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小升初名词讲解及练习.doc

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Step 1: Warming up Step 2 第一章 名 词的定义 名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西,也可以是表示抽象的东西。 Step 3、分类 1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词 如:John is a student student是普通名词,John是专有名词 普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词,专有名词前一般不加冠词,专有名词的首字母要大写。 2.普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词,其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词,物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。 3. 专有名词 专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词,多为独一无二的事物。 Step 4、名词的数 一、可数名词与不可数名词的区别   普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的,这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体,如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物,如people, family 等)。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的,这类名词就叫不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质,如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念,如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。     二、关于可数名词   可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下:   1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如:   book → books room → rooms   house → houses day → days   2. 以s, ss, ch, sh, x 结尾的名词,在词尾加-es 。如:   bus → buses glass → glasses   watch → watches   dish → dishes box → boxes   3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的名词,要先将y改为i再加-es。如:   city → cities body → bodies   factory → factories等等。  4. 以f 或fe 结尾的名词,要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如:   half → halves leaf → leaves   knife → knives wife → wives   5. 特例 [悄悄话:特例常常考,要记住。]   ① child → children   ② man → men woman → women   policeman → policemen   (规律:man → men)   ③ tomato → tomatoes   potato → potatoes   [悄悄话: 初中英语以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es,其余的当然加-s喽!如:photo → photos ]   ④ foot → feet tooth → teeth   [悄悄话: oo变成ee。]   ⑤ sheep, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形 [悄悄话:变复数时词形不变。]   ⑥ people单数形式表示复数意义,要求谓语动词用复数; people的复数形式peoples通常指“多个民族”。   三、关于不可数名词   1. 不可数名词没有复数,当它作句子的主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。   如:The food is very fresh. 食品很新鲜。   2. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词,有复数形式,但他们的意义往往发生变化。   如:water (水) → waters (水域)        orange (橘汁) → oranges (橘子)   3. 很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数,表示种类时就可数,但意义大多不发生变化。   如:fruit → fruits food → foods       fish → fishes hair → hairs     四、名词可数不可数“六注意”   1、可数名词是可以用来计数的名词。可数名词有单数和复数形式。如:desk-desks, apple-apples等。不可数名词是不可以直接用来计数的名词。不可数名词没有复数形式,只有单数形式。如:some bread, a little milk等。   2、单数可数名词表示泛指时,前面要用不定冠词a(an),表示特指时,前面要用定冠词the; 而不可数名词前不能用a(an)修饰,表示特指时,前面一定要用定冠词the。如:   He is a factory worker. 他是一名工人。   No one can see air. 没有人能看见空气。   3、可数名词和不可数名词前都可以用some, any, a lot of, lots of 等来修饰,表示"一些,许多"。如:   There are some oranges on the desk. 桌子上有一些桔子。   There is a lot of water in the bottle. 瓶里有许多水。   4、可数名词前可用具体的数词来表示具体的数量。如:two apples, four books等。不可数名词前通常用"单位词+of"来表示数量。如: a piece of paper, three pieces of paper等。   5、可数名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数与主语的单复数保持一致。如:   This picture is very beautiful. 这幅画很美。   不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式,但是不可数名词前有复数"单位词"时,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:   There are two cups of tea on the table. 桌上有两杯茶。   6、对可数名词前的修饰语提问用how many; 对不可数名词前的修饰语提问用how much。 如:   How many apples are there in the box?盒子里有多少个苹果?   How much tea is there in the cup?杯里有多少茶水?   注意:对不可数名词前的"单位词"的修饰语提问时,疑问词用how many。 如:   How many pieces of bread are there on the plate?盘子里有多少片面包? Step2、练习 一、用括号内词的适当形式填空: 1. There are two________ over there. (watch) 2. I like taking ________. (photo) 3. l can see a _________and two _______ standing there. (man,woman) 4. There are two baskets of__________ on the floor. (apple) 5. You often make a lot of__________ in spelling. (mistake) 6. Look at those_________. (child) 7. This is a__________. Those are three__________. (knife) 8. He doesn't like these_____. (glass) 9. How many _________can you see?