1、AcademicPaperWritingAcademicPaperWritingProfessor:XiaolingZouProfessor:XiaolingZouGrouppresentation1.Decideingroupsoneortwoapproachesyoumaytaketowardthefollowingtopicsandexplainthereasonforyourchoice:OnrelationshipsbetweentranslatedandoriginaltextsAqualityevaluationofSLA/FLTexperimentalstudiesbyChin
2、eseresearchersAcomparativestudyofthestructuralsyllabusandthenotional-functionalsyllabusInternalstructureofEFLmotivationatthetertiarylevelinChinaApproachesandmechanics:HowaUniversityshoulddevelopitsuniqueprogramsAstudyofundergraduateeducationqualityfromtheperspectiveofcooperativelearningAstudyofthest
3、yleofeditorialEnglishTheenlightenmentofframesemanticsonL2vocabularyteachingOntheprocessofmetaphorunderstandinganditscharacteristicsOnstudiesofclassicalChinesepoetrytranslationinthepastandthepresent2.Decideoneortwomethodsyoumaychoosetoorganizethecontentaccordingtothefollowingthesisstatements:Ananalys
4、isofthecollegeadmissionprocessrevealstwoprincipalproblemsfacingcounselors:acceptingstudentswithhightestscoresorstudentswithstrongextracurricularbackgrounds.Thelifeofthetypicalcollegestudentischaracterizedbytimespentstudying,attendingclass,andsocializingwithpeers.Highschoolgraduatesshouldberequiredto
5、takeayearofftopursuecommunityserviceprojectsbeforeenteringcollegeinordertoincreasetheirmaturityandglobalawareness.ThelastsceneinMidsummer Nights Dream addsapoliticaldimensiontotheElizabethspositionasqueen.Neitherneo-protectionismnorpost-industrialtheoryexplainsthesteepreversaloffortunefortheCanadian
6、furnitureindustryintheperiod1988-1994.Dataonproductivity,profits,andemployment,however,canbecloselycorrelatedwithprovisionsoftheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementthattookeffectinthesameperiod.Dutchlawsoneuthanasiahavebeenpraisedfortheiruseoftheprincipleofself-determination.Recentcases,however,showthatt
7、heselawshavenotbeenabletodealadequatelywithissuesinvolvingtechnologicalinterventiononunconsciouspatients.HamarckiantheoryisneededtoenlargetheframeworkusedincreatingtheDutchlaw.Itprovidesonewaytoexaminethekeyquestionofhowtoassignrights.ChapterChapterVIIFeaturesVIIFeaturesofAcademicEnglishofAcademicEn
8、glish1.Featuresofspokenandwrittenlanguageandthesignificanceoftheseforacademicwriting2.Whatarethecharacteristicsofagoodopening?3.Whatkindsofstartsarebadones?4.Whatarethewaysofwritinggoodendings?5.Whatkindsofendingsarebadones?ChapterChapterVIIFeaturesVIIFeaturesofofAcademicEnglishAcademicEnglish7.1Fea
9、turesofspokenandwrittenlanguageandthesignificanceoftheseforacademicwritingFeaturesofspokenandwrittenlanguageandthesignificanceoftheseforacademicwriting1.Spokenlanguage:quiteinformal,colloquialandpresumablyunstructured2.Writtenlanguage:generallymorestructured,formal,impersonalandwordy.3.However,there
10、isntacleardistinctionbetweenspokenandwrittenforms,ratheragradualprogressionfromtheoneformtotheother.Atoneendofthecontinuumwehavethemostspokenlanguage.Thisislanguagewhichaccompaniesanaction.Mostwrittenreferstolanguagetextsinwhichthereismaximumdistancebetweenwriterandreader,andthelanguagenolongeraccom
