Unit1人教版八年级英语下册语法与知识点.pdf

Unit 1第一部分：Grammar一、情态动词（Modal Verbs）情态动词 should 意为“应该，应当”，必须和后面的动词原形一起构成谓语，没有人称和数的变化。用以表达职责和义务、提出劝告，而且表述的是自己的主观看法。1.should 的句式结构句式结构例句肯定句主语+should+doThey should eat a balaced diet.他们应该平衡饮食。否定句主语+should not+doThey shouldnt eat too much.他们不该吃得太多。一般疑问句-Should+主语+do+?-yes,主语+should.-No,主语+shouldnt.-Its too cold.Should I close the window?太冷了，我该关上窗户吗？-Yes,you _./No,you _.是的，你应该。/不，你不应该。2.should 的用法用法例句表示劝告、建议You _ answer the question in English.你应该用英语回答这个问题。表示推测They _ be at home now,I think.我认为，他们现在应该在家。表示惊讶、赞叹、不满等 How _ I know it?我怎么知道这间事情呢？注意：should 在以 why，who，how 等疑问词开头的问句中，意为“竟然，居然，怎么会”，表示意外、惊喜或在说话人看来是不可思议的。二、其他表示建议的句型用法例句Shall we/I+do+?Shall we _ for a walk?咱们去散步好吗？What/How about+doing/sth?What about _ swimming?去游泳怎么样？Lets+do?Lets _ and _ them.咱们去看看他们吧。Youd/Wed better(not)+do?We _ _ wait a little longer.我们最好再稍等一会儿。Why dont you+do?Why dont you _ a walk outside?为什么不出去散步呢？Why not+do?Why _ _ a walk outside?为什么不出去散步呢？三、反身代词表示反射或强调的代词叫做反身代词。反身代词是由第一人称、第二人称形容词性物主代词或第三人称代词的宾格形式，词尾加 self 或 selves 组成。反身代词可译“本人”、“本身”，为加强语气，也常翻译为“亲自”、“自己”。不定人称代词 one-oneself.1、反身代词的分类数、人称第一人称第二人称第三人称单数myselfyourselfHimself,herself,itself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves2、反身代词的用法用法说明例句作动词的宾语常用于 enjoy,teach,hurt,buy,introduce,dress,help,look after,get dressed 作宾语He is teaching _ English.他在自学英语。We enjoyed _ last night.昨天晚上我们玩得很开心。做介词的宾语常用于 in,on,with,of,after,by作宾语She lives by _ in the countryside.她一个人生活在乡下。做同位语强调作用、加强语气Did you make the cake _?这蛋糕是你亲自做的嘛？Mr.Black _ is a lawyer.布莱克先生本人就是一名律师。做表语强调“自己”Just be _.做你自己就好了。Mary hasnt quite been _ recently.玛丽最近有些不对劲。第二部分：单词用法Section A1.Whats the matter?怎么了？该句常用询问某人患了何种疾病或遇到了什么麻烦，其后用 with 引出对象。1).Whats the matter with sb.?=whats wrong with sb.?=whats the trouble/problem with sb.?=whats ones trouble/problem?e.g.Whats the matter with Tom?=whats _ with Tom?=Whats the _ with Tom?=Whats Toms _?2).matter,名词，“问题，事情”e.g.We have important _(matter)to discuss.我们有些重要的问题要讨论。3).动词，“要紧，关系重大”e.g.It dosent _ that you came late.2.I have a cold.我感冒了。1).have/get/catch a cold“感冒，着凉”The old man _ a cold yesterday.那位老人昨天感冒了。2).“have+a/an+疾病名称”意为“得了.病”have a fever,have a cough,have a headache3.I have a sore back.我背痛。“I have a sore+身体部位”意为“痛”辨析 sore 和 achesore形容词，意为“疼痛的；酸痛的”用于身体部位名词前sore feet sore leg sore throatache名词，构成复合词headache;stomachache4.lie down and and rest.1).lie 的不同含义及词性变化单词词性词义现在分词过去式过去分词lie动词躺；平躺lyinglayLainlie动词说谎lyingliedLiedlie名词谎言无无无Katy _(lie)on the bed and read the letter last night.凯蒂昨晚躺在床上看书。He _(lie)to me about the result.对于结果他对我说了谎。2).rest 动词，“休息，放松”May him rest in peace.have/take a rest 休息，放松=rest5.You need to take breaks away from the computer.take breaks=take/have a break 休息We are _ a break under the tree.我们正在树下休息。6.Yeah，I think I sat in the same way for too long without moving.是的，我想我以同样的姿势一动不动地坐太久了。1).In the same way:以同样的方式，以相同的方式She worked out the math problem in the same way.2).without 为介词，意为“无，没有，不”You cant buy things _ money!你没有钱就买不了东西。He left without _ anything.他什么都没有说就离开了。7.When the driver saw an old man lying on the side og the road.这时，司机看到路边躺着一位老人。see/watch/notice/hear sb.doing sth.强调看到/听到的动作的正在进行see/watch/notice/hear sb.do sth.强调看到/听到的动作的完整性e.g.I often _ him _ in the garden last month.上个月，我总是看到他在花园里干活。(强调全过程)I _ him _ in the garden when I passed by yersterday.昨天我看见他正在花园里干活。(强调动作正在进行)8.He expected most or all the passengers to get off and wait for the next bus.1).expect+名词/代词“期待；预料”I am _ a phone call from her.我正在等她的电话。