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人教版英语八年级下册Unit1知识点
人教版英语八年级下册Unit1知识点
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Unit 1
A
1.advice n。 建议,忠告,劝告
(1)advice是不可数名词,表示“一条建议”“两条建议”“一些建议”可用:
a piece of advice;two piece of advice;some advice
(2)advice作名词时的常用搭配:
①ask sb. for advice征询某人的建议
②give sb。 some advice= give some advice to sb。给某人提出一些建议
③give advice on sth。在某方面给出建议
④take (follow) one's advice接受某人的建议
e。g。 He often gives us some advice.=He often gives some advice to us.
他经常给我们一些建议。
★例题:Your ______ is very helpful. I guess I’ll take it.
A. secret B. advice C. promise D. purpose
答案:B 秘密;建议;承诺;目标。由下句“我想我会采纳。”可知“你的建议很有用”。
2.What’s the matter?怎么了?
(1)该句用来询问对方所遇到的麻烦,或医生及护士询问病人身体情况,常与with连用,后跟sb./sth。,意为“某人或某物怎么了?”
e。g。—-What’s the matter (with you)? (你)怎么了?
-—I lost my pen。/I have a cold. 我把我的钢笔弄丢了。/我感冒了。
(2)“(你)怎么了?”各种常见表达:
What’s the matter (with you)?
=What’s the trouble (with you)?
=What’s the problem(with you)?
=What’s wrong (with you)?=What’s up?
=What happened?
★例题:—-Nick is not at school. _______?
-—He has a cold。
A. Who’s that B. What's the matter C. How old is he D。 How much is it
答案:B 句意:—-Nick没来上学。怎么回事? —-他感冒了.
①此类句型中,matter,problem前需加定冠词the,trouble前可加the或形容词性物主代词;wrong是形容词,其前不加任何修饰词。
②此类句型中,what即为句子主语,本身构成陈述语序,故当句子以宾语从句身份出现时,不可将be移至the matter/trouble/problem之后。
3。have a stomachache胃疼
(1)have +a(n)+名词,表示患某种病
e。g. have a cold感冒 have a toothache牙疼
have a fever发烧 have a headache头疼
拓展:sore与pain也可用于表示疾病的短语
e.g. have a sore throat(back/knee…)嗓子疼(背疼/膝盖疼…)
have a pain in the back(foot/knee…)背疼(脚疼/膝盖疼)
(2)stomachache可数名词,意为“胃疼;腹疼”,是由名词stomach(胃;腹部)加ache(疼痛)构成的复合名词。
“身体部位+ache"构成疾病名称
headache头疼 toothache牙疼 backache背疼
★例题:——Mom,I _____.
——I'm sorry to hear that,dear。 We must go to see the dentist right away。
A. have a headache B。 have a stomachache C。 have a toothache
答案:C 由下文“dentist"可知孩子牙疼。
4。foot n. 脚
foot作为可数名词用,其复数形式是feet。
e。g。 This kind of animal has four feet.这种动物有四只脚。
(1)与foot变复数的变化形式相似的词还有:tooth—teeth牙齿 goose-geese鹅
(2)on foot步行,固定短语,相当于walk.
e。g。 We came here on foot。=We walked here。我们走着来这儿的。
5。fever n. 发烧
e.g。 Tom has a fever.汤姆发烧了。
(1)have a fever=have a temperature=run a fever发烧
e。g. I had a temperature last night.昨晚我发烧了.
★例题:Nancy took her temperature and found she had a _____。
A。 cough B. toothache C. cold D。 fever
答案:D 由上文“南希量了一下体温"可知发现她发烧了。
(2)拓展:have a high temperature/fever发高烧
6。lie v。 躺,平躺
(1)lie的各种含义:
①lie v. 躺,位于,平放 lay—lain—lying
e。g。 You should lie down.你应该躺下。
His school lies in the north of the city。他的学校位于城北。
②lie v。 说谎 lied—lied—lying
e.g. He often lies。他经常说谎
③lie n. 谎言 lies(复数)
e.g。 He often tells lies.他经常说谎.
★例题:Look,there is a wallet _____ on the playground.