(radio) 10. Thirty __________live in this building. (family) 11. How many________(sheep) are there on the hill? 12. There is some________(food) in the basket. 13. The baby has only two________(tooth) now. 14. There is a lot of________(water) in the bottle. 15. There are five________(people ) in his family. 二、选择 ( ) 1.The deer has four ______. A. foot B. feet C. feets D. foots ( ) 2.Her two brothers are both ______. A. policeman B. policemans C. policemen D. policemens ( ) 3.There are four _____ and two ______ in the group. A. Japanese, Germen B. Japaneses, Germen C. Japanese, Germans ( ) 4.Two ______ would come to the village. A. woman-doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctors ( ) 5.Can you see nine _____ in the picture A. sheep B. dog C. pig D. horse ( ) 6.The _____ has two ______. A. boys, watches B. boy, watch C. boy, watches D. boys, watch ( ) 7.The boy often brushes his _____ before he goes to bed. A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths ( ) 8.The Japanese ____ will not leave China until she finishes her study. A. woman B. women C. man D. men ( ) 9.There are lots of _____ in the basket on the table. A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatoss ( ) 10. The cat caught two ______ last night. A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. mices Step 5、名词的所有格 名词所有格用法口诀 英语名词所有格,表示物品所有权。 名词后加 's,这种情况最常见。 两者共有添最后,各有各添记心间。 复数名词有s, 后面只把 '来添。   名词若为无生命,我们常把of用。   A of B是B的A,体现英汉序不同。 用所给词的适当形式填空: 1.March 8th is __________Day. (woman). 2.Taking twenty __________(分钟) exercise every day is good for your health. 3.The shop sells ____________(妇女) handbags. 4.Teachers in western countries have a __________(三个月的) holiday in a year. 5.I’ll give my English teacher a card for ____________Day. (teacher) 6.It’s only ten __________walk from the station to the hotel. (minute) 7.It’s an __________(hour) ride from here to the museum. Step6 介词 介词是英语中很活跃的词,一般置于名词之前。它常和名词或名词性词语构成介词短语。同一个介词常和不同的词语搭配形成固定搭配,表示不同意义。 一、时间介词 in在……时;在……之后, on在……时, at在……时, after在……之后, before在……之前 1)in , on,at 在……时   in表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。 如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in one’s life , in one’s thirties等。   on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。   如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。   at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。   如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age of …, at Christmas, at night, at noon, at this moment等。  注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如:We meet every day. 2)in, after 在……之后   “in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后;   “after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后;   “after+将来的时间点”表示将来的某一时刻以后。 时间名词前介词用法口诀   年前周前要用in   具体日子要用on   遇到几号要用on   上午下午又是in   要说某日上下午   用on换in记清楚   午夜黄昏用at    黎明用它也不错   at用在时分前    说“差”可要用上to 说"过''要用past 注:有些介词即可指时间又可指方位,要根据其在句中的作用而定。 Exercise: Fill in the blanks I get up___ six o’clock ____ the morning. But ____ Sundays and Saturdays I get up at eight o’clock. So I sleep ____ about ten hours. ____ I get up, I always wash my teeth. Every time ____ I eat dinners, I always wash my hands. 用at ,in, on 填空 1 They have a PE lesson ____________Monday. 2 Classes begin _______________8:00. 3 We have four lessons _________________ the morning. 4 I watch TV play ______________ Friday evening. 5 My sister play basketball_________ half past four _______ the afternoon. 6 My parents get up ___________ six thirty every morning. 7 We have lunch __________noon. 8 His brother gets lots of presents __________his birthday. 9 Flowers come out ____________ spring. 10 She is afraid of going out ___________night. 二、方位介词: in 在…范围之内 on在……上面 over垂直的上方 under在…正下方 between 在……之间 in front of在……前面 behind在……后面 next to 紧挨着…… near在……附近,旁边 Make sentences: Look at the picture and make sentences use the above words. Exercise: 1. Taiwan is _______ the southeast of China.(in, on, to)    2. I go to school ______at____7:30 every morning.(in, on, at)    3. He would like to meet her ______at____8:00 and 9:00 tomorrow morning.(between, among )    4. There is a big tree _________ our classroom.(after, behind)    5. I usually go to work _________ bike.(by, on, with)   
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