1、英语国家社会与文化入门英语国家社会与文化入门(上册)(上册)TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAnIntroduction(BookOne)The United Kingdom of Great Britian and Northern IrelandUnit2ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomIIQuizGivetheEnglishandabriefexplanationforthefollowing:爱尔兰共和军北爱和平协议复活节起义新芬党自治法案FocalPointsAbriefi
2、ntroductiontoNorthernIrelandThecolonialhistoryofIreland-TheHomeRuleBill-TheEasterRisingof1916-ThereligiousconflictsbetweentheIrishandBritishVariousconflictsinNorthernIrelandTheBritishandIrishgovernmentsworkingtogethertofindapracticalsolutiontotheconflictsinNorthernIreland TheUnitIsDividedintoFourSec
3、tionsI.ABriefIntroductiontoNorthernIrelandII.TheColonialHistoryofIrelandIII.VariousConflictsinNorthernIrelandIV.TheBritishandIrishGovernmentsWorkingTogethertoFindaSolutiontotheConflictsI.ABriefIntroductiontoNorthernIrelandNorthernIreland(oftencalledUlster):thesmallestofthefournations;Mostlyruralwith
4、lowhillsandaruggedcoastline;Activeandrichculturallife;Livingstandardscomparativelylowandcrimealsoverylow;Sometroubleinitseconomy.ABriefIntroductiontoNorthernIrelandLeft:MapoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandRight:mapofNorthernIrelandI.ABriefIntroductiontoNorthernIrelandBelfast,oldandn
5、ewLandscapeandGiantsCausewayII.TheColonialHistoryofIrelandTheHomeRuleBillTheEasterRisingof1916TheSinnFeinPartyPartitionofIrelandin1921ReligiousconflictsbetweentheIrishandtheBritishTheHomeRuleBillOn11,April1912,thePrimeMinisterintroducedtheThirdHomeRuleBill,allowingmoreautonomythanitstwopredecessors.
6、TheBillwasfinallypassedin1914,buttheprocesswasovertakenbytheFirstWorldWarandwassuspendedforthedurationofthewar.The Home Rule BillEdwardCarsonand470,000UnionistsintheNorthofIrelandsignedtheSolemnLeagueandCovenantinSeptember,1912.Inthisdocument,theydeclaredthattheywoulduseanymeansnecessarytopreventthe
7、introductionofHomeRuleinIreland.TheEasterRisingof1916TheEasterRisingof1916wasthemostspectacularevent,inwhichrebelstookoverDublinPostOffice,forcingtheBritishtotakeitbackbymilitarymeans.Theleadersoftherebellionwereexecuted.TheEasterRisingof1916(Below:DamagecausedbytheIrishRepublicanArmysarmedrebellion
8、againstBritishrulethattookplaceonEasterDayin1916,inDublin)TheSinnFeinPartyTheSinnFeinPartyisanIrishrepublicanpoliticalparty,foundedin1905byArthurGriffith,andhasbeenassociatedwiththeProvisionalIrishRepublicanArmyandsupportedtheIRAsrighttofight.GerryAdamshasbeenthepartyPresidentsince1983.SinnFeiniscur
9、rentlythesecond-largestpartyintheNorthernIrelandAssembly.TheSinnFeinPartySinnFeinleaderGerryAdams(1948-)isanIrishrepublicanpolitician,presidentoftheSinnFeinpoliticalparty.ThePartitionofIrelandin1921ThepartitionofIrelandwasthedivisionoftheislandofIrelandintotwodistinctterritories,NorthernIreland,apar
10、toftheUnitedKingdom,andthenowRepublicofIreland,anindependentstate.TheReligiousConflictsbetweentheIrishandtheBritishThirteenunarmedprotestorswereshotdeadatthemarchwhichwasheldinthenameofCatholiccivilrightsinLondonderryonJanuary30,1972.ThisisknownasBloodySunday.TheReligiousConflictsBetweentheIrishandt
11、heBritishTheCatholicsclashedwiththepolicewhentheytriedtostoptheProtestantsdemonstrationsinDublinonFeb.25,2006.III.VariousConflictsinNorthernIrelandTheRomanCatholicsinNorthernIrelandstartingtheCivilRightsMovementbymeansofmarches,speechesandsit-insinordertogetequalrightsasProtestants;Protestantscounte
12、r-demonstrationsandtheirattacksinCatholicareas;AcampaignofbombingandshootingbytheIrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)III.VariousConflictsinNorthernIrelandTheBritishsecurityforcessenttoNorthernIrelandtorestoreorder;TheProtestantssettinguptheirownillegal“paramilitary”groupsandtakingrevengeonCatholics;Power-sharin
13、gmechanismTheIrishRepublicanArmyTheIrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)isanyofseveralarmedmovementsinIrelandinthe20thand21stcenturiesdedicatedtoIrishrepublicanism,thebeliefthatallofIrelandshouldbeanindependentrepublic.ACampaignofBombingandShootingbytheIRACatholicpriestFatherAlecReidadministeredthelastrightstoCo
14、rporalDavidHowes,oneoftwoBritishsoldiersbrutallybeatenandmurderedbytheIRAonMarch19,1988.Power-SharingMechanismIn1973,anagreementofPower-SharingmechanismwasreachedallowingtheminorityCatholicpopulationpoliticalinfluence.MajorityProtestantswereoutragedandwentonstrike,eventuallyleadingtothecollapseofthe
15、power-sharinggroup.TheNorthernIrishparliamentwassuspendedandreplaceditwith“direct-rule”fromLondon.IV.TheBritishandIrishGovernmentsWorkingTogethertoFindaSolutiontotheConflictsTheleadersofSinnFeinspeakingofatwincampaignforunionwithIreland,whichwascalledthepolicyof“TheBulletandtheBallotBox.”InJanuary19
16、74,theBritishPrimeMinistersettingupapower-sharingexecutives.TheAnglo-IrishAgreementthatwassignedbetweenthetwogovernmentsin1985.IV.TheBritishandIrishGovernmentsWorkingTogethertoFindaSolutiontotheConflictsTheDowningStreetDeclarationwasissuedbytheBritishandIrishPrimeMinistersin1993.TheGoodFridayAgreeme
17、ntwaspublishedin1998.TheDowningStreetDeclarationTheDowningStreetDeclarationsaidthatBritainhad“noselfishorstrategicinterest”inNorthernIrelandandthat“itisforthepeopleofIrelandalone,byagreementbetweenthetwoparts,todecideitsfuture,“tobringaboutaunitedIrelandifthatistheirwish”.(Right:JohnMajorandAlbertRe
18、ynolds)TheGoodFridayAgreementTheGoodFridayAgreementsignedonApril10of1998wasamajorpoliticaldevelopmentintheNorthernIrelandpeaceprocessofthe1990sandpavedthewayfordevolutionandpower-sharing.QuestionsforDiscussion A.WhatisthepoliticalprobleminNorthernIreland?B.WhataresomeofthefactorsinIrishandEnglishhistorythataffectthesituationinNorthernIreland?C.WhatmeasureshavetheIrishandBritishGovernmentstakentosolvethepoliticalprobleminNorthernIreland?D.WhatdoyouthinkshouldbetherightsolutiontothepoliticalprobleminNorthernIreland?TheEnd 高等教育出版社高等教育出版社20152015
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