A. lie B. lying C。 lay D. lain
答案:B There be…doing sth.为固定句式,lie躺,位于,平放,其现在分词是lying。
(2)拓展:lay v。 下蛋,放置
e。g. The hens lay a lot of eggs every day。母鸡每天下很多蛋。
Please lay the table before dinner。饭前请摆好餐具。
7.rest v. & n. 放松;休息
(1)rest作及物动词,意为“使休息”,作不及物动词,意为“休息”。
e。g。 You should rest your eyes after a lot of reading.在大量阅读之后,你应该休息一下你的眼睛.
I'm tired,and I want to rest.我累了,我想休息.
(2)rest也可以作名词,have/take a rest=have/take a break,意为“休息一下”。
e.g。 Students have a rest/break after each lesson.学生们每节课后都休息一下。
8。feel v. 摸起来
(1)feel常用作系动词,其后跟形容词作表语.其主要用法有:
①表示某物摸起来给人的感觉,通常要以被摸之物作主语,不可用于进行时态。
e。g。 Your hand feels cold。你的手摸起来很凉。
Silk feels soft and smooth。丝绸摸起来柔软平滑。
②表示某人的感觉,以人作主语,可用于进行时态。
e。g。 I feel fine./I’m feeling fine.我感觉良好。/我现在感觉良好.
(2)归纳:常用的感官动词:feel摸起来,look看起来,sound听起来,taste尝起来,smell闻起来。
(3)拓展:feel like +n。 意为“摸起来像…”
e。g. This wallet feels like leather。这个钱包摸起来像是皮的。
★例题:This bed _____ soft and comfortable。
A。 sounds B. tastes C。 feels D。 smells
答案:C 句意:这张床摸起来柔软而且舒服.
9。without prep。 没有,缺乏
(1)without后接名词、代词宾格或v。—ing作宾语,其反义词为with。
e。g。 We got there without any trouble.
我们到了那儿,一路上没遇到任何麻烦。
Can you finish your homework without him?
没有他你能完成你的家庭作业吗?
She left the room without saying a word。
她一句话没有说就离开了房间。
★例题:The “teacher—free exam”means that students take their exams _____ teachers。 Students must be more honest.
A。 without B。 against C. through D。 by
答案:A 没有;反对;通过;被。由后句“学生们必须更加诚实”,可知“teacher-free exam"意思是没有老师监考的测试。
(2)拓展:without用于否定句,还可以表示条件,意为“如果没有”,相当于if引导的否定条件句.
e.g. We couldn’t live without air.=We couldn’t live if there weren’t air.
如果没有空气,我们就不能活。
★例题:W______ your help,I couldn’t have passed the exam.
答案:Without 句意:如果没有你的帮助,我不能通过考试。
10.hurt v. (使)疼痛;受伤
(1)hurt—hurt(过去式)-hurt(过去分词)
(2)hurt作及物动词,表示“使疼痛,受伤;使不快”,后接宾语。
e.g. You hurt her feelings because you forgot her birthday.
你伤了她的感情因为你忘记了她的生日.
A boy hurt himself in P。E。 class。一个男孩在体育课上伤着自己了。
(3)hurt作不及物动词,表示“感到疼痛”。
e.g. My feet hurt。 我脚疼.
11. …when the driver saw an old man lying on the side of the road.
……,就在此时司机看到一位老人躺在路边.
(1)when引导时间状语从句,除常常有“当…时”之意外,放在过去进行时构成的主句之后,还以为“就在此时/那时;突然”相当于at this/that time。
e。g. He was just getting into the shower when the telephone rang.
他正要去沐浴间,这时(突然)电话响了起来。
★例题:They were playing soccer on the playground _______ the storm came。
A。 as soon as B. as long as C. when D. while
答案:C 句意:他们正在操场上踢足球,这时暴风雨来了.表示某一个动作正在进行时,另一个动作突然发生,应用when,意为“在那时”。
(2)辨析:
①see sb。 doing sth。看见某人正在做某事(看见动作正在进行)
e。g. I saw him playing the piano in the music room just now。
我刚刚看见他正在音乐室弹钢琴.
②see sb。 do sth。看见某人做某事(看见动作全过程或经常性的动作)
e。g. I often see him play basketball after school.
我经常看见他放学后打篮球。
(3)拓展:v。 +sb. +doing/do的常见动词:
一感(feel),二听(listen to, hear),四看(see, look at, watch, notice)
★例题1:I see there two boys _____ (pass) my house every day。
答案:pass 句意:每天我都会看见这两个男孩经过我的房子。see sb. do sth.意为“看见某人做某事”
例题2:--I tried to make Alice _____ her mind but I found it difficult.
