托福真题(老师).doc

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression111. crumbles readily when exposed to a moist, acid atmosphere, but the stone is durable in a dry atmosphere.(A) The surface of marble is(B) The surface of marble, which(C) Although the surface of marble(D) The surface of marble2. By using their trunks, elephants can tell the shape of an object and is rough or smooth, or hot or cold.(A) it(B) whether it(C) how(D) since it3. In 1989 Carret Hongo was chosen as for the Pulitzer Prize in poetry.(A) his being one of the finalists(B) to be one of the finalists(C) one of the finalists(D) the one finalist who4. The Moon is much closer to Earth is the Sun, and thus it had greater influence on the tides.(A) unlike(B) than(C) but(D) where5. The brain of an average adult is one of the largest organs of the body, about three pounds.(A) weighs(B) is weighed(C) weighing(D) to weigh it6. Throughout history different representations for numbers and for the basic process of counting.(A) have been many(B) there have been many(C) many(D) when many7. Democratic governments constantly face the problem of balancing the individual with the needs of society.(A) the rights of(B) to the rights for(C) for the rights to(D) with the rights by8. Connecticut was the fifth of the original thirteen states the Constitution of the United States.(A) ratified(B) ratify(C) to ratify(D) have ratified9. The chemical composition of sandstone is the same as (A) that of sand(B) that sand is(C) sand is that(D) what of sand10. Hydrofoils can exceed 75 miles per hour, as compared with conventional watercraft, whose maximum speeds approach 50 miles per hour.(A) are rarely(B) rarely(C) of rarely(D) they rarely11. It was novelist and poet in 1968 founded Jackson State Universitys Institute for the Study of the History, Life, and Culture of Black People.(A) Margaret Walker did(B) Margaret Walker(C) Margaret Walker who(D) Margaret Walker and12. Before the Europeans arrived, American Indians were using virgin copper into ornaments, knives, and other artifacts.(A) Which was hammering(B) which hammered(C) was hammered(D) hammered13. In western North America, form the Great Divide, which separates the areas from which waters flow either eastward to the Atlantic or westward to the Pacific.(A) the Rocky Mountains(B) where the Rocky Mountains(C) the Rocky Mountains in which(D) there are the Rocky Mountains14. Some ecologists believe more than 50 percent of existing species will be lost in the next 100 years.(A) because(B) that(C) while there is(D) that there are15. Almost substances expand in volume when heated and contract when cooled.(A) all(B) they all(C) all of(D) all are16. A childrens librarian often conducts story hours and other activities to help childrenA Benjoy herself while developing an interest in reading and the librarys resources.C D17. Titanium has the strength of steel but weighs half only as much, hence its advantageA B Cfor use in aircraft.D18. Protective behaviors of amphibians include hiding in the presence of danger andA Bhaving coloration such closely matching the environment that the animal is notC Dobvious.19. As the highest-paid star of the silent screen, earning a reputedly income of $20, 000A B Ca week, Gloria Swanson epitomized the glamour of Hollywood in the 1920s.D20. Candles may be made by repeatedly dipping wicks in tallow, by molding, nor byA Bpouring melted wax over the wicks and rolling them into shape.C D21. While models of automobiles date back as far as the late 1600s, the 1880sA Bseen the first commercial interest in the vehicle.C D22. The conceptual of musical harmony is generally traced to the ninth century becauseA B Cit is first mentioned in treatises of that period.D23. Palcontologists have examined fossil embryos and hatchlings from three type ofA B Cduck-billed dinosaurs to figure out how they matured.D24. Lightning tends to strike the nearest good conductor, and hence often strikesA Bin same place more than once.C D25. When study different cultures and societies, anthropologists often focus on marriageA Bas a contractual agreement between different parties.C D26. The first piloted balloon flight across the Atlantic Ocean took place at 1978.A B C D27. The Arts and Crafts Movement of the late nineteenth century strove to revitalizingAhandicrafts and applied arts during an era of increasing mass production.B C D28. When canned using proper methods, food suffers no loss in vitamins or anotherA B C Dnutritive elements.29. Heat exhaustion is causing by excessive loss of body fluids and body salts.A B C D30. Primitive humans probably did not deliberately cook food until long after they hadA Blearned to use fire for light and warm.C D31. The poor condition of prisoners are what concerned Dorothea Dix, an AmericanA B Csocial worker and director of a school in Boston.D32. Found in the shells of lobsters, shrimp, and crabs, glucosamine is also presentA B Cin human cartilage, which covering the bones in joints.D33. Between 1871 until 1891, the population of Toronto more than tripled, increasingA B Cfrom 56,000 to 181,000.D34. In the nineteenth century, Montreal grew into an important transportation andA Bindustrial center, aided by its many natural resources and an abundant ofC Dhydroelectric power.35. In the initial planning for theaters, auditoriums, but any room intended primarilyA B Cfor listening, acoustics is a major consideration.D36. The pulse that may be felt wherever an artery passes over a solid structure, such asA B Ca bone or cartilage.D37. Through his essays, poems, and lectures, Ralph Waldo Emerson established himself A Bas a major thinker of his time and as a figure leading of American literature. C D38. The method, which is both a style of acting a system of training for the actor,A Bstresses inner motivation and psychological truth.C D39. On September 6, 1996, civil rights activist Rosa Parks was awarded the PresidentialA BMedal of Freedom, the highest honor the United States government gives to civilian.C D40. Basalt, which composes most of the ocean floor, is a dark-grey rock rich in ironA B C Dand magnesium than most surface