1、(完整版)同位语从句同位语从句一、概念同位语:一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。常用来作同位语的有名词、数词、不定代词(each,both,all)、短语、直接引语以及同位语从句等.同位语从句:指的是在复合句中充当同位语的从句,属于名词性从句的范畴,同位语从句用来对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明,被解释说明的词和同位语是同一层次的语言单位,在逻辑上是主表关系,单词作同位语时常用,隔开。同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。同位语从句即重复说明同一个称谓或事件的从句。二、用法(一)、先行词可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有new
2、s,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,words(消息),possibility, decision等(特征:“抽象”名词,可补充说明其内容).同位语从句一般跟在这些名词后面,用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。先行词常用单数形式,并且往往带有限定词(word除外)加以修饰.I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息.Ive come from Mr。 Wang with a message that he wont be able to see
3、you this afternoon我从王先生那里来,他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来?(二)、引导词英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that,whether,连接代词what,who。连接副词how, when, where等。(注:if不能引导同位语从句,因if还有如果之意,可引导条件状语从句。)He must answer the question whether he agrees with it or not。他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题.一)that引导t
4、hat连接从句时从句为一个句意完整的陈述句。that不能省略,没有具体的意思,不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。(注:引导同位语从句的that不能省略)The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。(作idea的同位语)二)其它引导词引导1. 连接代词what, who, whom, whose引导同位语从句1).I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。(what作定语)2).The qu
5、estion who will take his place is still not clear. (who作主语)2。 连接副词引导连接副词when, where, how, whyWe havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation。到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。四、分隔式同位语从句有时因为句子结构等原因,同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后,而被别的词语隔开,在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句,是同位语从句的特殊形式.The thought came to her th
6、at maybe she had left the door open when she left home。她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上。The idea came to his mind that he could find another way to solve this question他想起可以用另外一种方法解决这个问题。A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday.(由于that从句太长,为避免
7、句子失去平衡,此处用了间隔同位语从句).The story goes that he beats his wife。传说他打老婆。The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery.消息传开说他中彩得了一辆汽车.The rumor spreads that a new school would be built here。谣传这里要盖一所新学校.Report has it that the Smith sare leaving town.有传言说史密斯一家要离开这座城市.The thought came to him that may
8、be the enemy had fled the city.他想到可能敌人已逃离这座城市。The order soon came that all citizens should evacuate the village.不久命令下来,所有居民都必须撤出村子。五、it作为先行词代词it可用作同位语从句的先行词。这个it常放在某些动词或短语动词后作宾语,同时兼作其后that同位语从句的先行词。I owe it to you that I am still alive.幸亏你,我此刻还活着。有的语法学家把先行词it后的that从句看作是动词或介词的真正宾语。一般认为,这种it后的that 从句应
9、看作it的同位语,因为它相当于“主语+be+表语”结构.You must see to it that the children dont catch cold。(=You must see to it, and it is that the children dont catch cold。)你要当心,别让孩子们着凉了。六、Tips【注意1】在某些名词,如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等,与宾语从句中的部分动词后要用虚拟语气同理,该类名词是这些动作的名词形式,这些动作具有其特定的对象,且动作的目的是使对象发生某种变化,本质是一种主观意愿,而非客观事实
10、,故后面的同位语从句中的谓语动词通常要用“should +动词原形”的虚拟语气结构,句中的should可以省略。There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team。有一项建议是布朗应该离队。Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer.老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。【注意2】引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略,但在非正式文体中也可以省去。He grabbed his suitcase and gave the impr
11、ession he was boarding the Tokyo plane.他拿起了手提箱,给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了.【注意3】whether 可引导同位语从句,但if不能引导同位语从句.TRUE: The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor。FALSE: The question if we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor。我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。六、定语
