甲甲。(简单提及某一现象或事物，并分析该现象或事物的好处。)v第二段：主主要要观观点点或或事事物物乙乙。(分析该现象或事物的利弊。)v第三段：结论结论。(得出结论，或提出自己的看法。)II.II.对比选择型对比选择型句子模板句子模板v1.对比不同观点/对比法：When it comes to ,peoples ideas/views/notions/opinions vary from person to person/from one to another.T h e re is n o consensus(共识)of opinions/there are some controversies/there is no agreement among people as to do /as to the view of .II.II.对比选择型对比选择型句子模板句子模板 W h enever peopl e ,they will come across the problem of whether they should or ,and it is natural for different opinions to arise.T he g eneral p ubl ic h as b een d ebat ing w h et her o r not .Some people think we should .They say that .While others think otherwise .They argue that .II.II.对比选择型对比选择型句子模板句子模板 S om e peopl e advocat e that .Others hold the opposite opinion/adopt a totally different view/take an opposite side.They believe .T hose in favor o f believe/claim that .Those oppose to argue/hold/point out that .E v er yt hi ng has tw o si des and is not an exception,it has both advantages and disadvantages.II.II.对比选择型对比选择型句子模板句子模板v2.在两种对立观点中选择一种观点/表明自己的 观点：Were it left to me to decide whether we should ,I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.A s fa r as I am con cerned,the form er/l atter n otion is preferable/holds more weight.A s fo r m e,I ag ree to/p refer to th e form er/l atter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behinds my belief.First of all,.II.II.对比选择型对比选择型句子模板句子模板 W e i ghi ng u p the argum e nt s o n b ot h sides,Im inclined to believe that .In my opinion/mind,we should .From my perspective/point of view,I think .Personally speaking,I approve of .F r om w h at I h ave d i scussed above,I can d raw th e conclusion that .v【模板一】1.Nowadays,wherever you go,you will hear people talk about .2.Whether you like it or not,it had become a part of our life.3.Some people who are in favor of maintain that .4.In their view,.5.While those who are against argue that .6.Besides,.7.As far as I am concerned,I stand on the side of .8.First of all,9.Furthermore,.10.Thirdly,.11.Therefore,.II.II.对比选择型对比选择型作文模板作文模板v【模板二】1.Views/Opinion on(Attitudes towards)vary from person to person.2.Some people think that .3.They hold this opinion because(they think).4.Others,however,take a negative/positive attitude to .(Others,nevertheless,are more pessimistic/optimistic about it).5.From their point of view,.6.Besides,.7.In my opinion/Personally/From my point of view /If asked my attitude,I am more in favor of .8.I stand in/hold this attitude/opinion/view because .9.Its true that ,but it doesnt mean that .10.Therefore/In a word/In short,.11.Instead,we should .II.II.对比对比选择选择型型作文模板作文模板III.III.现象解释型现象解释型特点及写作要求特点及写作要求v 现象阐释型的作文通常先指明一种现象或提出一种观点，然后对这一现象或观点进行解释，最后得出结论或发表个人见解。III.III.现象解释型现象解释型写作流程写作流程v第一段：概述概述。(简要描述某一现象或某一观点。)v第二段：具具体体阐阐述述。(具体阐释现象或观点的正确性或危害性等。)v第三段：个人见解个人见解。(表明自己的态度或看法。)或者或者v第一段：概述概述。(简单描述某一现象或观点。)v第二段：具具体体阐阐述述。(具体阐述引起这种现象的或持有这种观点考虑的主要因素。)v第三段：个人评价个人评价。(对现象或者观点进行评价。)III.III.现象解释型现象解释型句子模板句子模板v1.