评注性状语.doc

(完整word)评注性状语111B 评注性状语的种类和意义 评注性状语通常位于句首，间或也可位于句中或句尾。评注性状语在口语中自成一个语调组（Tone Unit）；在书写中常用逗号与句子隔开。例如:Really，the students worked very hard last term真的，学生们上学期学习很用功.The students worked very hard last term，really学生们上学期学习很用功，真的。Generally speaking，the questions were not very difficult一般说来，这些问题并不很难.The questions，generally speaking，are not very difficult这些问题，一般说来，并不很难。评注性状语按语义可分为“方式评注性状语”（Style Disjunct)和“态度评注性状语”（Attitudinal Disjunct）。方式评注性状语表示说话人讲话的方式，如seriously，frankly,literally，specifically，general-ly，broadly，honestly，confidentially,truly,truthfully,briefly,parenthetically，relatively，personally，candidly,flatly，crudely，bluntly，simply，metaphorically，strictly，paradoxically等.例如：Seriously,Ive given up my job说真的，我已经辞去了我的工作。Confidentially,she is very stupid私下说说，她很愚蠢。Frankly,I dont like him坦白地说，我不喜欢他。Honestly,Mr Jones reported our story真的，琼斯先生报导了我们的新闻。Personally，I approved of the idea就我个人而言，我赞成这个打算.Generally,the two writers were against any censorship总的来说,这两个作家都反对检查制度。Briefly，there are too many people and too little food总而言之，人太多了,食品太少了。And as California goes today，so goes the nation tomorrow and，parenthetically，so may go the rest of the world ten to twenty years hence今天加州如此，明天全美国也会如此，顺带说一下,一二十年后世界其他地方也都会如此。What does it give you？Quite simply,it gives you faster,more efficient internal communications这给人们带来什么好处呢?很简单，这会使人们享有更便捷、更有效率的国内交通。方式评注性状语除由各种副词表示外，还可采取其他结构形式。以flankly为例，相应的结构就有in（all） frankness，to be frank，to speak frankly,to put it frankly，frankly speaking,putting it frankly，put frankly，if I may be frank，if I can put it frankly，if I can speak frankly 等。例如：In all frankness，he disagrees with you坦白地说，他不同意你的意见。To be frank，you need a great deal of courage坦白地说,你要有很大勇气。Put frankly,it is not the thing to say恕我直说吧，那不是该说的事情.If I may be frank,Ill tell you the whole story坦白地说,我愿意向你交底。态度评注性状语表示说话人对话语的态度，这又可分为若干小类：比如表示话语可靠性的程度有probably，apparently，evidently，obviously，plainly，conceivably，possibly，presumably，arguably等等。例如：Obviously,he was tired of administrative work显然,他是不想干行政工作了。Apparently，he knew the town well显然，他很熟悉这个城市。Presumably，they have sold their house他们大概已经把房子卖了.Conceivably，that is an inspired question可以想象,那是经人授意而提出的问题。表示“确定”的评注性状语有certainly，surely，admittedly，allegedly，undoubtedly，definitely，incontestably，unarguably，clearly等等。例如:Certainly，your children disliked me肯定地说，你的孩子不喜欢我。Surely，you have saved some money？谅必你已经攒了一些钱了吧？Undoubtedly，he is more intelligent than his brother肯定地说，他比他的兄弟聪明。Admittedly，I had no right to be there，but I had lost my way无可否认，我没有权利呆在那里，但我是迷路了。表示惊讶、迷惘、失望、安慰、谅解、遗憾等感情的评注性状语有amazingly，astonishingly，astoundingly,bewilderingly，surprisingly，disappointingly，annoyingly,comfortingly，amusingly，understandably，regrettably，strangely，curiously等等。例如：Surprisingly，he ate a lot令人惊奇的是，他食量很大。Curiously，the students seemed to know the questions already奇怪的是，学生们似乎已经知道了题目。Understandably，no patriot wants to fall into disrepute可以理解，没有哪个爱国人士甘心声名扫地。Regrettably，he had forgotten all his promises令人遗憾的是，他竟忘了他的一切承诺。Annoyingly for his father,John failed the exam several times令他父亲烦恼的是，约翰连续几次考试失败。Amusingly，he did not explain his position to me有趣的是，他没有向我说明他的立场。表示悲伤、高兴、希望、感谢、幸运等感情的评注性状语有sadly，happily，thankfully，hopefully,unhappily，forunately,luckily，unfortunately,unluckily等等。例如：Unhappily，he went home without leave令人不快的是，他未经请假就回家了。Luckily，she was not hurt in the accident幸运的是，她在事故中没有受伤。Fortunately，he passed the exam and was admitted to college幸运的是，他通过了考试，进了大学.Thankfully，everyone returned to the camp safe and sound谢天谢地,人人回到营地，平安无事。Hopefully，the two sides may come to an agreement on this issue如果顺利的话,双方可望在这个问题上达成协议。表示正确、错误、聪明、愚蠢等意义的评注性状语有rightly,correctly，cleverly，wisely,incorrectly，wrongly,foolishly，unwisely，absurdly，preposterously，unreasonably，unjustly等等。例如:Rightly,the judge received praise for his decision当然，那法官因其决定而受到赞扬.You telephoned the police station first，quite rightly你首先打电话报警，很对。Wisely，he answered the soldiersquestions foolishly when he was captured他被捉时，装疯卖傻回答大兵的问题,这点做得很聪明。Not unreasonably，he protested strongly against it他对此强烈抗议,那是不无道理的。Foolishly，the girl did not ask your name那姑娘竟然没有问你姓名，太蠢了.表示寻常、罕见等意义的评注性状语有conventionally，rarely，traditionally,(not）unusually等等.例如：Rarely，very rarely，the master would admit defeat那位大师竟也承认失败，难得啊,很难得啊。Traditionally，secondhand car prices drop in the autumn and rise in the spring按照惯例,二手汽车通常在秋季降价，春季涨价。还有一种连接手段有时也叫“状语-“连接性状语”，又叫“连接性附加语（Conjunct),通常由连接性副词及其他语法结构表示。它在句子或分句之间起连接上下文的作用，而不起修饰作用,所以本章暂不讨论这个问题，留在下一章讲连句手段时再作系统介绍.