单片机外文翻译—单片机简介(译文-英文).doc

Singlechip brief introduction
The monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to a chip on. Summary speaking: A chip has become a computer. Its volume is small, the quality is light, the price cheap, for the study, the application and the development has provided the convenient condition. At the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understands the computer principle and the structure best choice.
The monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses with the computer function similar module, for instance CPU, memory, parallel main line, but also has with the hard disk behave identically the memory component, what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not surpass 10 Yuan then ......Made some control electric appliance one kind with it is not the very complex work foot. We use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe, VCD and so on inside the electrical appliances may see its form! ......It is mainly takes the control section the core part.
It is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability, the low cost, this is also and the off-line type computer (for instance home use PC) main difference.
The monolithic integrated circuit is depending on the procedure, and may revise. Realizes the different function through the different procedure, particularly special unique some functions, this is other component needs to take the very big effort to be able to achieve, some are the flowered big strength is also very difficult to achieve. One is not the very complex function, if develops in the 50s with the US 74 series, or the 60s's CD4000 series these pure hardware do decides, the electric circuit certainly are a big PCB board! But if, if succeeded in the 70s with the US puts in the market the series monolithic integrated circuit, the result will have the huge difference! Because only the monolithic integrated circuit compiles through you the procedure may realize the high intelligence, high efficiency, as well as redundant reliability!
Because the monolithic integrated circuit to the cost is sensitive, therefore present occupies the dominant status the software is the most preliminary assembly language, it was except the binary machine code above the most preliminary language, since why were such preliminary must use? Why high-level did the language already achieve the visualization programming level not to use? The reason is very simple, is the monolithic integrated circuit does not have home computer such CPU, also has not looked like the hard disk such mass memory equipment. Inside even if a visualization higher order language compilation script only then a button, also will achieve several dozens K the sizes! Does not speak anything regarding the home use PC hard disk, but says regarding the monolithic integrated circuit cannot accept. The monolithic integrated circuit in the hardware source aspect's use factor must very Gao Caixing, therefore assembly, although primitive actually massively is using. Same truth, if attains supercomputer's on operating system and the application software home use PC to come up the movement, home use PC could also not withstand.
It can be said that the 20th century surmounted three “the electricity” the time, namely the electrical time, the Electronic Age and already entered computer time. However, this kind of computer, usually refers to the personal computer, is called PC machine. It by the main engine, the keyboard, the monitor and so on is composed. Also has a kind of computer, most people actually not how familiar. This kind of computer is entrusts with the intelligence each kind of mechanical monolithic integrated circuit (also to call micro controller). , This kind of computer's smallest system only has used as the name suggests a piece of integrated circuit, then carries on the simple operation and the control. Because its volume is small, usually hides in is accused the machinery “the belly”. It in the entire installment, plays is having like the human brains role, it went wrong, the entire installment paralyzed. Now, this kind of monolithic integrated circuit's use domain already very widespread, like the intelligent measuring appliance, the solid work paid by time control, the communication equipment, the guidance system, the domestic electric appliances and so on. Once each product used the monolithic integrated circuit, could get up causes the effect which the product turned to a new generation, often before product range crown by adjective - - “intelligence”, like intelligence washer and so on. Now some factory's technical personnel or other extra-curricular electronic exploiter do certain products, are not the electric circuit are too complex, is the function is too simple, and is imitated extremely easily. Investigates its reason, possibly on card, in the product has not used on the monolithic integrated circuit or other programmable logical component.