—-Well,I saw you _____ that when I went past。
A. changed;do B。 changes;doing C。 change;to do D.change;doing
答案:D 句意:——我尽力使艾丽斯改变她的主意,但我发现很难。——哦,但我经过的时候,我看到你正在那样做。make sb. do sth。使某人做某事;see sb. doing sth.看见某人正在做某事。
12.get off下车
(1)get off 的反义短语是get on“上车".
e.g。 Don’t get on the No。8 bus.不要上8路公交车。
He got off at Guangming Road。他在光明路下车了.
(2)拓展:get的相关短语:
get up起床
get on登上(公共汽车、火车等)
get off下(公共汽车、火车、飞机)
get in进入(小汽车、出租车)
get out of从(小汽车、出租车等)下来
★例题:Steven,we should _____ the bus at the next stop.
A. get up B. get off C. get to D. get in
答案:B 句意“斯蒂文,我们应该在下一站下车"。
13.to one's surprise让某人吃惊的是
e。g. To his surprise,the plan succeeded。让他吃惊的是,那个计划成功了。
surprise及其派生词的相关用法:
①surprise 动词 surprise sb.
e.g。 I don’t want to surprise her.我不想让她惊讶。
②surprise 名词 to one’s surprise,give sb. a surprise,in surprise
e.g。 Let’s give Mom a surprise!咱们给妈妈一个惊喜吧!
③surprising 形容词 常修饰物
e.g。 What surprising news!多么令人惊讶的消息呀!
④surprised 形容词 常用人作主语,be surprised at sth。,be surprised to do sth.,be surprised that…
e。g。 I was surprised at the news.我对这个消息感到意外。
⑤surprisingly 副词
e.g. She looked surprisingly well。她看上去身体出奇地好。
★例题:—-How was your life in England?
——Quite different from here。 _____ , people there drink tea with milk。
A. In my opinion B. To my surprise C。 At the beginning
答案:B 在我看来;使我吃惊的是;at the beginning (of…) 在(…的)开始。由语境可知,使我吃惊的是人们喝茶加牛奶。
14.trouble n. 问题;苦恼
trouble常用作不可数名词,相当于difficulty,意为“困难;苦恼”,常用短语及句式:
(1)get (sb。) into trouble意为“(使某人)陷入困境"。
e。g. If I don’t clock in before 9,I’ll get into trouble!
我要是9点前没有上班打卡,我就会遇到麻烦的。
(2)be in trouble意为“陷入困境中”。
e。g. Now he is in trouble,we should go all out to help him.
现在他遇到了麻烦,我们应该全力以赴去帮助他。
(3)have trouble/difficulty/problems with sth。=have trouble/difficulty/problems (in)
doing sth.表示“做某事有困难”。
e。g。 His son had trouble climbing up the hill。
他儿子爬这座山很困难。
(4)What’s the trouble (with you)? (你)怎么了?
★例题:-—Sally is my best friend. She is always there whenever I’m _____.
——Yeah. A friend in need is a friend indeed。
A。 in order B. in trouble C。 in public
答案:B 按顺序;深陷困境;在公共场合.根据最后一句“患难中的朋友才是真正的朋友"可知每当“我”身陷困境时,朋友总是在帮助“我”。
(5)拓展:trouble动词,表示“使烦恼,使忧虑;麻烦”。
e.g. Could I trouble you to open the door?能麻烦你开一下门吗?
15。hit v。 (用手或器具)击;打
(1)hit-hit(过去式)-hit(过去分词)—hitting(现在分词)
e。g。 The boy hit the dog with a stone.那男孩用一块石头打那只狗。
(2)hit后接人或物的部位时,常用如下结构:hit sb./sth. on/in +部位
e。g. She hit him on the head with her umbrella。她用雨伞打他的头.
注意:打在人体硬部位上用用介词on,软部位上用介词in,且结构中的定冠词通常不可用物主代词代替。
★例题:Don’t play near the window. The broken glass may _______ _______ _______ ________ ________(打到你的头)。
答案:hit you on the head.
16.right away立即;马上
right away的同义词和同义短语分别是immediately和right now/at once。
e。g。 He set off right away hearing the news.听到那个消息,他立即动身了.
