07FeaturesofacademicEnglish.ppt

AcademicPaperWritingAcademicPaperWritingProfessor:XiaolingZouProfessor:XiaolingZouGrouppresentation1.Decideingroupsoneortwoapproachesyoumaytaketowardthefollowingtopicsandexplainthereasonforyourchoice:OnrelationshipsbetweentranslatedandoriginaltextsAqualityevaluationofSLA/FLTexperimentalstudiesbyChineseresearchersAcomparativestudyofthestructuralsyllabusandthenotional-functionalsyllabusInternalstructureofEFLmotivationatthetertiarylevelinChinaApproachesandmechanics:HowaUniversityshoulddevelopitsuniqueprogramsAstudyofundergraduateeducationqualityfromtheperspectiveofcooperativelearningAstudyofthestyleofeditorialEnglishTheenlightenmentofframesemanticsonL2vocabularyteachingOntheprocessofmetaphorunderstandinganditscharacteristicsOnstudiesofclassicalChinesepoetrytranslationinthepastandthepresent2.Decideoneortwomethodsyoumaychoosetoorganizethecontentaccordingtothefollowingthesisstatements:Ananalysisofthecollegeadmissionprocessrevealstwoprincipalproblemsfacingcounselors:acceptingstudentswithhightestscoresorstudentswithstrongextracurricularbackgrounds.Thelifeofthetypicalcollegestudentischaracterizedbytimespentstudying,attendingclass,andsocializingwithpeers.Highschoolgraduatesshouldberequiredtotakeayearofftopursuecommunityserviceprojectsbeforeenteringcollegeinordertoincreasetheirmaturityandglobalawareness.ThelastsceneinMidsummer Nights Dream addsapoliticaldimensiontotheElizabethspositionasqueen.Neitherneo-protectionismnorpost-industrialtheoryexplainsthesteepreversaloffortunefortheCanadianfurnitureindustryintheperiod1988-1994.Dataonproductivity,profits,andemployment,however,canbecloselycorrelatedwithprovisionsoftheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementthattookeffectinthesameperiod.Dutchlawsoneuthanasiahavebeenpraisedfortheiruseoftheprincipleofself-determination.Recentcases,however,showthattheselawshavenotbeenabletodealadequatelywithissuesinvolvingtechnologicalinterventiononunconsciouspatients.HamarckiantheoryisneededtoenlargetheframeworkusedincreatingtheDutchlaw.Itprovidesonewaytoexaminethekeyquestionofhowtoassignrights.ChapterChapterVIIFeaturesVIIFeaturesofAcademicEnglishofAcademicEnglish1.Featuresofspokenandwrittenlanguageandthesignificanceoftheseforacademicwriting2.Whatarethecharacteristicsofagoodopening?3.Whatkindsofstartsarebadones?4.Whatarethewaysofwritinggoodendings?5.Whatkindsofendingsarebadones?ChapterChapterVIIFeaturesVIIFeaturesofofAcademicEnglishAcademicEnglish7.1FeaturesofspokenandwrittenlanguageandthesignificanceoftheseforacademicwritingFeaturesofspokenandwrittenlanguageandthesignificanceoftheseforacademicwriting1.Spokenlanguage:quiteinformal,colloquialandpresumablyunstructured2.Writtenlanguage:generallymorestructured,formal,impersonalandwordy.3.However,thereisntacleardistinctionbetweenspokenandwrittenforms,ratheragradualprogressionfromtheoneformtotheother.Atoneendofthecontinuumwehavethemostspokenlanguage.Thisislanguagewhichaccompaniesanaction.Mostwrittenreferstolanguagetextsinwhichthereismaximumdistancebetweenwriterandreader,andthelanguagenolongeraccompaniestheactionratheritreflectsonit.Theoverlappingdottedlinesinthediagramrepresenttypesofspokenlanguagewhicharemorewrittenandtypesofwrittenlanguagewhicharemorelikespokenlanguage.Tounderstandtheconceptsoflanguageaccompanyingaction,andlanguagereflectingonactions,letslookattheexamples1.Actiononly.StudentsprotestingoutsideParliamentHouse.2.Whattwostudentssaidtoeachotherintheheatoftheprotest.Hey,Jack,heresapoliticiancomingoutnow.Letsyellabuse.3.Apoliticianwatchingtheprotestandtellingthesecretarywhatwashappening.Well,theresawholebunchofstudentsdownthere,wavingtheirbannersaround,lookingreallypeeved,andcanyoubelieveit,theyreaskingforfreeeducation.Theexamplesmovefromthemostspokenformsoflanguage(active),tothemostwrittenforms(reflective).5.Areportoftheprotestinthenextdaysnewspaper.AlmosttheentirefrontlawnofParliamentHousewasfilledwithangrystudentsprotestingagainsttheincreaseinuniversityfeesonThursday.6.Anexplanationofwhytheprotesttookplace.StudentrebellionagainsttheGovernmentspolicytoincreasestudentfeeshasitsoriginsinAustraliassocialwelfarehistory.7.Aworkonsocialistphilosophyrelatingtofreeeducation.Whilethesocialistideologyvaluestheconceptoffreeeducation,contemporarywesternsocietyappearstorejectthisideology.4.AgroupofstudentsreflectingonthedayintheUniversityBarthatevening.“Man,youshouldhaveseenCarolwhenthepolicearrived.Shewasscreaminintheirfacesandshakinherfists.Whentheyarrestedher,shewasmadasacutsnake.”Wecansummarizethefeaturesofspokenandwrittenlanguageasfollows:ChapterChapterVIIFeaturesVIIFeaturesofAcademicofAcademicEnglishEnglish7.2Whatarethecharacteristicsofagoodopening?2.characteristicsofagoodopening1)Clarifythetopicyouaregoingtowriteabout;2)Stateyourpositiononthetopicyouhavechosen;3)Relateyourtopictosomethingcurrentorwellknown;4)Challengesomegenerallyheldassumptionaboutyourtopic;5)Showsomethingparadoxicalaboutyourtopicoraboutthematerialyouwillpresent;Thelanguageusedincigaretteadvertisementsinmagazinesandnewspapershaslongbeengovernedbytheguidelinesofvariousorganizations.Despitesuchrestrictions,differencesinwordemphasisandotherelementsofslantingmakeitpossibletotracechangesincigaretteadsoverthelasttwenty-fiveyears.(fromChangesintheLanguageofCigaretteAdvertisementsbyYamilyGueli)2.characteristicsofagoodopening1)Clarifythetopicyouaregoingtowriteabout;2)Stateyourpositiononthetopicyouhavechosen;3)Relateyourtopictosomethingcurrentorwellknown;4)Challengesomegenerallyheldassumptionaboutyourtopic;5)Showsomethingparadoxicalaboutyourtopicoraboutthematerialyouwillpresent;Seldomdowehavethechancetowatchadramaticcharacterdevelopthroughoutvariousworksbythesameauthor.Itis,therefore,afascinatingglimpseintothemindofplaywrightArthurMillertofollowthegrowthofRoslyn.Sheisfirstapparentinthethoughtsofthecowboys,Gay,Perce,andGuideinTheMisfits,butdoesnotactuallyappearinthestory.Roslynisunmistakable,however,inanothershortstory,PleaseDontKillAnything,althoughsheisnotnamedbutisreferredtoasthegirl.MillerfinallycombinedthetwocharactersfortheRoslynofTheMisfits,whichhecalledacinema-novelbecauseitusedtheperspectiveoffilmanditsimages;itwasalsothebasisofthescreenplayhewroteforthefilmofthesamename.(fromRoslyn.EvolutionofaLiteraryCharacterbyJudithMat)2.characteristicsofagoodopening1)Clarifythetopicyouaregoingtowriteabout;2)Stateyourpositiononthetopicyouhavechosen;3)Relateyourtopictosomethingcurrentorwellknown;4)Challengesomegenerallyheldassumptionaboutyourtopic;5)Showsomethingparadoxicalaboutyourtopicoraboutthematerialyouwillpresent;Peoplelivinginthepubliceye,particularlypoliticalleaders,alwayshaveagreatdealwrittenaboutthem.Iftheyareeminentleaders,theirearlylivesandtheirmostprivatemomentsbecomefavoritetopicsforjournalists.Iftheyhavebeeneminentleadersforalongtime,somuchhasprobablybeenwrittenaboutthemoveraperiodofyearsthatlittle,ifanything,canremainsecretorhidden.JosephStalinwouldseemtooffertheperfectexampleofhowthepublicrecordrevealsamansprivatelife.HeruledtheSovietUnionforsomanyyearsandwassoconstantlyinthenewsthatitseemsimpossibleforanyfacetofhislifetoremainsecret.YetthetruthisthatfewpeoplereallyknowanythingaboutStalinslife.Hehimselfundoubtedlydestroyedmostoftherecordswhichmighthaveshedsomelightonhistruepersonalityandcharacter.DuringhisruleintheSovietUnion,thehistoryofhislifeunderwentrepeatedrevisions.Sincehisdeathandsubsequentdisgrace,somanyotherchangesoccurredthattherealStalinmayneverbetrulyknown.