11、paniestheactionratheritreflectsonit.Theoverlappingdottedlinesinthediagramrepresenttypesofspokenlanguagewhicharemorewrittenandtypesofwrittenlanguagewhicharemorelikespokenlanguage.Tounderstandtheconceptsoflanguageaccompanyingaction,andlanguagereflectingonactions,letslookattheexamples1.Actiononly.Stude
12、ntsprotestingoutsideParliamentHouse.2.Whattwostudentssaidtoeachotherintheheatoftheprotest.Hey,Jack,heresapoliticiancomingoutnow.Letsyellabuse.3.Apoliticianwatchingtheprotestandtellingthesecretarywhatwashappening.Well,theresawholebunchofstudentsdownthere,wavingtheirbannersaround,lookingreallypeeved,a
13、ndcanyoubelieveit,theyreaskingforfreeeducation.Theexamplesmovefromthemostspokenformsoflanguage(active),tothemostwrittenforms(reflective).5.Areportoftheprotestinthenextdaysnewspaper.AlmosttheentirefrontlawnofParliamentHousewasfilledwithangrystudentsprotestingagainsttheincreaseinuniversityfeesonThursd
14、ay.6.Anexplanationofwhytheprotesttookplace.StudentrebellionagainsttheGovernmentspolicytoincreasestudentfeeshasitsoriginsinAustraliassocialwelfarehistory.7.Aworkonsocialistphilosophyrelatingtofreeeducation.Whilethesocialistideologyvaluestheconceptoffreeeducation,contemporarywesternsocietyappearstorej
15、ectthisideology.4.AgroupofstudentsreflectingonthedayintheUniversityBarthatevening.“Man,youshouldhaveseenCarolwhenthepolicearrived.Shewasscreaminintheirfacesandshakinherfists.Whentheyarrestedher,shewasmadasacutsnake.”Wecansummarizethefeaturesofspokenandwrittenlanguageasfollows:ChapterChapterVIIFeatur
16、esVIIFeaturesofAcademicofAcademicEnglishEnglish7.2Whatarethecharacteristicsofagoodopening?2.characteristicsofagoodopening1)Clarifythetopicyouaregoingtowriteabout;2)Stateyourpositiononthetopicyouhavechosen;3)Relateyourtopictosomethingcurrentorwellknown;4)Challengesomegenerallyheldassumptionaboutyourt
17、opic;5)Showsomethingparadoxicalaboutyourtopicoraboutthematerialyouwillpresent;Thelanguageusedincigaretteadvertisementsinmagazinesandnewspapershaslongbeengovernedbytheguidelinesofvariousorganizations.Despitesuchrestrictions,differencesinwordemphasisandotherelementsofslantingmakeitpossibletotracechang
18、esincigaretteadsoverthelasttwenty-fiveyears.(fromChangesintheLanguageofCigaretteAdvertisementsbyYamilyGueli)2.characteristicsofagoodopening1)Clarifythetopicyouaregoingtowriteabout;2)Stateyourpositiononthetopicyouhavechosen;3)Relateyourtopictosomethingcurrentorwellknown;4)Challengesomegenerallyheldas
19、sumptionaboutyourtopic;5)Showsomethingparadoxicalaboutyourtopicoraboutthematerialyouwillpresent;Seldomdowehavethechancetowatchadramaticcharacterdevelopthroughoutvariousworksbythesameauthor.Itis,therefore,afascinatingglimpseintothemindofplaywrightArthurMillertofollowthegrowthofRoslyn.Sheisfirstappare
20、ntinthethoughtsofthecowboys,Gay,Perce,andGuideinTheMisfits,butdoesnotactuallyappearinthestory.Roslynisunmistakable,however,inanothershortstory,PleaseDontKillAnything,althoughsheisnotnamedbutisreferredtoasthegirl.MillerfinallycombinedthetwocharactersfortheRoslynofTheMisfits,whichhecalledacinema-novel
