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Tense & voice
时态的种类
英语动词有16种时态，现以study为例，列表如下：
体（form）
时（time）
一般时
indefinite
进行时
continuous
完成时
perfect
完成进行时
perfect continuous
现在
present
一般现在时
study studies
现在进行时
am
is studying
are
现在完成时
have
studied
has
现在完成进行时
have
been studying
has
过去
past
一般过去时
studied
过去进行时
was
studying
were
过去完成时
had studied
过去完成进行时
had been studying
将来
Future
一般将来时
shall
study
will
将来进行时
shall
be studying
will
将来完成时
shall
have studied
will
将来完成进行时
shall
have been studying
will
过去将来
Future in the past
过去将来时
should
study
would
过去将来进行时should
be studying
would
过去将来完成时
should
have studied
would
过去将来完成进行时
should
have been studying
would
一般现在时
I learned that the earth ＿＿＿around the sun when I was in primary school.
考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。
If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：
时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute;
Eg: When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
条件：if, unless, provided.
If you will accept my invitation, my family will be pleased.
注意：由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。
1）The train ______at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus start? It ______in ten minutes.
考点三：下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return，open , close的
一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
2）倒装句（由here，there开头的句子，动词用一般
现在时表示现在正在发生的动作）
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
现在进行时
The house is _____________these days.
The little boy is always making trouble.
考点一：与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually等连用表示
说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。
He is always thinking of his work (赞许)
他老是把东西乱扔。
He is constantly leaving his things about.（不满）
他老爱说大话。
He is always boasting (厌烦)
考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作 ,仅限于少量动词：
go, come ,leave , start , arrive , return , stay , do, have, see sb off …
Are you staying here till next week?
工作进行的怎么样？How are you getting on with your work?
工作进行的相当顺利。The work is going fairly smoothly.
你进步很快。You’re making rapid progress.
我们想在这里建一座水坝。We’re thinking of building a dam here.
风挺大It’s blowing hard.
有人找你接电话。Someone is asking for you on the phone.
注意：下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。
（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember,
believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。
（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem， belong to，depend on。
（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。
（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
现在完成时
考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点
They have lived in Beijing for five years.
They have lived in Beijing since 1995.
考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, ever, never,
up to now; till now; so far, these days, once, twice, three times…
Has it stopped raining yet ?
考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。
in/ over / during the past few years/months/weeks/days； for the last few centuries,
through centuries; throughout history 等
考点四：用于现在完成时的句型
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
1） This/That / It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
2） This/That / It is the best (worst, most interesting, only ) +名词 ＋that” 后面跟现在完成时。
since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
他去过北京。He has been to Beijing.
他到北京去了。He has gone to Beijing.
have /has been …
表示曾到过某地（现在回来了）
have /has gone…
表示已经到某地去了（现在不在说话处）
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it‘s the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come
C. ever, come D. ever, have come
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。
即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month
典型例题
1. You don‘t need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。
再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2.---I‘m sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点）。
①表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；
用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事
I met her in the street yesterday.
He used to smoke a lot.
I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn’t.
He told me he ________an interesting novel last night .
②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，
但从句中的谓语动词用过去式。
③表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，
如but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment…
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened
to her.
He bought a watch but lost it.
xTom has written a letter to his parents last night.
Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，
不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
过去进行时
表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
What were you doing at nine last night?
The radio _was being repaired _when you called me.
----what were you doing this time yesterday?
----W e were working in the lab.
过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）
句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 (by、by the end
、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。
E.G : By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.
The train had left before we reached the station.
It was three years since we had been there.
考点一：表示“一……就”的几个句型：
Hardly / Scarcely / No sooner had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / before/ than
+ 一般过去时
We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been
seated than the bus started.
（注意主谓倒装）
考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，
从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.
It was 3 years since we had parted。
考点三：表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned
/ meant / intended/ thought / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式
接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned … + to have done。
I had hoped that I could do the job.
I had intended to see you but I was too busy.
考点四：
“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，用于间接引语中谓语动词用过去完成时；
“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。
He said his parents had died ten years before.
Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
典型例题：
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B. were writing, has left
C. had written, had left D.were writing, had left
一般将来时考点分析
① 表示一种趋向或习惯动作。
We’ll die without air or water.
② be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：
be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，
甚至已做了某种准备；
shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。
If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.
注意：be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能
be to do sth. 表按计划、安排即将发生的动作/不可避免地将要发生的事，命中注定的事。
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock tomorrow.
be about to do sth. 表示“正打算,就要” Autumn harvest is about to start.
w：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。
Use your head and you will find a way.
将来进行时
表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。
明天这会我正在写作业。
I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow.
将来完成时
表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。
考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。
By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.
By the time you reach the station, the train＿＿＿＿＿＿.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。
The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.
一般过去时和过去完成的用法区别
1. 一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言的,过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而言.两种时态
2. 建立的时间参照点不同,对过去完成时来说,这一个时间参照点十分重要,它是过去完成
3. 概念赖以建立的基础,也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准.
2.过去完成时的时间状语常用by和before引导的短语表示,如by that time ,by the end of ….,
before 2000,by the time +句子等.
过去完成时和现在完成时的区别
1.两种时态都常与一段时间和状语连用,但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作
(句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语),而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续
到过去某时的动作(句中有表示过去特定时间的状语).
2.比较下面的说法
She had been ill for a week before she came back.