(fromSomeTruthsAboutStalinbyNancyDavis)2.characteristicsofagoodopening1)Clarifythetopicyouaregoingtowriteabout;2)Stateyourpositiononthetopicyouhavechosen;3)Relateyourtopictosomethingcurrentorwellknown;4)Challengesomegenerallyheldassumptionaboutyourtopic;5)Showsomethingparadoxicalaboutyourtopicoraboutthematerialyouwillpresent;Televisioniscertainlyoneofthemostinfluentialforcesonsocietyinthislasthalfofthetwentiethcentury.Yetthoughitiscallededucational,itteacheslittle.Thoughitiscalledreal,itisfakeryoftheworstsort.ThoughitissaidtobeadisseminatorofAmericanvalues,ithasworkedtodestroythem.Itencouragesviolence,passivity,complacency,andilliteracysimultaneously.(from Being There MayBetheGreatAmericanNovelbyDavidMichaels)2.characteristicsofagoodopening6)Useabriefquotationifyoucanfindanapplicableonethatisprovocativeorthatmakesageneralstatementaboutyourtopic;7)Statesomestrikingfactsorstatisticsyouhavediscoveredaboutyourtopic.8)Placeyourtopicintimebygivingsomehistoricalorchronologicalinformation.9)Giveabriefdescriptionorbackgroundresumeofsomepersonoreventofsignificancetoyourtopic.In1974aSenateSubcommitteereportedthatithadsurveyed54federalagenciesanddiscoveredthattogethertheymaintained858databanksonindividuals.Althoughtherewerenofiguresfor93ofthosedatabanks,765ofthemcontained1,245,699,494records!Furthermore,84%ofthedatabankswereoperatingwithoutexplicitlegalauthority(Neier14).Ifthereweresomanydatabanksandsomanyindividualrecordsstoredbythegovernmentin1974,thinkofhowthosenumbersmustsurelyhaveincreasedbynow.Retailcreditreportingcompaniesarethenextlargestusersofdatabanks,andbusinesseswithmanyemployeesfollowbehind.ChancesarethateverybodyintheUnitedStatesislistedononeofthesedatabanks,sometimesinlessthanflatteringwaysandsometimeswithuntruths.(fromTheNationalWebofDataBanksbyRobertAldama)2.characteristicsofagoodopening6)Useabriefquotationifyoucanfindanapplicableonethatisprovocativeorthatmakesageneralstatementaboutyourtopic;7)Statesomestrikingfactsorstatisticsyouhavediscoveredaboutyourtopic.8)Placeyourtopicintimebygivingsomehistoricalorchronologicalinformation.9)Giveabriefdescriptionorbackgroundresumeofsomepersonoreventofsignificancetoyourtopic.Foraslongastherehavebeenliars,therehavebeenattemptstofindthetruth.ThoseontrialinancientChinaweremadetochewricepowderwhiletestifying.Ifthepowderwasdrywhenthesuspectspatitout,hewasjudgedguiltybecauseitwasassumedthatnervousnessovertellinglieshaddriedthesalivainthesuspectsmouth.Otherordealsweresetupforsuspectedliarsinothertimesincludingbeingsubjectedtoboilingwaterorred-hotstones(lieDetectorsinBusiness69).Finally,withtheinventionofthemodernpolygraph(commonlycalledaliedetector)in1921,itseemedthattherewasatlastafoolproofwayoffindingoutifpeopleansweringquestionswerelyingorbeingtruthful.(fromPolygraphTestsandEmploymentPracticesbyRonnieB.Londner)2.characteristicsofagoodopening6)Useabriefquotationifyoucanfindanapplicableonethatisprovocativeorthatmakesageneralstatementaboutyourtopic;7)Statesomestrikingfactsorstatisticsyouhavediscoveredaboutyourtopic.8)Placeyourtopicintimebygivingsomehistoricalorchronologicalinformation.9)Giveabriefdescriptionorbackgroundresumeofsomepersonoreventofsignificancetoyourtopic.LadyMurasakiShikibuwasbornabout978AD.anddiedabout1030.ShehadtheenviablepositionofbeingamemberoftheFujiwaraclanandamemberofafamilywhichproducedmikados,statesmen,andatleastonecelebratedJapanesepoet.Becauseshewasofthenobility,shehadthetimeandtheeducationtowrite.HerbookGeniiMonogatari,knowninEnglishasTheTaleofGenji,isnowtheWestschiefsourceofinformationaboutcourtlifein11thcenturyJapan.