章振邦新编英语语法Lecture-10课件.ppt

章振邦新编英语语法Lecture 10课件Classification of VerbsDifferent roles played in the formationMain verbsAuxiliariesPrimary auxiliariesModal auxiliariesSemi-auxiliariesTransitive verbsIntransitive verbsLinking verbsComplementationComplementationWord meaningWord meaningDynamic verbsStative verbsWord formationWord formationSingle-word verbsPhrasal verbs P109 P110 P113Classification of VerbsGrammatical FormFinite VerbFinite FormNon-finite VerbNon-finite FormRegular VerbIrregular Verb P116 P117Main Verb(Notional Verb)As As we we know,know,a a verb verb phrase phrase may may consist consist of of a a main main verb verb only;only;this this is is called called a a simple simple verb verb phrasephrase.A A verb verb phrase phrase may may also also take take the the form form of of a a main main verb verb preceded preceded by by one one or or more more auxiliaries;this is called a auxiliaries;this is called a complex verb phrasecomplex verb phrase.Main Main verbs verbs are are also also called called notional notional verbsverbs functioning functioning as as the head and indicating the basic meaning of a verb phrase.the head and indicating the basic meaning of a verb phrase.P108Dynamic Verb Dynamic Dynamic verbs verbs are are verbs verbs that that refer refer to to actions.actions.They They can can be be subclassified subclassified into into three three categories,categories,durative,durative,transitional transitional and and momentary momentary verbsverbs.These These verbs verbs normally normally admit admit of of both both the the progressive progressive and and the the non-progressive non-progressive aspect.aspect.With With momentary momentary verbs,verbs,the the non-progressive non-progressive form form indicates indicates a a single single movement movement and the progressive form indicates a repeated movement.and the progressive form indicates a repeated movement.P111Stative verbs Stative Stative verbs verbs are are verbs verbs that that refer refer to to present present or or past past statesstates.They They are are not not normally normally used used with with the the progressive progressive aspect aspect except except in in certain certain cases cases where where there there is is a a transfer transfer of of meaning.meaning.They They can can be subclassified into 4 categories:be subclassified into 4 categories:i)The 1st subclass includes main verb be and main verb have:Jim is a teacher,but 20 years ago he was a soldier.We have friends all over the world.Stative verbsii)The 2nd subclass includes verbs that include,as part of their meaning,the notion of being and having,such as apply to,belong to,differ from,cost,weigh,measure,fit,hold,lack,resemble,etc.:This rule applies to(=is applicable to)everyone.This house belongs to my brother(=is my brothers property).French differs from(=is different from)English in having gender for all nouns.The auditorium holds(=has a capacity of)2,000 people.Stative verbsiii)The 3rd subclass includes verbs that refer to a sense perception,such as hear,see,feel,taste,smell,etc.:She doesnt hear very well.I(can)see the snow capped peaks of the distant mountains.The material feels soft.The roses smell fragrant.I(can)taste pepper in the soup.It tastes delicious/hot/sweet and sour.Stative verbsiv)The 4th subclass includes verbs that refer to a feeling,a state of mind or an opinion,such as assume,believe,consider(=think),detest,fear,hate,hope,imagine,know,like,love,mean,mind,notice,prefer,regret,remember,suppose,think,understand,want,wish,etc.:I believe we have met beforeJim knows Chinese.We understand your difficulty.How I wish I could visit the Grand Canyon!Stative verbs Here are a few examples to illustrate that stative verbs can sometimes be used dynamically and therefore can be used with the progressive aspect,e.g.:He is being foolish(=is acting foolishly).We are having a wonderful time(=are enjoying ourselves).Compare:He resembles his father.He is resembling his father(=is becoming more and more like his father)as the years go by.This camera costs$140.This mistake is costing us dearly(=is bringing great injury to us).P111Phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs are verbal idioms which are equivalent to single-word verbs,transitive or intransitive,and which are different from simple verbal combinations where the meanings are easily guessed from the parts.Compare:The lights went out.(S+V)He put on his coat and went out.(S+V+A)Mary came in with the coffee.(S+V+A+A)The bomb went off with a deafening crash.(SVA)He came out with an extraordinary story.(SVO)P115Tense&AspectTenseTense is a grammatical form associated with verbs that tells of is a grammatical form associated with verbs that tells of the the distinctions of timedistinctions of time.AspectAspect as a grammatical term indicates whether an as a grammatical term indicates whether an action or action or statestate at a given time is viewed as at a given time is viewed as complete or incompletecomplete or incomplete.TensePresentPast AspectProgressivePerfectiveTense&Aspect A combination of the two tenses and the two aspects makes it possible for a finite verb phrase to take the following 8 forms:The Simple Present/Present IndefiniteThe Simple Past/Past IndefiniteThe Present Progressive/Present ContinuousThe Past Progressive/Past ContinuousThe Present PerfectiveThe Past PerfectiveThe Present Perfective ProgressiveThe Past Perfective ProgressiveP120Active voice and Passive Voice Voice is a grammatical category.It is a form of the verb which shows whether the subject of a sentence acts or is acted on.English verbs have two voices:the active voice and the passive voice.The passive voice is formed by the auxiliary be+-ed participle of the transitive verb.Compare BE-passive&GET-passiveP121Mood Mood,as a grammatical category,is a finite verb form that indicates whether an utterance expresses a fact(indicative mood),a command or request(imperative mood),or a non-fact and hypothesis(subjunctive mood).There are two forms of the subjunctive:be-subjunctive and were-subjunctive.I wish I were young again.If I were you,I would not go there.If he be found guilty,his membership shall be suspended.It is essential that he recognize his faults.P122Finite Verb Phrases and Non-finite Verb Phrasesa)Finite Verb Phrases:Whatever the form of a verb phrase,so long as its first element is finite,it is a finite verb phrase.b)A non-finite verb phrase is a verb phrase whose first element is a non-finite verb form an infinitive,an ing participle or an ed participle.Finite Verb Phrase Forms时体形式时体形式主动态主动态被动态被动态助动词助动词主动词主动词 助动词助动词主动词主动词一般现在时一般现在时doesis done一般过去时一般过去时didwas done现在进行体现在进行体is doingis being done过去进行体过去进行体was doingwas being done现在完成体现在完成体has donehas been done过去完成体过去完成体had donehad been done现在完成进行体现在完成进行体has been doing过去完成进行体过去完成进行体had been doing医学资料仅供参考,用药方面谨遵医嘱