12、从句和同位语从句的鉴别(一)相同点因都是修饰名词性成分,故1。都有先行词(即被修饰的名词);2。都有引导词,即引导从句的连词,在同位语从句中称从属连词、连接代词或连接副词,在定语从句中称占位词、关系代词或关系副词;3。译为中文时均需提到先行词前,翻译为“。.。的”。(二)不同点1。 意义的不同同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的,它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号,即主表关系;而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的,它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来,是形容词性的:We are glad at the news that he will come.听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的
13、内容就是that he will come,故that引导的是同位语从句)We are glad at the news that he told us。听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that从句是限制the news的内容的,即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news,故that从句为定语从句)2. 先行词有区别定语从句的先行词是名词或代词,且定语从句所修饰的名词非常广泛,几乎包含所有名词;而同位语从句的先行词只能是名词,而且仅限于idea,plan,fact,theory,promise,hope,news,doubt,truth,information,sugge
14、stion,question, thought,belief,conclusion等少数其内容可被补充说明的抽象名词.例如:The boy who is playing football is my classmateThose who work hard will succeedThe fact that he had not said anything surprised everybodyThe fact that you are talking about is important在句中,加粗部分是定语从句,其先行词是名词 boy,是具体名词,它不能用作同位语从句的先行词。在句中,加粗
15、部分也是定语从句,其先行词是代词those,代词不能用作同位语从句的先行词。在句中,加粗部分是同位语从句,其先行词是名词fact,它同样可以用作定语从句的先行词,句便是一例。加粗部分是对fact的修饰,所以是定语从句。由以上分析可见,同位语从句的先行词一定可以用作定语从句的先行词,但定语从句的先行词不一定能用作同位语从句的先行词。3。引导词的不同what, how, whatever 等可引导同位语从句,但不引导定语从句。定语从句和同位语从句共同的引导词有四个:that,when,where,why。4。引导词的功能有不同1)引导定语从句的that叫做关系代词,它除了起连接作用,要么充当定语从
16、句的主语,要么充当定语从句的宾语,并且在意义上代表先行词;引导同位语从句的that叫做从属连词,它只起连接作用,不能省略。例如:The news that you told me yesterday was really excitingWe heard the news that our team had won在句中,加粗部分是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语,在意义上指代先行词news。在句中,加粗部分是同位语从句,that没有任何意义,只起连接作用。2)引导定语从句时,它们叫做关系副词,在从句中充当状语,可以转换成”介词+关系代词”的形式;引导同位语从句时,它们叫做连接副词,在从句中充
17、当状语,但不能转换成介词+关系代词的形式。例如:I will never forget the day when I joined the armyWe have no idea when she was born在句中,加粗部分是定语从句,when在从句中作状语,它可以转换成on which的形式;在句中,加粗部分是同位语从句,when在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成介词+关系代词”的形式。This is the house where I lived two years agoHe put forward to the question where the meeting would be
18、held在句中,加粗部分是定语从句,where在从句中作状语,它可以转换成in which的形式;在句中,加粗部分是同位语从句, where在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成介词+关系代词的形式。This is the reason why she will not attend the meetingThe teacher had no idea why Jack was absent在句中,加粗部分是定语从句,why在从句中作状语,它可以转换成for which的形式;在句中,加粗部分是同位语从句,why在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成介词+关系代词”的形式。3)when,where,why引导
19、的定语从句的先行词一定分别是表示时间、地点和原因的名词,而三者引导的同位语从句的先行词则肯定不是表示时间、地点和原因的名词,why引导定语从句,它通常只修饰名词the reason,而它引导同位语从句时则不一定.例如:I still remember the day when I first came to BeijingI have no idea when she will be back在句中,加粗部分是when引导的定语从句,其先行词day是表示时间的名词;在句中,加粗部分是when引导的同位语从句,其先行词idea则不是表示时间的名词。I have no idea when they
20、 will come。我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句)Ill never forget the days when I lived there.我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子.(定语从句)He doesnt know the reason why she left him.他不知道她离开他的原因。(定语从句)He has no idea why she left him.他不知道她为什么离开他。(同位语从句)练习指出下列复合句是何种从句,其关系(连接)代(副)词分别是什么.1) I will never forget the day when we first met. (定语从句,when为关系副词)2) That is the special day (which/that) I will never forget。 (定语从句,which/that为关系代词,作forget的宾语)3) This is the house where we lived fifteen years ago. (定语从句,where为关系副词)4) This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago. (定语从句,which为关系代词,作sold的宾语)。