rocks.Section Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestion 1-10By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax orwool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinningLine and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during5 this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. Americanproducers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton ginby Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating thefiber-or lint-from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relativelyeasy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the10 base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along thenations eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season,but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker couldhand-process only about one pound per day. Whitneys gin was a hand-powered machinewith revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin,15 a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of largergins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread ofthe cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main Americanexport, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American20 exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent sharein 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of Americanexports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. Thegrowing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an25 unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of theUnited States-west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River. 1. The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time when(A) the European textile industry increased its demand for American export products(B) mechanization of spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry(C) cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to process(D) cotton became the most important American export product2. The word favored in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) preferred(B) recommended(C) imported(D) included3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand forcotton EXCEPT(A) cottons softness(B) cottons ease of processing(C) a shortage of flax and wool(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.4. The word laborious in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) unfamiliar(B) primitive(C) skilled(D) difficult5. According to the passage, one advantage of sea island cotton was its(A) abundance of seeds(B) long fibers(C) long growing season(D) adaptability to different climates6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the UnitedStates after the introduction of Whitneys cotton gin?(A) More cotton came from sea island cotton plants than before.(B) More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before.(C) Most cotton produced was sold domestically.(D) Most cotton produced was exported to England.7. The word surge in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) sharp increase(B) sudden stop(C) important change(D) excess amount8. The author mentions wheat and wheat flour in line 22 in order to(A) show that Americans exported more agricultural products than they imported.(B) show the increase in the amount of wheat products exported.(C) demonstrate the importance of cotton among American export products.(D) demonstrate that wheat farming was becoming more profitable.9. The word unprecedented in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) slow(B) profitable(C) not seen before(D) never explained10. According to the passage, the Mississippi River was(A) one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took place(B) a major source of water for agricultural crops(C) the primary route by which agricultural crops were transported(D) a main source of power for most agricultural machineryQuestion 11-19 The origins of nest-building remain obscure, but current observation of nest-buildingactivities provide evidence of their evolution. Clues to this evolutionary process can befound in the activities of play and in the behavior and movements of birds during mating,Line such as incessant pulling at strips of vegetation or scraping of the soil. During the early5 days of the reproductive cycle, the birds seem only to play with the building materials. Inpreparation for mating, they engage in activities that resemble nest-building, and continuethese activities throughout and even after the mating cycle. Effective attempts at constructionoccur only after mating.Although nest-building is an instinctive ability, there is considerable adaptability in10 both site selection and use of materials, especially with those species which build quiteelaborate constructions. Furthermore, some element of learning is often evident sinceyounger birds do not build as well as their practiced elders. Young ravens, for example,first attempt to build with sticks of quite unsuitable size, while a jackdaws first nestincludes virtually any movable object. The novelist John Steinbeck recorded the contents15 of a young osprey nest built in his garden, which included three shirts, a bath towel, andone arrow.Birds also display remarkable behavior in collecting building materials. Crows havebeen seen to tear off stout green twigs, and sparrowhawks will dive purposefully onto abranch until it snaps and then hang upside down to break it off. Golden eagles, over20 generations of work, construct enormous nests. One of these, examined after it had beendislodged by high winds, weighed almost two tons and included foundation branchesalmost two meters long. The carrying capacity of the eagles, however, is only relative totheir size ant1 most birds are able to carry an extra load of just over twenty percent of theirbody weight. 11. The word obscure in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) interesting(B) unclear(C) imperfect(D) complex12. According to the passage, which of the following activities is characteristic of the early part ofthe reproductive cycle of birds?(A) Selecting a mate(B) Collecting nest-building materials(C) Playing with nest-building materials(D) Building a nest13. The word display in line 1