句子成分、简单句、带答案.doc

语法复习： 一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语（subject）和谓语（predicate）；次要成分有表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)、补足语（complement）和同位语（appositive）；句子的成分由实词担任。实词有名词n,代词pron,形容词adj,副词adv, 数词num,动词v,;虚词有冠词art, 介词prep, 连词conj, 助动词helping v.等，虚词在句中只起辅助和联系作用，不能单独做句子成分。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，表示所谈的是“谁”或“什么”，一般位于句首，即在谓语之前。可充当主语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）Ten is a very important number. (数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式to do）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词doing） His being late made her very angry.(带有逻辑主语的动名词doing)The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式to do） Its not your fault that this has happened. （it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的that从句）但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语/助动词/情态动词后面。（三）谓语：谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”“怎么样”，或说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语通常由动词充当，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 动词分为实义动词，连系动词，情态动词，助动词四类其中，1.实义动词包括及物动词vt.(后要带宾语) 和不及物动词vi. 2.连系动词包括：系动词be；感官动词look/ sound/smell/feel/taste；表示“保持，持续”keep, remain, stay, continue，表示变化：go, get, grow, become, fall, turn；表示“好像”：seem, appear. 3.情态动词不能单独做谓语，常和其他动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词有can/could, may/might, must, have to, shall/should, will/would, ought to, dare, need, used to. 如：I must go. We must work very hard at English. He will drive to Beijing tomorrow.4.助动词不能单独做谓语，常和其他动词一起构成谓语。 如：I dont like reading. Do you like reading.? He doesnt like music. Does he get up early?We didnt see him. Did you go there？ She is writing a letter now. Is he singing? They are dancing now. Are you waiting for me? I havent finished it yet. Have you seen the film? She had gone there before you left. Had he sent you the email before you told me?综上句子，助动词do/does/did 帮助构成否定式和疑问句； 助动词is/am/are/was/were 帮助构成进行时态和疑问句; 助动词have/has/had 帮助构成完成时态和疑问句另：谓语有时态，语态，语气，人称的变化。 时态 主动语态 被动语态1.一般现在时：(1) be (am/is/are)；(2) 动词原形/动词的三单形式+s/es， am/is/arep.p2.一般过去时: (1) be (was/were,) (2) 动词的过去式-ed) was/werep.p.3.现在进行时:(amisare +动词的现在分词doing) am/is/are +being +p.p.4.过去进行时: waswere +动词的现在分词doing) was/were +beingp.p.5.一般将来时:(1) amisare going to +动词原形) is/am/are going to be +p.p.(2) will shall +动词原形) will/shall bep.p.6.过去将来时: (1) waswere going to +动词原形） was/were going to be+p.p(2) wouldshould+动词原形) would bep.p7.现在完成时: (hashave +动词的过去分词p.p) have/has beenp.p.8.过去完成时: ( had +动词的过去分词p.p) had beenp.p.9.含情态动词的句子:(canmaymust+动词原形） 情态动词+be +p.p（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, go，get, grow, fall, turn, seem, appear, keep, remain, look/ sound/smell/feel/sound,等）之后。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词vt.和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office. （宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. Lend your dictionary to me, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词vt，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由以下词来充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： 单个词做定语放在被修饰词前面（前置定语）；短语做定语放在被修饰词后面（后置定语）；Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）We have four lessons in the morning. (数词)There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） We should follow the teachers advice.?(名词所有格) His progress in English made us surprised.（代词） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）Dont wake up the sleeping baby. (现在分词) China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（现在分词/过去分词） The man to give us the speech is a professor. (动词不定式)The man upstairs came back late. Who is the man over there? (副词)He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）He is reading an novel which is written by Hanhan. (定语从句)但：形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing等时放在这些词之后。 I have something important to do. （八）状语：修饰动词v,形容词adj,副词adv,或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可充当状语的有： He speaks English badly but reads it well. (副词) Naturally he won the game. (副词)Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） At the top we stopped to look at the view. （不定式短语-目的状语） Walking in the street, I met my old friend. (分词-时间状语)He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语伴随状语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语按用途可分为以下10类：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）句子成分练习题( 一 ) (一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分，） The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词（10分，） I dont like the picture on the wall.A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this.A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor.A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music.A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. give B.did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，） My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didnt know who Father Christmas really is. (四) 挑出下列句中的表语（5分，） The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it. (五) 挑出下列句中的定语（6分，） They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! (六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语（6分，） She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? (七) 挑出下列句中的状语（8分，） There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. (八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（5分，） Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?练习一一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）：Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 四、选择填空：( )1. _ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man here nowC. The man who is here now D. The man is here now( ) 2. The weather _.A. wet and cold B. is wet and coldC. not wet and coldD. were wet and cold( ) 3. The apple tasted _.A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning.A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter( )5. The actor _at the age of 70.A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded( )6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we( )7. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly( ) 8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A. its B. it C. that D. that is( ) 9. The dog _ mad.A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked( )10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A. that B. when C. in which D. where二、简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句（形容词性从句）和状语从句（副词性从句）。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.（二）简单句的五种基本句型（稍后详细分解）1、 V（主谓）主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work.2、 V P（主系表）主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.3、 V O（主谓宾）主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、 V o O（主谓间宾直宾）主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.5、 V O C （主谓宾宾补）主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。（三）并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（四）高考考点探讨1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础