★例题:My father will leave for England at once。
A. right away B。 at times C。 on time D。 just now
答案:A 马上;有时;按时;刚才。句意:我父亲将马上离开去英国。
B
1.take…to… 带…去…
e.g。 Don’t worry。 I will take you to the bus stop。别担心,我将带你去公共汽车站。
(1)辨析:
①bring带来(带到说话人的地方)
e。g。 Remember to bring your homework to school tomorrow。
记得明天把你的作业带到学校来。
②take拿走(拿到远离说话人的地方)
e.g. Please take the books to the classroom。
请把这些书拿到教室去.
③carry扛,搬(任何方向)
e。g。 Please carry the bag to my office。
请把这个袋子扛到我办公室。
④fetch去取来,去拿来(往返取物)
e.g。 Don't worry. I can fetch the key.
别着急,我能把钥匙拿来。
★例题:My parents usually ______ me ______ that park when I was young。 We always enjoyed ourselves there。
A. took;to B。 fetched;from C. brought;to D. carried;from
答案:A 从说话处带到别的地方;去……取……;从别处带到说话人的地方;从……搬……。
(2)take的其他常用含义:
①take表示“乘坐某一交通工具”。
②take表示“花费”,常用句型:
It takes/took sb. some time to do sth.做某事花费某人多少时间.
③take意为“买”,当决定要买某物品时,可以说“I’ll take it/them。"。
④take表示“吃喝”时,与eat,drink,have意思相近;但表示“吃药”时,通常只用take。
2.be used to doing… 习惯于做…
e。g. He is used to getting up early.他习惯于早起。
辨析:
①be/get/become used to doing“习惯于做…"前者强调状态;后两者强调渐变的过程,其中to为介词,后接动名词doing.
e。g. He has been used to walking to school.
他已经习惯于步行去上学。
②used to do“过去常常”,后接动词原形.
e.g. He used to go to work on foot。
他过去常常步行上班。
③be used to do/for doing“被用于做…"是被动语态。
e。g。 He used his knife to cut off his arm.=His knife was used to cut off his arm。
他用刀子砍掉了他的胳膊。
★例题1:I used to _____ newspapers and watch TV after dinner. But now I’m used to _____ a walk.
A. read;take B。 read;taking C. reading;taking D. reading;take
答案:B used to do sth.意为“过去经常做某事”;be used to doing sth.意为“习惯于做某事”。句意:我过去晚饭后常常读报纸和看电视,但是现在我习惯散步。
例题2:——Do you know what a writing brush is?
-—Yes. It’s used _____ writing and drawing。
A。 with B。 to C。 for D。 by
答案:C be used for被用来做…,be used by sb.被某人使用。
3.run out用尽;耗尽
e。g。 After a long walk,he ran out of his water。长途跋涉后,他用尽了他的水。
辨析:
①run out是“动词+副词”型动词短语,主语通常是时间、食物、金钱等名词.
e。g。 His money soon ran out。他的钱很快花完了。
②run out of作及物动词用(=use up),后接宾语,主语通常是人。
e.g. I have run out of my money before payday。在发工资的日子之前我已经用尽了我的钱.
注意:run out of…其愿意为“从…中跑出".
e。g. Lots of students ran out of the classroom to see what had happened。
很多学生从教室里跑出来看看发生了什么事。
★例题:I will go to buy some paper。 My paper has _____。
A. gone out B. come out C。 run out D。 looked out
答案:C 出去;出版,出来;用完,耗尽;当心。句意:我要去买些纸,我的纸用完了。
4.So he used his knife to cut off half his right arm。 所以他用刀子将他的右臂切去了一半。
(1)knife用作名词,意为“小刀”,其复数形式为knives。类似有:
wife→wives妻子 wolf→wolves狼
thief→thieves贼 shelf→shelves架子
life→lives生命 half→halves一半
leaf→leaves树叶
(2)cut off意为“切除,切断”,是由“动词+副词”构成的短语.后跟代词时,代词应放于cut和off之间。
e.g. cut off the wire切断电线 cut it/them off把它/它们切断
(3)拓展:与cut有关的短语:
cut up切碎 cut down砍倒 cut in line插队
cut…in two/half把…切成两半 cut…into pieces把…切成碎片
5。so that以便,为了
(1)so that引导目的状语从句,从句谓语动词常用情态动词may/might/can/could等。
e。g。 We went early so that we could get good seats.为了占到好座位,我们早早就去了。
★例题:I looked through my test paper again and again _____ I wouldn’t make any mistakes。
A. so B. because C. so that
答案:C 因此;因为;为了 句意:为了不会出现错误,我把试卷检查了一遍又一遍。
(2)so that引导目的状语从句,当主句主语与从句主语一致时,可用“so as to (in order to)+动词原形”转化为简单句。
e.g. He got up early so that he could catch the early bus.=He got up early in order to/so as to catch the early bus.为了赶早班公交车他起床很早。
(3)so that还可以与in order that互换.
e.g。 He worked day and night so that/in order that he could succeed.