分析原因：There are many/plenty of/a number of/numerous reasons explaining/for .The reasons of lie in several aspects .Many factors contribute to .There are many reasons that many account for .The reasons for/why are as follows:.T here are m a ny reasons for it,b ut g enerally,they come down in three major ones.III.III.现象解释型现象解释型句子模板句子模板v1.分析原因：v is mainly caused by .v What caused these changes .v There are many factors that have stimulated this v huge change.v The reasons that caused changes are diverse.On the v one hand,.On the other hand,.v The rapid growth of owes much to .III.III.现象解释型现象解释型句子模板句子模板v2.总结归纳/说明影响/表明作者态度/以作者个人为例：Through the analysis,we can draw a conclusion that .In short/In brief,.To solve the problem of ,we .From all the facts given above,we can see .C o ns i der ing al l these/T a ki ng al l these int o consideration/account,I believe .As to/for me,I believe .Take me as an example/In my own case,I .v【模板一】1.In recent years,(描写现状或趋势).2.This has caused a lot of problems.3.First,(结果1).4.For example,(细节，说明结果1).5.Second,(结果2).(细节，说明结果2).6.Finally,(结果3).(细节，说明结果3).7.Since is such a serious problem,we should take effective measures to .8.First,we should (措施1).9.Besides,(措施2).10.And finally,(措施3).III.III.现象解释型现象解释型作文模板作文模板v【模板二】1.At present/In recent years/Nowadays,(描写现状或趋势).2.It may someday become the main trend when (进一步描述这一现象或观点).3.Three major elements/factors would be taken into consideration when (doing sth).4.First of all,(主要因素1).5.Moreover,(主要因素2).6.Last,(主要因素3).7.From their perspective,.8.Everything has both positive and negative aspects,and (这种现象或观点)is of no exception.9.(这种现象或观点的正确性).10.However,(这种观点或现象的危害性).III.III.现象解释型现象解释型作文模板作文模板IV.IV.原因阐释型原因阐释型特点及写作要求特点及写作要求v 原因解释型作文的重点在于探讨产生某一社会现 象或问题的原因。近十年来，原因阐释型议论文 在四级考试中出现的并不多。IV.IV.原因阐释型原因阐释型写作流程写作流程v第一段：现象。(对某一社会现象进行描述。)v第二段：原因阐释。(阐释产生这一社会现象的原因。)v第三段：评述或提出解决方法。(发表个人看法，或提出解决思路。)IV.IV.原因阐释型原因阐释型句子模板句子模板v1.一果多因：v Why For one thing,.For another,.v The answer to this problem involves many factors.v For one thing,.For another,.Still v another,.v A number of factors,both physical and psychological v affect/both individual and social contribute to .v Another important factor is .IV.IV.原因阐释型原因阐释型句子模板句子模板v1.一果多因：is also responsible for the change/problem.Certainly,the is not the sole reason for .The factors that contribute to include .You dont have to look very far to identify the reason that .Thanks to/Owing to/Due to/Because of/As a result of .IV.IV.原因阐释型原因阐释型句子模板句子模板v2.一因多果 It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on It involves some serious consequence for There are a number of dreadful consequence of Perhaps the most serious/disastrous consequence is It m a y cause/resul t in/lead to a host/numb er of problems.It leaves/involves some serious consequence of The immediate result it produce is And perhaps the most obvious result is.IV.IV.原因阐释型原因阐释型作文模板作文模板 1.Nowadays,we often hear that (提出现象).2.This phenomenon is not accidental,and there is social and individual background.3.Why 4.For one thing,(原因1).5.For another,(原因2).6.For instance,(举例说明).7.From that,8.we .9.As far as I am concerned,I agree that .10.I think that (作者本人的观点).11.第三段或为：9.We should take measures to .10.First,(措施1).Second,(措施2).11.Finally,(措施3).V.V.