她在回来之前就生病一个星期了.
(回来发生在过去某一时间,发病发生在过去的过去)
She has been ill for a week.
她生病一个星期了.(现在仍在生病)
考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组
come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong to , break out, appear, arrive,
die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed
It took place before liberation.
考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。
ulock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); write ( 写 )；break (破碎)
Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。
The door won’t lock.门锁不上。
The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。
v当feel,look,smell,taste,sound等后面接形容词时；用主动表示被动含义
③want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
④be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
⑤在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
The girl isn’t easy to_get along with.
另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent/let（出租）也用主动形式表被动。
4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。
①be seated坐着
He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）
②be hidden躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.
(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。
③be lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉
⑤be dressed穿着
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
考点三：一些常用经典被动句型：
It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…， It is expected…, It is estimated…,
这些句子一般翻译为“据说……”，“人们认为……”，
而 “以前人们认为……” 则应该说：It was believed…, It was thought…
高考时态题精练
1. ---- my glasses?
---Yes , I saw them on your bed a minute ago.
A. Do you see B.Had you seen
C. Would you see D. Have you seen
2.Helen her keys in the office so she had to wait
until her husband home.
A. Has left/comes B.left/had come
C. had left/came D.had left /would come.
3.---- Can I help you ,sir?
-----Yes ,I bought this radio here
yesterday ,but it ________
A. didn’t work B.won’t work
C. can’t work D.doesn’t work
4. I first met Lisa three years ago .She at
a radio shop at the time.
A, has worked B.was working
C. had been working D.had worked
5.Who is Jerry Cooper?
? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.
A.Don’t you meet him yet B.Hadn’t you met him yet
C. Didn’t you meet him yet D.Haven’t you met him yet
6. Shirley a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.
A .has written B.wrote C.had written D.was writing
7.-----Hi ,Tracy .You look tired.
------I am tired . I the living room all day.
A. painted B.had painted
C.have been painting D.have painted
7. The price , but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B.will go down
C.has gone down D. was going down
8.I ping_pong quite well ,but I haven’t had time to
play since the new year.
A. Will play B. have played C. played D. play
9. ----Nancy is not coming tonight.
-----But she .
A. promise B. promised
C. will promised D. had promised
10. ----Alice , why didn’t you come yesterday ?
-----I , but I had an unexpected visitor.
A. had B.would C. was going to D. did
11. ----Hey , look where you are going!
----Oh , I’m terrible sorry . .
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing
C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
12. ----You’ve left the light on.
----Oh, so I have . and turn it .
A. I’ll go B. I’ve gone C. I go D. I’m going
13.-----How are you today?
-----Oh, I as ill as I do now for a very long time.
Ａ.didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling
C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt
14. The reporter said that the UFO east to west when he saw it .
A.was travelling B. travelled
C.had been travelling D. was to travel
15. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is an easy task because technology
so rapidly.
A. is changing B. has changed
C. will have changed D. will change
16. Visitors not to touch the exhibits.
A. will request B. request C. are requesting D. are requested
17. -----Excuse me ,sir .Would you do me a favor?
-----Of course . What is it ?
-----I if you could tell me how to fill out this form.
A. had wondered B. was wondering
C. would wondering D. did wonder
18.I wonder why Jenny _____us recently. We should
have heard from her by now.
A. hasn't written B. doesn't write
C. won't write D. hadn't written
19. I don't really work here. I______until the new secretary arrives.
A. just help out B. have just helped out
C. am just helping out D. will just help out
【解析】 “我只是在帮忙，直到新秘书到任为止”
20. He will have learned English for eight years by the
time he _________from the university next year.
A. will graduate B. will have graduate
C. graduates D. is to graduate
【解析】by the time后接定语从句，省略了关系副词when。在这 种
定语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。
英语动词时态、语态考点误用
1. 对不起，我没看见你在这儿。
[误] Sorry, I don't see you here.
[正] Sorry, I didn‘t see you here.
[析] 根据语境，本句是指刚才没看见对方在这，而不是现在没看见对方在这，
所以要用一般过去时。
2. 你能告诉我北京冬天是否下雪吗？
[误] Could you tell me if it snowed in winter in Beijing?
[正] Could you tell me if it snows in winter in Beijing?
[析] 一般现在时除表示经常性的动作外，还可表示习惯性的动作，即现阶段的
一个事实，句中不需要任何经常性的时间状语配合。could表示一种客气的语气，
不表示过去时态。
3. 他说他第二天要去合肥出差。
[误] He said he will go to Hefei on business the next day.
[正] He said he would go to Hefei on business the next day.
[析] 主句谓语动词为过去时，宾语从句表示过去的将来要发生的动作，要用过去将来时。
4. 我忘了把你的伞带来了。
[误] I forget to bring your umbrella with me.
[正] I forgot to bring your umbrella with me.
[析] 不用forget，而用forgot，因为现在已经记起来了，forgot是说话这一时刻之前的动作。
由于受汉语思维习惯的影响，动词时态观念不强，误把一般现在时当作一般过去时。
5. 他父亲离开祖国已经50年了。
[误] His father has left his homeland for fifty years.
[正] His father has been away from his homeland for fifty years. [析] 短暂性动词的完成时
(肯定式)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，要么改为表示状态的动词，要么用下列句式来
表达(以此句为例)：
His father left his homeland fifty years ago.
It is fifty years since his father left his homeland.
It has been
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