21、becauseitusedtheperspectiveoffilmanditsimages;itwasalsothebasisofthescreenplayhewroteforthefilmofthesamename.(fromRoslyn.EvolutionofaLiteraryCharacterbyJudithMat)2.characteristicsofagoodopening1)Clarifythetopicyouaregoingtowriteabout;2)Stateyourpositiononthetopicyouhavechosen;3)Relateyourtopictosome
22、thingcurrentorwellknown;4)Challengesomegenerallyheldassumptionaboutyourtopic;5)Showsomethingparadoxicalaboutyourtopicoraboutthematerialyouwillpresent;Peoplelivinginthepubliceye,particularlypoliticalleaders,alwayshaveagreatdealwrittenaboutthem.Iftheyareeminentleaders,theirearlylivesandtheirmostprivat
23、emomentsbecomefavoritetopicsforjournalists.Iftheyhavebeeneminentleadersforalongtime,somuchhasprobablybeenwrittenaboutthemoveraperiodofyearsthatlittle,ifanything,canremainsecretorhidden.JosephStalinwouldseemtooffertheperfectexampleofhowthepublicrecordrevealsamansprivatelife.HeruledtheSovietUnionforso
24、manyyearsandwassoconstantlyinthenewsthatitseemsimpossibleforanyfacetofhislifetoremainsecret.YetthetruthisthatfewpeoplereallyknowanythingaboutStalinslife.Hehimselfundoubtedlydestroyedmostoftherecordswhichmighthaveshedsomelightonhistruepersonalityandcharacter.DuringhisruleintheSovietUnion,thehistoryof
25、hislifeunderwentrepeatedrevisions.Sincehisdeathandsubsequentdisgrace,somanyotherchangesoccurredthattherealStalinmayneverbetrulyknown.(fromSomeTruthsAboutStalinbyNancyDavis)2.characteristicsofagoodopening1)Clarifythetopicyouaregoingtowriteabout;2)Stateyourpositiononthetopicyouhavechosen;3)Relateyourt
26、opictosomethingcurrentorwellknown;4)Challengesomegenerallyheldassumptionaboutyourtopic;5)Showsomethingparadoxicalaboutyourtopicoraboutthematerialyouwillpresent;Televisioniscertainlyoneofthemostinfluentialforcesonsocietyinthislasthalfofthetwentiethcentury.Yetthoughitiscallededucational,itteacheslittl
27、e.Thoughitiscalledreal,itisfakeryoftheworstsort.ThoughitissaidtobeadisseminatorofAmericanvalues,ithasworkedtodestroythem.Itencouragesviolence,passivity,complacency,andilliteracysimultaneously.(from Being There MayBetheGreatAmericanNovelbyDavidMichaels)2.characteristicsofagoodopening6)Useabriefquotat
28、ionifyoucanfindanapplicableonethatisprovocativeorthatmakesageneralstatementaboutyourtopic;7)Statesomestrikingfactsorstatisticsyouhavediscoveredaboutyourtopic.8)Placeyourtopicintimebygivingsomehistoricalorchronologicalinformation.9)Giveabriefdescriptionorbackgroundresumeofsomepersonoreventofsignifica
29、ncetoyourtopic.In1974aSenateSubcommitteereportedthatithadsurveyed54federalagenciesanddiscoveredthattogethertheymaintained858databanksonindividuals.Althoughtherewerenofiguresfor93ofthosedatabanks,765ofthemcontained1,245,699,494records!Furthermore,84%ofthedatabankswereoperatingwithoutexplicitlegalauth
30、ority(Neier14).Ifthereweresomanydatabanksandsomanyindividualrecordsstoredbythegovernmentin1974,thinkofhowthosenumbersmustsurelyhaveincreasedbynow.Retailcreditreportingcompaniesarethenextlargestusersofdatabanks,andbusinesseswithmanyemployeesfollowbehind.ChancesarethateverybodyintheUnitedStatesisliste
