英语国家社会与文化入门上册unit2.ppt

英语国家社会与文化入门英语国家社会与文化入门（上册）（上册）TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAnIntroduction(BookOne)The United Kingdom of Great Britian and Northern IrelandUnit2ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomIIQuizGivetheEnglishandabriefexplanationforthefollowing:爱尔兰共和军北爱和平协议复活节起义新芬党自治法案FocalPointsAbriefintroductiontoNorthernIrelandThecolonialhistoryofIreland-TheHomeRuleBill-TheEasterRisingof1916-ThereligiousconflictsbetweentheIrishandBritishVariousconflictsinNorthernIrelandTheBritishandIrishgovernmentsworkingtogethertofindapracticalsolutiontotheconflictsinNorthernIreland TheUnitIsDividedintoFourSectionsI.ABriefIntroductiontoNorthernIrelandII.TheColonialHistoryofIrelandIII.VariousConflictsinNorthernIrelandIV.TheBritishandIrishGovernmentsWorkingTogethertoFindaSolutiontotheConflictsI.ABriefIntroductiontoNorthernIrelandNorthernIreland(oftencalledUlster):thesmallestofthefournations;Mostlyruralwithlowhillsandaruggedcoastline;Activeandrichculturallife;Livingstandardscomparativelylowandcrimealsoverylow;Sometroubleinitseconomy.ABriefIntroductiontoNorthernIrelandLeft:MapoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandRight:mapofNorthernIrelandI.ABriefIntroductiontoNorthernIrelandBelfast,oldandnewLandscapeandGiantsCausewayII.TheColonialHistoryofIrelandTheHomeRuleBillTheEasterRisingof1916TheSinnFeinPartyPartitionofIrelandin1921ReligiousconflictsbetweentheIrishandtheBritishTheHomeRuleBillOn11,April1912,thePrimeMinisterintroducedtheThirdHomeRuleBill,allowingmoreautonomythanitstwopredecessors.TheBillwasfinallypassedin1914,buttheprocesswasovertakenbytheFirstWorldWarandwassuspendedforthedurationofthewar.The Home Rule BillEdwardCarsonand470,000UnionistsintheNorthofIrelandsignedtheSolemnLeagueandCovenantinSeptember,1912.Inthisdocument,theydeclaredthattheywoulduseanymeansnecessarytopreventtheintroductionofHomeRuleinIreland.TheEasterRisingof1916TheEasterRisingof1916wasthemostspectacularevent,inwhichrebelstookoverDublinPostOffice,forcingtheBritishtotakeitbackbymilitarymeans.Theleadersoftherebellionwereexecuted.TheEasterRisingof1916(Below:DamagecausedbytheIrishRepublicanArmysarmedrebellionagainstBritishrulethattookplaceonEasterDayin1916,inDublin)TheSinnFeinPartyTheSinnFeinPartyisanIrishrepublicanpoliticalparty,foundedin1905byArthurGriffith,andhasbeenassociatedwiththeProvisionalIrishRepublicanArmyandsupportedtheIRAsrighttofight.GerryAdamshasbeenthepartyPresidentsince1983.SinnFeiniscurrentlythesecond-largestpartyintheNorthernIrelandAssembly.TheSinnFeinPartySinnFeinleaderGerryAdams(1948-)isanIrishrepublicanpolitician,presidentoftheSinnFeinpoliticalparty.ThePartitionofIrelandin1921ThepartitionofIrelandwasthedivisionoftheislandofIrelandintotwodistinctterritories,NorthernIreland,apartoftheUnitedKingdom,andthenowRepublicofIreland,anindependentstate.TheReligiousConflictsbetweentheIrishandtheBritishThirteenunarmedprotestorswereshotdeadatthemarchwhichwasheldinthenameofCatholiccivilrightsinLondonderryonJanuary30,1972.ThisisknownasBloodySunday.TheReligiousConflictsBetweentheIrishandtheBritishTheCatholicsclashedwiththepolicewhentheytriedtostoptheProtestantsdemonstrationsinDublinonFeb.25,2006.III.VariousConflictsinNorthernIrelandTheRomanCatholicsinNorthernIrelandstartingtheCivilRightsMovementbymeansofmarches,speechesandsit-insinordertogetequalrightsasProtestants;Protestantscounter-demonstrationsandtheirattacksinCatholicareas;AcampaignofbombingandshootingbytheIrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)III.VariousConflictsinNorthernIrelandTheBritishsecurityforcessenttoNorthernIrelandtorestoreorder;TheProtestantssettinguptheirownillegal“paramilitary”groupsandtakingrevengeonCatholics;Power-sharingmechanismTheIrishRepublicanArmyTheIrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)isanyofseveralarmedmovementsinIrelandinthe20thand21stcenturiesdedicatedtoIrishrepublicanism,thebeliefthatallofIrelandshouldbeanindependentrepublic.ACampaignofBombingandShootingbytheIRACatholicpriestFatherAlecReidadministeredthelastrightstoCorporalDavidHowes,oneoftwoBritishsoldiersbrutallybeatenandmurderedbytheIRAonMarch19,1988.Power-SharingMechanismIn1973,anagreementofPower-SharingmechanismwasreachedallowingtheminorityCatholicpopulationpoliticalinfluence.MajorityProtestantswereoutragedandwentonstrike,eventuallyleadingtothecollapseofthepower-sharinggroup.TheNorthernIrishparliamentwassuspendedandreplaceditwith“direct-rule”fromLondon.IV.TheBritishandIrishGovernmentsWorkingTogethertoFindaSolutiontotheConflictsTheleadersofSinnFeinspeakingofatwincampaignforunionwithIreland,whichwascalledthepolicyof“TheBulletandtheBallotBox.”InJanuary1974,theBritishPrimeMinistersettingupapower-sharingexecutives.TheAnglo-IrishAgreementthatwassignedbetweenthetwogovernmentsin1985.IV.TheBritishandIrishGovernmentsWorkingTogethertoFindaSolutiontotheConflictsTheDowningStreetDeclarationwasissuedbytheBritishandIrishPrimeMinistersin1993.TheGoodFridayAgreementwaspublishedin1998.TheDowningStreetDeclarationTheDowningStreetDeclarationsaidthatBritainhad“noselfishorstrategicinterest”inNorthernIrelandandthat“itisforthepeopleofIrelandalone,byagreementbetweenthetwoparts,todecideitsfuture,“tobringaboutaunitedIrelandifthatistheirwish”.(Right:JohnMajorandAlbertReynolds)TheGoodFridayAgreementTheGoodFridayAgreementsignedonApril10of1998wasamajorpoliticaldevelopmentintheNorthernIrelandpeaceprocessofthe1990sandpavedthewayfordevolutionandpower-sharing.QuestionsforDiscussion A.WhatisthepoliticalprobleminNorthernIreland?B.WhataresomeofthefactorsinIrishandEnglishhistorythataffectthesituationinNorthernIreland?C.WhatmeasureshavetheIrishandBritishGovernmentstakentosolvethepoliticalprobleminNorthernIreland?D.WhatdoyouthinkshouldbetherightsolutiontothepoliticalprobleminNorthernIreland?TheEnd 高等教育出版社高等教育出版社20152015