英国海军简史.ppt

QuestionsassociatewiththeRoyalNavyWhatistheRoyalNavy？HowmanyyearsofhistorydoestheRoyalNavyhave？WhichcountriesusedtobetheenemiesoftheRoyalNavy?HowwastheRoyalNavyinfluencedbythe2worldwars?DoestheRoyalNavyhaveanyfamousbattles?WhatstheconditionoftheRoyalNavynow?Section1Thegreatpast.The Royal NavyNavalmilitaryorganizationoftheUnitedKingdom,chargedwiththenationaldefenseatsea,protectionofshipping,andfulfillmentofinternationalmilitaryagreements.Differentflagindifferenttimeperiod：WhiteEnsign：(Until 1707)(17071800)(since 1801)NavalJack：Section1Thegreatpast.Section1Thegreatpast.TheHistoryoftheRoyalNavycanbetracedbacktobeforetheninthcenturyAD.However,thepresentRoyalNavywasformallycreatedasthenationalnavalforceoftheKingdomofEnglandin1660,followingtheRestorationofKingCharlesIItothethrone.In1707itbecamethenavalforceoftheKingdomofGreatBritainaftertheUnionbetweenEnglandandScotlandwhichmergedtheEnglishNavywiththemuchsmallerRoyalScotsNavy,althoughthetwohadbegunoperatingtogetherfromthetimeoftheUnionoftheCrownsin1603.TheEnglishNavyhadnodefinedmomentofformation;itstartedoutasamotleyassortmentofKingsshipsduringtheMiddleAgesassembledonlyasneededandthendispersed,begantotakeshapeasastandingnavyduringthe16thcentury,andbecamearegularestablishmentduringthetumultsofthe17thcentury.TheNavygrewconsiderablyduringtheglobalstrugglewithFrancethatstartedin1690andculminatedintheNapoleonicWars,atimewhenthepracticeoffightingundersailwasdevelopedtoitshighestpoint.ThecountriesthatusedtobetheRoyalNavysenemies：France，Spain，Netherlands，theUSA，India，China.Section1Thegreatpast.DuringthetwoWorldWars,theRoyalNavyplayedavitalroleinkeepingtheUnitedKingdomsuppliedwithfood,armsandrawmaterialsandindefeatingtheGermancampaignsofunrestrictedsubmarinewarfareinthefirstandsecondbattlesoftheAtlantic.Section2The2worldwars.DuringtheFirstWorldWarmostoftheRoyalNavysstrengthwasdeployedathomeintheGrandFleet,confrontingtheGermanHighSeasFleetacrosstheNorthSea.Afewinconclusiveclashestookplacebetweenthem,chieflytheBattleofJutlandin1916.TheseexposedthedeficienciesofaBritishapproachtocapitalshipdesignwhichprioritisedspeedandfirepower,asagainsttheGermanemphasisonresilience,aswellastheinadequaciesofBritainshastilyassembledmunitionsindustry.However,theGermanswererepeatedlyoutmaneuveredandtheBritishnumericaladvantageprovedinsurmountable,leadingtheHighSeasFleettoabandonanyattempttochallengeBritishdominance.UponenteringtheFirstWorldWar,theBritishimmediatelyestablishedablockadeofGermany.TheNavysNorthernPatrolclosedoffaccesstotheNorthSea,whiletheDoverPatrolclosedoffaccesstotheEnglishChannel.TheNavyalsominedtheNorthSea.AswellasclosingofftheImperialGermanNavysaccesstotheAtlantic,theblockadelargelyblockedneutralmerchantshippingheadingtoorfromGermany.TheblockadewasmaintainedeightmonthsafterthewarhadendedtoforceGermanytosigntheTreatyofVersailles.Section2The2worldwars.AtthestartofSecondWorldWarin1939,theRoyalNavywasstillthelargestintheworld,consistingof15battleshipsandbattlecruiserswith5underconstruction,7aircraftcarriers,66cruiserswith23moreunderconstruction,184destroyerswith52underconstruction,45escortandpatrolvesselswith9underconstructionand1onorder,and60submarineswith9underconstruction.DuringtheearlyphasesoftheSecondWorldWartheRoyalNavyprovidedcriticalcoverduringBritishevacuationsfromDunkirk.AttheBattleofTaranto,AdmiralCunninghamcommandedafleetthatlaunchedthefirstall-aircraftnavalattackinhistory.LaterCunninghamwasdeterminedthatasmanyCommonwealthsoldiersaspossibleshouldbeevacuatedaftertheirdefeatonCrete.Whenarmygeneralsfearedhewouldlosetoomanyships,hefamouslysaid,IttakestheNavythreeyearstobuildanewship.Itwilltakethreehundredyearstobuildanewtradition.Theevacuationwillcontinue.”Section2The2worldwars.TheRoyalNavysufferedhugelossesintheearlystagesofthewar,includingHMSCourageous,HMSGlorious,andHMSHoodintheEuropeanTheatre,andHMSHermes,HMSRepulseandHMSPrinceofWalesintheAsianTheatre.Ofthe1,418menontheHood,onlythreesurvived.Over3,000peoplewerelostwhentheconvertedtroopshipLancastriawassunkinJune1940,creatingthegreatestmaritimedisasterinBritainshistory.Therewere,however,earlysuccessesagainstenemysurfaceships,attheBattleoftheRiverPlatein1939,andoffNorway;by1941,withthesinkingoftheBismarck,Germanyeffectivelylosthersurfaceshipcapabilities.Aswellasprovidingcoverinoperations,itwasalsovitalinguardingthesealanesthatenabledBritishforcestofightinremotepartsoftheworldsuchasNorthAfrica,theMediterraneanandtheFarEast.NavalsupremacyintheAtlanticwasvitaltotheamphibiousoperationscarriedout,suchastheinvasionsofNorthwestAfrica,Sicily,Italy,andNormandy.RoyalNavyshipsalsoprovidedanimportantroleinescortingconvoysacrosstheAtlanticandArcticOceans,andoothercountriesonthealliedside,protectingthemfromair,surfaceandsubmarineattack.TheGermanbattleshipScharnhorstwasonecapitalshipsunkwhiletryingtoattackanalliedconvoyin1943.Section2The2worldwars.Post-War period,1945-1956：AfterWorldWarII,thedeclineoftheBritishEmpireandtheeconomichardshipsinBritainatthetimeforcedthereductioninthesizeandcapabilityoftheRoyalNavy.Navyplannersexpectedtomaintainunrealisticallyhighforcelevels,andwereeventuallyconstrainedtobeamediumpower,relyingontheAmericanstobetheprimarydefenceagainstSovietthreats.TheincreasinglypowerfulU.S.NavytookontheformerroleoftheRoyalNavyasameansofkeepingpeacearoundtheworld.Section3Moderntimes.Cold War period,1952-1990：TheroleoftheNavycontinuedtobedebated,andin1957theDefenceWhitePaperofDuncanSandysemphasisedrelianceonnuclearweaponswhileleavingtheNavysfutureuncertain.The1960ssawthepeakoftheRoyalNavyscapabilitiesinthepost-warera.ThetwoAudacious-classfleetcarriersHMSArkRoyal,HMSEagle,therebuiltHMSVictoriousandthefourCentaur-classlightcarriersgavetheRoyalNavythemostpowerfulcarrierfleetoutsidetheUnitedStates.Thenavyalsohadalargefleetoffrigatesanddestroyers.New,moremodernunitsliketheCounty-classdestroyersandLeander-classfrigatesalsobegantoenterserviceinthe1960s.Section3Moderntimes.Falklands War,1982：ThemostimportantoperationconductedpredominantlybytheRoyalNavyaftertheSecondWorldWarwasthedefeatin1982ofArgentinaintheFalklandIslandsWar.Onlyfourdaysaftertheinvasionon2April,aTaskForcesailedfortheSouthAtlantic,withotherwarshipsandsupportshipsfollowing.On25AprilthenavyretookSouthGeorgia,cripplinganArgentinesubmarinecalledtheSantaF.TheRNcarriedoutlandbombardmentsinsupportofthelandingsofBritishtroopsatSanCarlosWater.TheArgentinessurrenderedon14June.Section3Moderntimes.ThestrengthoftheRoyalNavywas43,000in2002(includingtheRoyalMarines).TheWRNSwasamalgamatedwiththeRNin1991.Section3Moderntimes.