小升初名词讲解及练习.doc

Step 1: Warming upStep 2 第一章 名 词的定义名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。Step 3、分类1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词如：John is a studentstudent是普通名词，John是专有名词普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词，专有名词前一般不加冠词，专有名词的首字母要大写。2.普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词，其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。3. 专有名词专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词，多为独一无二的事物。Step 4、名词的数一、可数名词与不可数名词的区别普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的，这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体，如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物，如people,family 等)。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的，这类名词就叫不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质，如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念，如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。二、关于可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时，用单数形式；指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下：1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如：book books room roomshouse houses day days2. 以s,ss, ch,sh, x 结尾的名词，在词尾加-es 。如：bus buses glass glasseswatch watchesdish dishes box boxes3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，要先将y改为i再加-es。如：city cities body bodiesfactory factories等等。4. 以f 或fe 结尾的名词，要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如：half halves leaf leavesknife knives wife wives5. 特例 悄悄话：特例常常考，要记住。 child children man men woman womenpoliceman policemen(规律：man men) tomato tomatoespotato potatoes悄悄话： 初中英语以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es，其余的当然加-s喽！如：photo photos foot feet tooth teeth悄悄话： oo变成ee。 sheep, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形悄悄话：变复数时词形不变。 people单数形式表示复数意义，要求谓语动词用复数；people的复数形式peoples通常指“多个民族”。三、关于不可数名词1. 不可数名词没有复数，当它作句子的主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The food is very fresh.食品很新鲜。2. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词，有复数形式，但他们的意义往往发生变化。如：water (水) waters (水域) orange (橘汁) oranges (橘子)3. 很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数，表示种类时就可数，但意义大多不发生变化。如：fruit fruits food foods fish fishes hair hairs四、名词可数不可数“六注意”1、可数名词是可以用来计数的名词。可数名词有单数和复数形式。如：desk-desks, apple-apples等。不可数名词是不可以直接用来计数的名词。不可数名词没有复数形式，只有单数形式。如：some bread， a little milk等。2、单数可数名词表示泛指时，前面要用不定冠词a(an)，表示特指时，前面要用定冠词the; 而不可数名词前不能用a(an)修饰，表示特指时，前面一定要用定冠词the。如：He is a factory worker. 他是一名工人。No one can see air. 没有人能看见空气。3、可数名词和不可数名词前都可以用some, any, a lot of, lots of 等来修饰，表示一些，许多。如：There are some oranges on the desk. 桌子上有一些桔子。There is a lot of water in the bottle. 瓶里有许多水。4、可数名词前可用具体的数词来表示具体的数量。如：two apples, four books等。不可数名词前通常用单位词+of来表示数量。如： a piece of paper, three pieces of paper等。5、可数名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与主语的单复数保持一致。如：This picture is very beautiful. 这幅画很美。不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式，但是不可数名词前有复数单位词时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：There are two cups of tea on the table. 桌上有两杯茶。6、对可数名词前的修饰语提问用how many; 对不可数名词前的修饰语提问用how much。 如：How many apples are there in the box?盒子里有多少个苹果？How much tea is there in the cup?杯里有多少茶水？注意：对不可数名词前的单位词的修饰语提问时，疑问词用how many。 如：How many pieces of bread are there on the plate?盘子里有多少片面包？Step2、练习一、用括号内词的适当形式填空：1. There are two_ over there. （watch）2. I like taking _. （photo）3. l can see a _and two _ standing there. （man，woman）4. There are two baskets of_ on the floor. （apple）5. You often make a lot of_ in spelling. （mistake）6. Look at those_. （child）7. This is a_. Those are three_. （knife）8. He doesnt like these_. （glass）9. How many _can you see？（radio）10. Thirty _live in this building. （family）11. How many_(sheep) are there on the hill?12. There is some_(food) in the basket.13. The baby has only two_(tooth) now.14. There is a lot of_(water) in the bottle.15. There are five_(people ) in his family.二、选择( ) 1.The deer has four _.A. foot B. feet C. feets D. foots( ) 2.Her two brothers are both _.A. policeman B. policemans C. policemen D. policemens( ) 3.There are four _ and two _ in the group.A. Japanese, Germen B. Japaneses, Germen C. Japanese, Germans( ) 4.Two _ would come to the village.A. woman-doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctors( ) 5.Can you see nine _ in the picture A. sheep B. dog C. pig D. horse( ) 6.The _ has two _.A. boys, watches B. boy, watch C. boy, watches D. boys, watch( ) 7.The boy often brushes his _ before he goes to bed.A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths( ) 8.The Japanese _ will not leave China until she finishes her study.A. woman B. women C. man D. men( ) 9.There are lots of _ in the basket on the table.A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatoss( ) 10. The cat caught two _ last night.A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. micesStep 5、名词的所有格名词所有格用法口诀英语名词所有格，表示物品所有权。名词后加 s，这种情况最常见。两者共有添最后，各有各添记心间。复数名词有s, 后面只把 来添。 名词若为无生命，我们常把of用。 A of B是B的A，体现英汉序不同。用所给词的适当形式填空：1.March 8th is _Day. (woman).2.Taking twenty _(分钟) exercise every day is good for your health.3.The shop sells _(妇女) handbags.4.Teachers in western countries have a _(三个月的) holiday in a year.5.Ill give my English teacher a card for _Day. (teacher)6.Its only ten _walk from the station to the hotel. (minute)7.Its an _(hour) ride from here to the museum.Step6 介词 介词是英语中很活跃的词，一般置于名词之前。它常和名词或名词性词语构成介词短语。同一个介词常和不同的词语搭配形成固定搭配，表示不同意义。一、时间介词 in在时；在之后, on在时, at在时, after在之后, before在之前1)in , on，at 在时 in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。 如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in ones life , in ones thirties等。 on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。 如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Years Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。 at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等。 如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of , at the age of , at Christmas， at night, at noon, at this moment等。 注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如：We meet every day. 2)in, after 在之后 “in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后； “after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后； “after+将来的时间点”表示将来的某一时刻以后。时间名词前介词用法口诀 年前周前要用in 具体日子要用on 遇到几号要用on 上午下午又是in 要说某日上下午 用on换in记清楚 午夜黄昏用at 黎明用它也不错 at用在时分前 说“差”可要用上to 说过要用past 注：有些介词即可指时间又可指方位，要根据其在句中的作用而定。Exercise: Fill in the blanks I get up_ six oclock _ the morning. But _ Sundays and Saturdays I get up at eight oclock. So I sleep _ about ten hours. _ I get up, I always wash my teeth. Every time _ I eat dinners, I always wash my hands.用at ,in, on 填空1 They have a PE lesson _Monday.2 Classes begin _8：00.3 We have four lessons _ the morning.4 I watch TV play _ Friday evening.5 My sister play basketball_ half past four _ the afternoon.6 My parents get up _ six thirty every morning.7 We have lunch _noon.8 His brother gets lots of presents _his birthday.9 Flowers come out _ spring.10 She is afraid of going out _night.二、方位介词：in 在范围之内 on在上面 over垂直的上方 under在正下方 between 在之间 in front of在前面 behind在后面 next to 紧挨着 near在附近，旁边Make sentences: Look at the picture and make sentences use the above words.Exercise:1. Taiwan is _ the southeast of China.（in, on, to） 2. I go to school _at_7:30 every morning.（in, on, at） 3. He would like to meet her _at_8:00 and 9:00 tomorrow morning.（between, among ） 4. There is a big tree _ our classroom.（after, behind） 5. I usually go to work _ bike.（by, on, with）