2).expect to do sth.She expects to go there next week.她期望下周去那里。3).expect sb.to do sth.He expected her to go with him.4).expect+that 从句 I expect that hell come back tomorrow.9.But to my surprise,they all agreed to go with him.1).to ones surprise“使惊讶的是，出乎意料”_ my _(surprise),he refused to cooperate with us.让我惊讶的是，他拒绝与我们合作。2).agree“同意”a.agree to do sth.“同意做某事”b.agree with sb.c.agree on sth.“就某事达成一致”e.g.My mother agreed _(buy)me a new pen.I entirely agree _ you.We agree _ the question.10.辨析 thanks to/thanks for thanks to“多亏，由于”，to 是介词，其后接名词、代词或 doingthanks for“因而感谢”，for 后接感谢的原因，常为名词或 doing 形式，Thanks _ you,I am not lost.幸亏你我才没有迷路。Thanks _ sending me such a nice gift.谢谢你寄给我这么好的一个礼物。11.get into trouble“造成麻烦（或烦恼）;陷入困境”trouble 是不可数名词。be in trouble“再麻烦和困境中”e.g.Lisa _ _ trouble when she climed the mountain.Let us help the people who are _ _.12.Did you fall down?fall-fell-fallenfall down 意为“倒下”，强调的是“滑倒，倒下”，不能直接跟宾语，加 from 连接宾语，fall down from，表示“从摔下”fall off“跌落”，强调的是“从某处跌落，摔下来”=fall down frome.g.The dog _ down dead.那条狗倒下去死了。The boy _ _ _ the tree and broke his legs.The girl _ _ the bike.Section B1.Someone felt sick.Sick;生病的，恶心的。ill 也是生病的，也可表示品质恶劣的辨析 sick 和 illsick既可以作定语，也可以用作表语。表语时“恶心的”ill 既可以作定语，也可以用作表语。作定语时：表示“品质恶劣的”e.g.Everytime I get on a boat,I feel _.He is an _ student,because he smokes and drinks.I have to look after my _ sister home at home today.2.Someone got hit on the head.有人头部受到了撞击。1).get hit 为系表结构：get hit+on/in+the+身体部位的名词，表示“某身体部位受到了撞击”e.g.The police officer _ _on the shoulder.这位警官的肩膀受到了撞击。2).hit,“打击，击中”如果强调“集中某人的部位”可以用“hit sb.on/in the+身体部位”e.g.The bullet hit him on the back.子弹击中了他的后背。3).hit 可以做名词，“轰动一时的成功的人或事；风靡一时的作品”。e.g.The song was a hit at once.3.have problems breathing1).breathe,a.动词“呼吸”e.g.He was breathing hard when he finished the race.b.名词，breath，没有“e”take a deep breath 深呼吸；hold ones breath 屏住呼吸2).have problems(in)doing sth.“做某事有困难或麻烦”e.g.I have _ _ English.我学习英语有困难。4.辨析 be used to doing/be used to do/used to do be used to doing意为“习惯于”，to 是介词+名词/doingbe used to do意为“被用来做”to 为不定式符号+do 原形used to do意为“过去常常”，to 为不定式符号+do 原形e.g.I am _ to _ up early.我习惯早起。A pen is _ to _.钢笔是用来写字的。He _ to _ books for an hour every day.他过去常常每天读一个小时的书。5.find+宾语+宾补1).find 宾语 adj.We found him dishonest.我们发现他不诚实。2).find 宾语 doing We found him _others homework.我们发现他在抄别人作业。3).find 宾语 副词和介词短语 I am so glad to find you _.我很高兴发现你在家。I found the clothes _ _ style.我发现这些衣服过时了。6.辨析 run out/run out of 用尽，耗尽run out“动词+副词”结构。相当于不及物动词，后面不接宾语，主语通常是“事物”时间，金钱等run out of“动词+副词+介词”结构。相当于及物动词，后面可以接宾语，主语通常是“人”Our money is _ out.我们的钱快用光了。We are running out _ money.我们的钱快用光了。7.辨析 so that/sothatso that“以便，为了”=in order that,引导目的状语从句，常与can,could,may,might,will,would,should 等情态动词或助动词。so.that“如此以至于”,引导结果状语从句，so 为副词，+adj/adv;that 后跟从句。可以与enough to do和 tooto do进行同义句转换。e.g.They got up early _ _ they could catch the early bus.Say slowy _ _ I can follow you.Tom ran _ fast _ I couldnt catch up with him.=Tom ran _ fast _ catch up with.8.so that 用法。1).so+adj./adv.+that2).so+adj.+(+a/an)+n.+that3).so+many/much/few/little+n.thate.g.The ceiling is so high that we couldnt reach.天花板如此高，我们够不着。His son is so tall a man that he almost reaches the ceiling.他儿子那么高，几乎够到天花板了。Kate had so many falls that she was black and blue all over.凯特跌倒了好多次，摔得身体青一款紫一块。9.give up 放弃1).“动词+副词”代词做宾语，代词放中间。give it/them/him/herup2).give up doing its good for you to give up _.戒烟对你有好处。10.I hurt myself playing soccer.playing soccer 现在分词做伴随状语。表示动作同时发生。其逻辑主语为句子的主语。e.g.I stayed up late yesterday,_ for a test.昨天我为测验熬夜学习到很晚。