问题解决型问题解决型特点及写作要求特点及写作要求v 问题解决型的作文通常先说明情况，提出问题，随 后提出解决方法或处理方式，最后给予评价。V.V.问题解决型问题解决型写作流程写作流程v第一段：引言。(描述现状、形势、提出问题。)v第二段：解决方案。(提出解决问题的方法。)v第三段：评价或个人选择。(简要评价提及的方法，或选择其中一、两种自己认为合适的方法并说明理由。)V.V.问题解决型问题解决型句子模板句子模板v1.提出问题：Nowadays,with ,more and more ,which causes serious problem to .N o wa days,.It has become such a serious problem which has aroused the concern from .R e cent ly,the pr obl em of has become increasingly serious in .T oday,w i th ,a serious social problem has arisen .V.V.问题解决型问题解决型句子模板句子模板v1.提出问题：Today,more and more people have realized that has become a very serious problem.Nowadays,there is growing concern over .C u r rent ly,is being considered a major problem in .V.V.问题解决型问题解决型句子模板句子模板v2.解决问题：v To solve this problem,.v As is known to all,there are many ways to .v To put an end to this serious problem,in my opinion,v several measures should be taken/adopted by .v How can we solve this problem I think there are v three approaches.V.V.问题解决型问题解决型句子模板句子模板v2.解决问题：If you want to solve this problem,the following advice may be helpful.My suggestions to deal with/solve/relieve the problem are as follows.In the first place,.Secondly .Finally .At first thought,the problem seems far too involved (复杂的),but it can certainly be solved when seriously dealt with.V.V.问题解决型问题解决型作文模板作文模板 1.Nowadays,great importance has been attached to (目前的现象及存在的问题).2.Many ways can contribute to (要解决的问题),but the following ones may be effective.3.First of all,(方法1).4.Besides,(方法2).5.Finally,(方法3).6.In conclusion/To sum up,the ways I have mentioned above should never be separated from each other.7.(希望).VI.VI.应用型应用型特点及写作要求特点及写作要求v应用文，就是在现实生活中有实际应用功能的文体，比如信信函函、通通知知、演演讲讲稿稿、导导游游词词、见见证证书书等。应用文是大学英语四级考试中常见的考查内容，与议论文、记叙文和说明文相比，应用型作文与生活、社会的联系更加紧密，在格式、行文习惯等方面更讲究规矩。因此，无论写哪些应用型作文，都必须按其各自规范化的、约定俗成的格式来写，不能随意改变格式。v下面主要介绍英文信函、通知、演讲稿、导游词的写作模板。VI.VI.应用型应用型(信函信函)句子模板句子模板v1.信函句子模板开头常用表达：Excuse me for not writing to you for so long a time.Your letter dated is at hand.Words cannot express my joy of receiving your letter of May 8th.I am writing to .I am very much delighted to inform you that .I have the pleasure to tell you that .v2.信函句子模板结尾常用套话：I send you my best wished.Looking forward to hearing from you soon.All the luck in the world to you.Please give my best regards to your family/parents.VI.VI.应用型应用型(信函信函)句子模板句子模板VI.VI.应用型应用型(信函信函)作文模板作文模板v同学间的日常信件作文模板：1.Dear ,2.I am glad to know that .3.As for ,I suppose that can be a good choice for you.(首先用一句话来回应收到的信，然后进入此次写信的主题。)4.5.6.Whats more,.VI.VI.应用型应用型(信函信函)作文模板作文模板v同学间的日常信件作文模板：7.To ,you are supposed to .8.are also of great importance,.(对来信的第二问题进行答复)9.Now lets talk about .10.First of all,you should .11.In addition,.(转至第三个问题)12.If any further questions come to you,do not hesitate to write to me.13._.Yours,_ VI.VI.应用型应用型(通知通知)作文模板作文模板v活动通知作文模板：Volunteer Needed 1.With the approaching of (活动日),(组织者)is to organize and is now recruiting volunteers.2.This program is planned to .3.It aims to .4.By participating in the activity,volunteers can .5.Volunteers are expected to .6.The program will be carried out .7.are needed.8.Fellow students wh