托福真题(老师).doc

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

11

1. crumbles readily when exposed to a moist, acid atmosphere, but the stone is durable in a dry atmosphere.
(A) The surface of marble is
(B) The surface of marble, which
(C) Although the surface of marble
(D) The surface of marble

2. By using their trunks, elephants can tell the shape of an object and is rough or smooth, or hot or cold.
(A) it
(B) whether it
(C) how
(D) since it

3. In 1989 Carret Hongo was chosen as for the Pulitzer Prize in poetry.
(A) his being one of the finalists
(B) to be one of the finalists
(C) one of the finalists
(D) the one finalist who

4. The Moon is much closer to Earth is the Sun, and thus it had greater influence on the tides.
(A) unlike
(B) than
(C) but
(D) where

5. The brain of an average adult is one of the largest organs of the body, about three pounds.
(A) weighs
(B) is weighed
(C) weighing
(D) to weigh it

6. Throughout history different representations for numbers and for the basic process of counting.
(A) have been many
(B) there have been many
(C) many
(D) when many

7. Democratic governments constantly face the problem of balancing the individual with the needs of society.
(A) the rights of
(B) to the rights for
(C) for the rights to
(D) with the rights by

8. Connecticut was the fifth of the original thirteen states the Constitution of the United States.
(A) ratified
(B) ratify
(C) to ratify
(D) have ratified

9. The chemical composition of sandstone is the same as
(A) that of sand
(B) that sand is
(C) sand is that
(D) what of sand

10. Hydrofoils can exceed 75 miles per hour, as compared with conventional watercraft, whose maximum speeds approach 50 miles per hour.
(A) are rarely
(B) rarely
(C) of rarely
(D) they rarely

11. It was novelist and poet in 1968 founded Jackson State University's Institute for the Study of the History, Life, and Culture of Black People.
(A) Margaret Walker did
(B) Margaret Walker
(C) Margaret Walker who
(D) Margaret Walker and

12. Before the Europeans arrived, American Indians were using virgin copper into ornaments, knives, and other artifacts.
(A) Which was hammering
(B) which hammered
(C) was hammered
(D) hammered

13. In western North America, form the Great Divide, which separates the areas from which waters flow either eastward to the Atlantic or westward to the Pacific.
(A) the Rocky Mountains
(B) where the Rocky Mountains
(C) the Rocky Mountains in which
(D) there are the Rocky Mountains

14. Some ecologists believe more than 50 percent of existing species will be lost in the next 100 years.
(A) because
(B) that
(C) while there is
(D) that there are

15. Almost substances expand in volume when heated and contract when cooled.
(A) all
(B) they all
(C) all of
(D) all are

16. A children's librarian often conducts story hours and other activities to help children
A B
enjoy herself while developing an interest in reading and the library's resources.
C D

17. Titanium has the strength of steel but weighs half only as much, hence its advantage
A B C
for use in aircraft.
D

18. Protective behaviors of amphibians include hiding in the presence of danger and
A B
having coloration such closely matching the environment that the animal is not
C D
obvious.

19. As the highestpaid star of the silent screen, earning a reputedly income of $20, 000
A B C
a week, Gloria Swanson epitomized the glamour of Hollywood in the 1920's.
D

20. Candles may be made by repeatedly dipping wicks in tallow, by molding, nor by
A B
pouring melted wax over the wicks and rolling them into shape.
C D

21. While models of automobiles date back as far as the late 1600's, the 1880's
A B
seen the first commercial interest in the vehicle.
C D

22. The conceptual of musical harmony is generally traced to the ninth century because
A B C
it is first mentioned in treatises of that period.
D
23. Palcontologists have examined fossil embryos and hatchlings from three type of
A B C
duck-billed dinosaurs to figure out how they matured.
D

24. Lightning tends to strike the nearest good conductor, and hence often strikes
A B
in same place more than once.
C D

25. When study different cultures and societies, anthropologists often focus on marriage
A B
as a contractual agreement between different parties.
C D

26. The first piloted balloon flight across the Atlantic Ocean took place at 1978.
A B C D

27. The Arts and Crafts Movement of the late nineteenth century strove to revitalizing
A
handicrafts and applied arts during an era of increasing mass production.
B C D

28. When canned using proper methods, food suffers no loss in vitamins or another
A B C D
nutritive elements.

29. Heat exhaustion is causing by excessive loss of body fluids and body salts.
A B C D

30. Primitive humans probably did not deliberately cook food until long after they had
A B
learned to use fire for light and warm.
C D

31. The poor condition of prisoners are what concerned Dorothea Dix, an American
A B C
social worker and director of a school in Boston.
D

32. Found in the shells of lobsters, shrimp, and crabs, glucosamine is also present
A B C
in human cartilage, which covering the bones in joints.
D

33. Between 1871 until 1891, the population of Toronto more than tripled, increasing
A B C
from 56,000 to 181,000.
D

34. In the nineteenth century, Montreal grew into an important transportation and
A B
industrial center, aided by its many natural resources and an abundant of
C D
hydroelectric power.