(fromAmoralityin11thCenturyJapaneseLifebyMargaretHaag)ChapterChapterVIIFeaturesVIIFeaturesofAcademicEnglishofAcademicEnglish3.Whatkindsofstartsarebadones?3.BadStartsRepeatthetitle;Tellexplicitlywhatyouproposetodointhepaper;Repeatthethesisstatementcompletelyintheopeningofthepaper;Askaquestion;Giveadictionarydefinition;Writeacuteorfolksyopening.ChapterChapterVIIFeaturesVIIFeaturesofAcademicEnglishofAcademicEnglish4.Whatarethewaysofwritinggoodendings?4.waysofwritinggoodendingsIfyouhavewrittenanargumentiveorpersuasivepaper,remindtheaudienceofwhatyouwantthemtodoorthinkinordertorespondtoyourpresentation.Useabriefquotationthatsummarizestheideasorattitudesyouhaveexpressedthroughoutthepaper.Makesomestatementaboutyourthesis,insteadofmerelyrepeatingit.Returntosomeinitialgeneralizationandshowhowyouhaveproved,disproved,orenlargeduponit.Linkwhatyouhavewritteneithertosomethingknownortowhatseemsafuturepossibility.Stateaconclusionyouhavereachedaboutyoursubject.Thecomputerhascreatedproblemsofquantity,sensitivity,andvarietyofdataaboutusthatneverexistedbeforebecauseneverbeforehasinformationbeensoeasyandcheaptostore,retrieve,andmoveabout.Ifwearetoretainourrightofprivacy,andthereforeofcontroloverourpersonallives,weoughttopayattentiononcemoretoThomasJeffersonsobservationthateternalvigilanceisthepriceofliberty.(fromComputers,GovernmentFilesandPersonalPrivacybyJasonRoberts)4.waysofwritinggoodendingsIfyouhavewrittenanargumentiveorpersuasivepaper,remindtheaudienceofwhatyouwantthemtodoorthinkinordertorespondtoyourpresentation.Useabriefquotationthatsummarizestheideasorattitudesyouhaveexpressedthroughoutthepaper.Makesomestatementaboutyourthesis,insteadofmerelyrepeatingit.Returntosomeinitialgeneralizationandshowhowyouhaveproved,disproved,orenlargeduponit.Linkwhatyouhavewritteneithertosomethingknownortowhatseemsafuturepossibility.Stateaconclusionyouhavereachedaboutyoursubject.Thucydidesmademistakes,tobesure,butthehistoricalsignificanceofhisworkcannotbedisputed.likeanygreatleader,heneededcouragetobreakawayfromtraditionandtointroducenewideas.HiscontributionsaresummedupthiswaybyFinley:Forhe,asclearlyasanytragedian,indeedasanyGreekauthor,possessedthegreatestofGreekabilities,theabilitytoobservetheactualitiesoflifewithunflinchingcandor,yetatthesametime,withoutfalsifyingtheseactualities,toreducethemtotheirgenericandhencetheirlastingpatterns.Tohaveperformedthisfeatbothofrecordandofsimplificationonaplaneofstrictreality,andatatimewhenthebasicpoliticalideasofwesternmanwereatissueisThucydidesmonumentaltriumph.(325)(fromThucydidesAsanHistorianbyGeraldDouthit)4.waysofwritinggoodendingsIfyouhavewrittenanargumentiveorpersuasivepaper,remindtheaudienceofwhatyouwantthemtodoorthinkinordertorespondtoyourpresentation.Useabriefquotationthatsummarizestheideasorattitudesyouhaveexpressedthroughoutthepaper.Makesomestatementaboutyourthesis,insteadofmerelyrepeatingit.Returntosomeinitialgeneralizationandshowhowyouhaveproved,disproved,orenlargeduponit.Linkwhatyouhavewritteneithertosomethingknownortowhatseemsafuturepossibility.Stateaconclusionyouhavereachedaboutyoursubject.WehaveseentheRoslynoftheoriginalstory,whomthemenwantedtoomuchtoplease,becomethecharmingbutsomewhatcloyinggirlofalaterMillerstory.WhenshewastransformedintoamajorcharacterinTheMisfits,Roslyngrewincomplexityandlostthesimpledefinitionofinnocenceorsophisticationthateachofherancestorshad.Inthesethreeworks,Millerhasprovideduswithanexcellentviewofthedevelopmentofadramaticcharacterfromfirstsketchestoboldlycoloredcompleteness.(from Roslyn.EvolutionofaLiteraryCharacterbyJudithMatz)4.waysofwritinggoodendingsIfyouhavewrittenanargumentiveorpersuasivepaper,remindtheaudienceofwhatyouwantthemtodoorthinkinordertorespondtoyourpresentation.Useabriefquotationthatsummarizestheideasorattitudesyouhaveexpressedthroughoutthepaper.Makesomestatementaboutyourthesis,insteadofmerelyrepeatingit.Returntosomeinitialgeneralizationandshowhowyouhaveproved,disproved,orenlargeduponit.Linkwhatyouhavewritteneithertosomethingknownortowhatseemsafuturepossibility.Stateaconclusionyouhavereachedaboutyoursubject.DonQuixote,then,wasnotsimplyamadoldman.Rather,hewasapersonofdeephumanitywh