31、dononeofthesedatabanks,sometimesinlessthanflatteringwaysandsometimeswithuntruths.(fromTheNationalWebofDataBanksbyRobertAldama)2.characteristicsofagoodopening6)Useabriefquotationifyoucanfindanapplicableonethatisprovocativeorthatmakesageneralstatementaboutyourtopic;7)Statesomestrikingfactsorstatistics
32、youhavediscoveredaboutyourtopic.8)Placeyourtopicintimebygivingsomehistoricalorchronologicalinformation.9)Giveabriefdescriptionorbackgroundresumeofsomepersonoreventofsignificancetoyourtopic.Foraslongastherehavebeenliars,therehavebeenattemptstofindthetruth.ThoseontrialinancientChinaweremadetochewricep
33、owderwhiletestifying.Ifthepowderwasdrywhenthesuspectspatitout,hewasjudgedguiltybecauseitwasassumedthatnervousnessovertellinglieshaddriedthesalivainthesuspectsmouth.Otherordealsweresetupforsuspectedliarsinothertimesincludingbeingsubjectedtoboilingwaterorred-hotstones(lieDetectorsinBusiness69).Finally
34、,withtheinventionofthemodernpolygraph(commonlycalledaliedetector)in1921,itseemedthattherewasatlastafoolproofwayoffindingoutifpeopleansweringquestionswerelyingorbeingtruthful.(fromPolygraphTestsandEmploymentPracticesbyRonnieB.Londner)2.characteristicsofagoodopening6)Useabriefquotationifyoucanfindanap
35、plicableonethatisprovocativeorthatmakesageneralstatementaboutyourtopic;7)Statesomestrikingfactsorstatisticsyouhavediscoveredaboutyourtopic.8)Placeyourtopicintimebygivingsomehistoricalorchronologicalinformation.9)Giveabriefdescriptionorbackgroundresumeofsomepersonoreventofsignificancetoyourtopic.Lady
36、MurasakiShikibuwasbornabout978AD.anddiedabout1030.ShehadtheenviablepositionofbeingamemberoftheFujiwaraclanandamemberofafamilywhichproducedmikados,statesmen,andatleastonecelebratedJapanesepoet.Becauseshewasofthenobility,shehadthetimeandtheeducationtowrite.HerbookGeniiMonogatari,knowninEnglishasTheTal
37、eofGenji,isnowtheWestschiefsourceofinformationaboutcourtlifein11thcenturyJapan.(fromAmoralityin11thCenturyJapaneseLifebyMargaretHaag)ChapterChapterVIIFeaturesVIIFeaturesofAcademicEnglishofAcademicEnglish3.Whatkindsofstartsarebadones?3.BadStartsRepeatthetitle;Tellexplicitlywhatyouproposetodointhepape
38、r;Repeatthethesisstatementcompletelyintheopeningofthepaper;Askaquestion;Giveadictionarydefinition;Writeacuteorfolksyopening.ChapterChapterVIIFeaturesVIIFeaturesofAcademicEnglishofAcademicEnglish4.Whatarethewaysofwritinggoodendings?4.waysofwritinggoodendingsIfyouhavewrittenanargumentiveorpersuasivepa
39、per,remindtheaudienceofwhatyouwantthemtodoorthinkinordertorespondtoyourpresentation.Useabriefquotationthatsummarizestheideasorattitudesyouhaveexpressedthroughoutthepaper.Makesomestatementaboutyourthesis,insteadofmerelyrepeatingit.Returntosomeinitialgeneralizationandshowhowyouhaveproved,disproved,ore
40、nlargeduponit.Linkwhatyouhavewritteneithertosomethingknownortowhatseemsafuturepossibility.Stateaconclusionyouhavereachedaboutyoursubject.Thecomputerhascreatedproblemsofquantity,sensitivity,andvarietyofdataaboutusthatneverexistedbeforebecauseneverbeforehasinformationbeensoeasyandcheaptostore,retrieve