35. In the initial planning for theaters, auditoriums, but any room intended primarily
A B C
for listening, acoustics is a major consideration.
D

36. The pulse that may be felt wherever an artery passes over a solid structure, such as
A B C
a bone or cartilage.
D

37. Through his essays, poems, and lectures, Ralph Waldo Emerson established himself
A B
as a major thinker of his time and as a figure leading of American literature.
C D

38. The "method", which is both a style of acting a system of training for the actor,
A B
stresses inner motivation and psychological truth.
C D

39. On September 6, 1996, civil rights activist Rosa Parks was awarded the Presidential
A B
Medal of Freedom, the highest honor the United States government gives to civilian.
C D

40. Basalt, which composes most of the ocean floor, is a dark-grey rock rich in iron
A B C D
and magnesium than most surface rocks.

Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Question 1-10
By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or
wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning

Line and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during
5 this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American
producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin
by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the
fiber---or lint--from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively
easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the
10 base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the
nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season,
but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could
hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine
with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin,
15 a worker could produce up to '50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger
gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.
The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of
the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American
export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American
20 exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share
in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.
In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American
exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The
growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an
25 unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the
United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.

1. The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time when
(A) the European textile industry increased its demand for American export products
(B) mechanization of spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry
(C) cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to process
(D) cotton became the most important American export product

2. The word "favored" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) preferred
(B) recommended
(C) imported
(D) included
3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for
cotton EXCEPT
(A) cotton's softness
(B) cotton's ease of processing
(C) a shortage of flax and wool
(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.

4. The word "laborious" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) unfamiliar
(B) primitive
(C) skilled
(D) difficult

5. According to the passage, one advantage of sea island cotton was its
(A) abundance of seeds
(B) long fibers
(C) long growing season
(D) adaptability to different climates

6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the United
States after the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin?
(A) More cotton came from sea island cotton plants than before.
(B) More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before.
(C) Most cotton produced was sold domestically.
(D) Most cotton produced was exported to England.

7. The word "surge" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) sharp increase
(B) sudden stop
(C) important change
(D) excess amount

8. The author mentions "wheat and wheat flour" in line 22 in order to
(A) show that Americans exported more agricultural products than they imported.
(B) show the increase in the amount of wheat products exported.
(C) demonstrate the importance of cotton among American export products.
(D) demonstrate that wheat farming was becoming more profitable.

9. The word "unprecedented" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) slow
(B) profitable
(C) not seen before
(D) never explained

10. According to the passage, the Mississippi River was
(A) one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took place
(B) a major source of water for agricultural crops
(C) the primary route by which agricultural crops were transported
(D) a main source of power for most agricultural machinery

Question 11-19

The origins of nest-building remain obscure, but current observation of nest-building
activities provide evidence of their evolution. Clues to this evolutionary process can be
found in the activities of play and in the behavior and movements of birds during mating,
Line such as incessant pulling at strips of vegetation or scraping of the soil. During the early
5 days of the reproductive cycle, the birds seem only to play with the building materials. In
preparation for mating, they engage in activities that resemble nest-building, and continue
these activities throughout and even after the mating cycle. Effective attempts at construction
occur only after mating.
Although nest-building is an instinctive ability, there is considerable adaptability in
10 both site selection and use of materials, especially with those species which build quite
elaborate constructions. Furthermore, some element of learning is often evident since
younger birds do not build as well as their practiced elders. Young ravens, for example,
first attempt to build with sticks of quite unsuitable size, while a jackdaw's first nest
includes virtually any movable object. The novelist John Steinbeck recorded the contents
15 of a young osprey nest built in his garden, which included three shirts, a bath towel, and
one arrow.
Birds also display remarkable behavior in collecting building materials. Crows have
been seen to tear off stout green twigs, and sparrowhawks will dive purposefully onto a
branch until it snaps and then hang upside down to break it off. Golden eagles, over
20 generations of work, construct enormous nests. One of these, examined after it had been
dislodged by high winds, weighed almost two tons and included foundation branches
almost two meters long. The carrying capacity of the eagles, however, is only relative to
their size ant1 most birds are able to carry an extra load of just over twenty percent of their
body weight.

11. The word "obscure" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) interesting
(B) unclear
(C) imperfect
(D) complex

12. According to the passage, which of the following activities is characteristic of the early part of
the reproductive cycle of birds?
(A) Selecting a mate
(B) Collecting nest-building materials
(C) Playing with nest-building materials
(D) Building a nest

13. The word "display" in line 1