中文文献译文
单片机简介
单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。概括的讲：一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。同时，学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。
　单片机内部也用和电脑功能类似的模块，比如CPU，内存，并行总线，还有和硬盘作用相同的存储器件，不同的是它的这些部件性能都相对我们的家用电脑弱很多，不过价钱也是低的，一般不超过10元即可......用它来做一些控制电器一类不是很复杂的工作足矣了。我们现在用的全自动滚筒洗衣机、排烟罩、VCD等等的家电里面都可以看到它的身影！......它主要是作为控制部分的核心部件。
　它是一种在线式实时控制计算机，在线式就是现场控制，需要的是有较强的抗干扰能力，较低的成本，这也是和离线式计算机的（比如家用PC）的主要区别。
　单片机是靠程序的，并且可以修改。通过不同的程序实现不同的功能，尤其是特殊的独特的一些功能，这是别的器件需要费很大力气才能做到的，有些则是花大力气也很难做到的。一个不是很复杂的功能要是用美国50年代开发的74系列，或者60年代的CD4000系列这些纯硬件来搞定的话，电路一定是一块大PCB板！但是如果要是用美国70年代成功投放市场的系列单片机，结果就会有天壤之别！只因为单片机的通过你编写的程序可以实现高智能，高效率，以及高可靠性！
　由于单片机对成本是敏感的，所以目前占统治地位的软件还是最低级汇编语言，它是除了二进制机器码以上最低级的语言了，既然这么低级为什么还要用呢？很多高级的语言已经达到了可视化编程的水平为什么不用呢？原因很简单，就是单片机没有家用计算机那样的CPU，也没有像硬盘那样的海量存储设备。一个可视化高级语言编写的小程序里面即使只有一个按钮，也会达到几十K的尺寸！对于家用PC的硬盘来讲没什么，可是对于单片机来讲是不能接受的。 单片机在硬件资源方面的利用率必须很高才行，所以汇编虽然原始却还是在大量使用。一样的道理，如果把巨型计算机上的操作系统和应用软件拿到家用PC上来运行，家用PC的也是承受不了的。
可以说，二十世纪跨越了三个“电”的时代，即电气时代、电子时代和现已进入的电脑时代。不过，这种电脑，通常是指个人计算机，简称PC机。它由主机、键盘、显示器等组成。还有一类计算机，大多数人却不怎么熟悉。这种计算机就是把智能赋予各种机械的单片机（亦称微控制器）。顾名思义，这种计算机的最小系统只用了一片集成电路，即可进行简单运算和控制。因为它体积小，通常都藏在被控机械的“肚子”里。它在整个装置中，起着有如人类头脑的作用，它出了毛病，整个装置就瘫痪了。现在，这种单片机的使用领域已十分广泛，如智能仪表、实时工控、通讯设备、导航系统、家用电器等。各种产品一旦用上了单片机，就能起到使产品升级换代的功效，常在产品名称前冠以形容词——“智能型”，如智能型洗衣机等。现在有些工厂的技术人员或其它业余电子开发者搞出来的某些产品，不是电路太复杂，就是功能太简单且极易被仿制。究其原因，可能就卡在产品未使用单片机或其它可编程逻辑器件上。
目 录
第一章 总 论 1
第一节 项目概述 1
第二节 可行性研究的依据 3
第三节 可行性研究的范围和内容 3
第五节 技术经济指标 4
第二章 项目背景和建设的必要性 5
第一节 项目提出的背景 5
第二节 项目建设的必要性 7
第三章 需求分析及服务规模与标准 9
第一节 需求分析 9
第二节 服务规模与标准 10
第四章 项目选址及建设条件 13
第一节 项目选址 13
第二节 项目区自然条件 13
第三节 项目区社会经济条件 18
第四节 项目区基础设施状况 20
第五章 规划设计和建设方案 23
第一节 设计依据和目标 23
第二节 规划方案分析 25
第三节 建设方案 31
第六章 消 防 46
第七章 环保和劳动安全卫生 47
第一节 环境保护 47
第二节 劳动安全卫生 48
第三节 建议 50
第八章 节能分析 52
第一节 概 述 52
第二节 节能设计依据 52
第三节 能耗分析 53
第四节 节能措施 54
第九章 项目组织管理和实施进度 58
第一节 项目组织管理 58
第二节　进度计划安排 60
第十章 招投标方案 62
第一节　招标管理 62
第二节　项目招标基本情况 65
第十一章 投资估算与资金筹措 66
第一节 投资估算 66
第二节 资金筹措 70
第十二章 效益分析 71
第一节 经济效益 71
第二节 社会效益 73
第十三章 结 论 75