41、,andmoveabout.Ifwearetoretainourrightofprivacy,andthereforeofcontroloverourpersonallives,weoughttopayattentiononcemoretoThomasJeffersonsobservationthateternalvigilanceisthepriceofliberty.(fromComputers,GovernmentFilesandPersonalPrivacybyJasonRoberts)4.waysofwritinggoodendingsIfyouhavewrittenanargume
42、ntiveorpersuasivepaper,remindtheaudienceofwhatyouwantthemtodoorthinkinordertorespondtoyourpresentation.Useabriefquotationthatsummarizestheideasorattitudesyouhaveexpressedthroughoutthepaper.Makesomestatementaboutyourthesis,insteadofmerelyrepeatingit.Returntosomeinitialgeneralizationandshowhowyouhavep
43、roved,disproved,orenlargeduponit.Linkwhatyouhavewritteneithertosomethingknownortowhatseemsafuturepossibility.Stateaconclusionyouhavereachedaboutyoursubject.Thucydidesmademistakes,tobesure,butthehistoricalsignificanceofhisworkcannotbedisputed.likeanygreatleader,heneededcouragetobreakawayfromtradition
44、andtointroducenewideas.HiscontributionsaresummedupthiswaybyFinley:Forhe,asclearlyasanytragedian,indeedasanyGreekauthor,possessedthegreatestofGreekabilities,theabilitytoobservetheactualitiesoflifewithunflinchingcandor,yetatthesametime,withoutfalsifyingtheseactualities,toreducethemtotheirgenericandhen
45、cetheirlastingpatterns.Tohaveperformedthisfeatbothofrecordandofsimplificationonaplaneofstrictreality,andatatimewhenthebasicpoliticalideasofwesternmanwereatissueisThucydidesmonumentaltriumph.(325)(fromThucydidesAsanHistorianbyGeraldDouthit)4.waysofwritinggoodendingsIfyouhavewrittenanargumentiveorpers
46、uasivepaper,remindtheaudienceofwhatyouwantthemtodoorthinkinordertorespondtoyourpresentation.Useabriefquotationthatsummarizestheideasorattitudesyouhaveexpressedthroughoutthepaper.Makesomestatementaboutyourthesis,insteadofmerelyrepeatingit.Returntosomeinitialgeneralizationandshowhowyouhaveproved,dispr
47、oved,orenlargeduponit.Linkwhatyouhavewritteneithertosomethingknownortowhatseemsafuturepossibility.Stateaconclusionyouhavereachedaboutyoursubject.WehaveseentheRoslynoftheoriginalstory,whomthemenwantedtoomuchtoplease,becomethecharmingbutsomewhatcloyinggirlofalaterMillerstory.Whenshewastransformedintoa
48、majorcharacterinTheMisfits,Roslyngrewincomplexityandlostthesimpledefinitionofinnocenceorsophisticationthateachofherancestorshad.Inthesethreeworks,Millerhasprovideduswithanexcellentviewofthedevelopmentofadramaticcharacterfromfirstsketchestoboldlycoloredcompleteness.(from Roslyn.EvolutionofaLiteraryCh
49、aracterbyJudithMatz)4.waysofwritinggoodendingsIfyouhavewrittenanargumentiveorpersuasivepaper,remindtheaudienceofwhatyouwantthemtodoorthinkinordertorespondtoyourpresentation.Useabriefquotationthatsummarizestheideasorattitudesyouhaveexpressedthroughoutthepaper.Makesomestatementaboutyourthesis,insteado
50、fmerelyrepeatingit.Returntosomeinitialgeneralizationandshowhowyouhaveproved,disproved,orenlargeduponit.Linkwhatyouhavewritteneithertosomethingknownortowhatseemsafuturepossibility.Stateaconclusionyouhavereachedaboutyoursubject.DonQuixote,then,wasnotsimplyamadoldman.Rather,hewasapersonofdeephumanitywh
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