鸟巢英文介绍.doc

Birds NestAbstract: The main venue for the Beijing Olympics, the National Stadium, widely known as the Birds Nest because of its unique design, has become a nationwide sensation. The removal of the elements helped to bring the project under the reduced construction budget of $290million, from an original $500million. With the removal of the retractable roof, the building was lightened, which helped it stand up toseismic activity; however, the upper section of the roof was altered to protect fans from weather. Due to the stadiums outward appearance, it was nicknamed The Birds Nest. The phrase was first used by Herzog & de Meuron, though the pair still believes there should be many ways of perceiving a building. The use is a compliment Li explained, In China, a birds nest is very expensive, something you eat on special occasions.Introduction: The National Stadium is situated in the Beijing Olympic Green. During the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, the opening ceremony, closing ceremony, track and field meets, and mens football final will be held here. It is the worlds largest steel structure and the most complex stadium ever constructed. Its design had to be inspiring and be able to withstand an earthquake. So light weight was combined with strength in 110 000 tons of a new grade of steel, the purest ever developed in China, including 36km of steel struts. It has been a landmark and a longstanding symbol of the Olympics. It is one of the key engineering marvels in the world today.The Birds Nest was the main venue of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and it has a seating capacity of over 91,000. With a simple and classical space effects, the National Stadium is beautifully designed; and all the structural parts support with each other, forming a network framework. It looks like a birds nest woven with branches. After the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, the stadium will become a sports and entertainment facility for the residents of Beijing. And it will become another important tourist attraction of Beijing.By the 2001 Pritzker Prize winner Herzog, and the Chinese architect Li Xinggang de Meuron collaborated giant stadium design, forms as life nest, it is more like a cradle, is entrusted with the mankinds hope for the future. The designers of the National Stadium did not do any extra processing, just give the structure is exposed outside, so the natural formation of the appearance of a building.Design and construction: Located in the Olympic Green, the stadium cost US$423 million. The design was awarded to a submission from the Swiss architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron in April 2003 after a bidding process that included 13 final submissions. The design, which originated from the study of Chinese ceramics, implemented steel beams in order to hide supports for the retractable roof; giving the stadium the appearance of a Birds nest. Leading Chinese artist Ai Weiwei was the artistic consultant on the project. The retractable roof was later removed from the design after inspiring the stadiums most recognizable aspect. Ground was broken in 24 December 2003 and the stadium officially opened in 28 June 2008. A shopping mall and a hotel are planned to be constructed to increase use of the stadium, which has had trouble attracting events, football and otherwise after the Olympics.The entire structure component of the stadium composes the mutual support to form a grid structure. It looks like a birds nest and the gray steel mesh is covered by transparent material. It contains a bowl-shaped stadium which is red. Here, the hollow out style, the ceramic lines, the red refulgence and warm, and the most advanced modern steel structure design are perfectly blended together.The whole building is related through the giant reticular structure, without one column in the interior. The stand is shaped like bowl which give the stadium unbelievable dramaticism and incomparable appeal. The continuous loop will also make the audience get the best view and promote their emotion. It can also encourag e players to be faster, higher and stronger. Here, people, really have been given the center position. The crust of the stadium can be made by the diaphragm, make to completely waterproof. The sun can penetrate through the transparent roof to meet the growth of the indoor turf. During a game, the stands can change through various ways and can satisfy the different requirements of different audiences. During the Olympic Games, 20000 temporary seats are on the top of the stadium and can ensure that everyone can clearly see the whole game. The entrance, the exit and the crowd flow through the regional division and reasonable streamline design had been settled perfectly.The eastern and western stands of Beijing National Stadium are higher than northern and southern stands, in order to improve sightlines. A 24-hour per day rainwater collector is located near the stadium; after water is purified, it is used throughout and around the stadium. Pipes placed under the playing surface gather heat in the winter to warm the stadium and coldness in the summer to cool the stadium. The stadiums design originally called for a capacity of 100,000 people; however 9,000 were removed during a simplification of the design. The new total of 91,000 would be shaved further when 11,000 temporary seats were removed after the 2008 Olympics; bringing the stadiums capacity to 80,000.The farthest seat is 460 feet (140 meters) from center field. Temperature and airflow of every surface were optimized to increase ventilation.The stadium is like a huge container, whether the last to see or Lex, will give the impression that distinctive, never erase the image, it is fully in line with the National Stadium in the functional and technical requirements, but also from a general Stadium building long-span structures and the digital screen as the main design technique. The spatial effect of the stadium only has the unprecedented originality, but simple, elegant. From here, people can visit, including the stands of the stairs leading to the entire region, including moving lines. Sports hall, is an indoor urban space, with restaurants and shops, its role is just as Commercial Street Gallery, or square, drawing people yearn afternoon a memorable one.Summary:The Birds Nest, together with the nearby Water Cube, represents the traditional Chinese concept of round heaven and square earth, as well as the Qian-kun and Yin-yang ideas. The Birds Nest is a Beijings landmark building which represents the most advanced steel structure building system and it support the development of the future building. But the Birds Nest also has some disadvantages, for example, its maintenance is difficult, and the utilization rate is low after the competition. In the future, we should strive to overcome these difficulties.Source: 李志跃在城市化进程中建筑装饰工程功能作用的再解析期刊论文-大众科技 2011(7)杨嗣信建国60年来我国建筑施工技术的重大发展期刊论文-建筑技术 2009(9)American Society of Civil Engineers. Prestand and commentary guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings R .FEMA2356 , Washington D. C. : Federal Emergency Management Agency , 2000.Chopra A K. Estimating seismic demands for performance-based engineering of buildings C Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Mira Digital Publishing ,Canada , 2004 , Paper No. 5007.