他夜以继日地工作为的是成功。
(4)so…that…表示“如此…以至于…”引导结果状语从句。
e.g. The boy is so young that he can’t go to school。
这个男孩太小还不能去上学。
6.mean v. 意思是;打算;意欲
(1)mean用作动词,意为“意思是",后面可以跟that从句.
e。g。 Do you mean that it’s none of my business?你的意思是它与我无关吗?
(2)拓展:
①mean名词形式为meaning,意为“含义;意思”,常用句型:What’s the meaning of…?.该句型可与What does/do… mean?进行同义句转换.
e.g. What's the meaning of the word?=What does the word mean?
这个单词是什么意思?
②mean to do…打算做…
e.g。 I mean to go tomorrow,but my father will not allow me to.
我打算明天去,但我父亲不会允许我去。
③mean doing…意味着做…
e。g. Doing that means wasting time。
做那件事意味着浪费时间。
7。decision n。 决定;抉择
decision常用于短语make a decision/decisions意为“作决定”。
make a decision to do sth。=decide to do sth。=make up one's mind to do sth.决定做某事。
e.g。 He made a decision/decided to go to New York finally。最后他决定去纽约.
★例题:It was very hard for me to make a _____, but I decided to leave my job。
A. invitation B. decision C。 plan D。 discussion
答案:B 邀请;决定;计划;讨论。句意:对于我来说做出决定很难,但我决定辞职。
8.control n.& v。 限制;约束;管理
(1)be in control of为固定短语,意为“管理;掌管”.
e。g. A teacher must be in control of his class。老师必须掌控好自己的课堂。
Who’s in control of the project?谁是这个项目的负责人?
(2)拓展:control的其他相关短语:
under control在控制之下 out of control失去控制
e.g. Everything is under control.一切在控制之下。
★例题:The car was out of _____ and hit a tree by the road.
A. danger B。 breath C. control D。 practice
答案:C out of danger脱离危险;out of breath上气不接下气;out of cont失控;out of practice疏于练习。
9。keep on doing…继续、重复做…
e。g. Don’t keep on interrupting me。别老是跟我打岔.
(1)句型:
①keep doing sth.一直做某事
e。g. Keep smiling。保持微笑.
②keep sb。 doing sth.让某人一直做某事
e。g. I’m sorry to keep you waiting.对不起让你久等了。
③keep on doing sth.继续/重复做某事
e.g。 He kept on sitting down and standing up.他重复坐下又站起来.
(2)英语中后接doing作宾语的词(组):
完成练习值得忙finish,practice,be worth,be busy
继续习惯放弃keep on,be used to,give up
考虑建议不禁想consider,suggest,can't help,feel like
喜欢思念要介意enjoy,miss,mind
10.because of… 由于…
(1)辨析:
①because 接从句
e.g。 He is absent because he is ill today.他今天缺席,因为他病了。
②because of接名词,代词或动名词
e。g. He is absent today because of his illness.他今天缺席,因为他病了。
★例题:We didn't have a sports meeting yesterday _____ the heavy rain。
A. because B. unless C. because of D. across from
答案:C 句意:因为下大雨,昨天我们没有开运动会。介词of之后应跟名词。
(2)because(因为)和so(所以)不能同时出现在一个英语句子中,只用其一,类似的词还有although(虽然)和but(但是)。
e。g. Although he was tired,he still worked hard。
=He was tired,but he still worked hard。虽然他很累了,但他仍然努力工作。
11.give up放弃
(1)后接名词、代词或动词—ing形式.
e。g。 You shouldn't give up running。你不应该放弃跑步。
★例题:You should _____ smoking。 It’s really bad for your health.
A。 put up B。 give up C。 get up D。 set up
答案:B搭建;放弃;起床;建立。句意:你应该放弃吸烟 吸烟真的有害身体健康.
(2)up在此短语中是副词,故give up与代词连用时,代词需放中间.
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