初中英语音标发音表及发音规则.doc

一、 英语音标发音表
英语国际音标共48个音素，其中元音音素20个，辅音音素28个。
国际音标（英语语音）
元音
单元音
前元音
[i:]
[i]
[e]
[æ]

中元音
[ʌ]
[ə:]
[ə]

后元音
[u:]
[u]
[ɔ:]
[ɔ]
[a:]
双元音
开合双元音
[ei]
[ai]
[ɔi]
[əu]
[au]
集中双元音
[iə]
[εə]
[uə]

辅音
爆破音
清辅音
[p]
[t]
[k]

浊辅音
[b]
[d]
[g]

摩擦音
清辅音
[f]
[s]
[ʃ]
[θ]
[h]
浊辅音
[v]
[z]
[ʒ]
[ð]

破擦音
清辅音
[tʃ]
[tr]
[ts]

浊辅音
[dʒ]
[dr]
[dz]

鼻音
（浊辅音）
[m]
[n]
[ŋ]

舌则音
（浊辅音）
[l]
[r]

半元音
（浊辅音）
[w]
[j]

[i:]字母组合 ee ea e ie --three tree green sheep meet beef see seek eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean piece
[æ]发音字母 a--bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man
[e]字母组合 ea e a--head bread pleasure elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes many any
[]字母组合ir ur ear er or--girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger learn earn earth heard
[ε]字母组合 er or ou ar o a e u--teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder doctor actor mayor author tractor delicious gracious pleasure familiar collar dollar together tomorrow today lesson control around account ago elephant manta banana Canada
[a:] 字母组合 ar a--car farm card arm garden fast class last glass plant aunt calm
[]发音字母 u o ou oo--up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus come mother dose brother love above trouble rough flourish blood flood
[]字母组合 al or au our ar--small wall talk tall hall ball call walk short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store author caught autumn four mourn court bought warm quarrel quarter
[]发音字母 o a--hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not want wash watch
[u:]字母组合 oo o u--food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth shoe do two true truth blue full prude
[u]字母组合 oo ou u o--look good foot book wood should could put full bull pull push woman wolf
[ei]发音字母 a ay ea ai ey--name cake late gate plane April play say may way great break rain paint plain they grey
[ai]发音字母 i y--bike fine find die nine light night high my try fly eye
[au]字母组合 ou ow--house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse flower down now cow how town
[]发音字母 o ow oa--home cold go no phone host ghost know low below grow blow show flow boat coat goal
[i]字母组合 eer ear--beer deerear near here fierce idea
[]字母组合ear air ere--pear bear chair air fair there where care
[u]字母组合our ower--hour tour flower shower
[t] tree two ten ton town twenty city
[d] door dull desk dose do dog dictionary
[k] king kite key look cook book kitchen sky
[g] girl good goal goat grade long language
[m] man make moon morning move come comb
[n] pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean
[] uncle bank English think thank junk  sing king morning
[l] long land lend lord fly flag black world cold could goal soul
[r] read red right run room write
[f] five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wife cough laugh rough
[v] very evening even every voice vest of
[s] six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarf
[z] zoo zebra zero zap close nose hose suppose pause those
[] that this those these though
[∫] sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush wash nation attention
[h] hot hop home house horse how who
[w] when what where window wind wood
[j] yes year yell you your yolk yellow
[] child chicken china chair lunch ouch catch teach
[] age language cabbage vegetable stage bridge joy enjoy join July June junk
[tr] tree country try treat track trunk
[dr] dry dream drop drive drink
[ts] students boots boats goats nuts
[dz] goods woods moods hoods

二、特殊单词发音：
31

元音:

1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie

three tree green sheep meet beef see seek(ee)

eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean please(ea)

he she me(e)

piece receive ceiling (ie,ei)

2) [i] 发音字母 i y e

sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss

myth many twenty happy dictionary

defect decide delicious

3) 发音字母 a

bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man

4) [e] 字母组合 ea e a

head bread pleasure

elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes

many any

5) [ε:] 字母组合ir ur ear er or

girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird

turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger

learn earn earth heard

term her nerd serve

work worm work world

6) [ε] 字母组合 er or ou ar o a e u

teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder

doctor actor mayor author tractor

delicious gracious

pleasure familiar

collar dollar together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control polite around account ago

elephant manta banana Canada Japan china men listen

famulus Saturday

7) [a:] 字母组合 ar a

car farm card arm garden

fast class last glass plant aunt calm

8) [ ] 发音字母 u o ou oo

up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus

come mother dose brother love above

trouble rough flourish

blood flood

9) [ ]字母组合 al or au our ar aw

small wall talk tall hall ball call walk

short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store

author caught autumn

four mourn court bought

warm quarrel quarter

draw saw flaw

10) [ ] 发音字母 o a

hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not

want wash

11) [u:] 字母组合 oo o u

food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth

shoe do two

true truth blue full

12) [u] 字母组合 oo ou u

look good foot book

should could

put full bull pull push

woman wolf

13) [ei] 发音字母 a ay ea ai ey

name cake late gate plane April

play say may way

great break

rain paint plain

they grey

14) [ai] 发音字母 i y

bike fine find die nine light night high

my try fly eye

15) [au] 字母组合 ou ow

house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse

flower down now cow how town

16) [εu] 发音字母 o ow oa

home cold go no phone host ghost

know low below grow blow show flow

boat coat goal

17) [ ] 字母组合oy oi

boy toy joy

oil soil voice choice

18) [iε] 字母组合 eer

beer deer ear idea near here fierce

19) [ ] 字母组合ear air

pear bear chair air fair care there where

20) [uε] hour tour poor flower shower

[ei] [ai] [aU] [EU] [Ri] [i[] [Z[] [UE]

2 容易混淆的元音

[ ] [e]

bad bed hand head man men land lend pan pen sad said

[i：] [ei]

real rail greet great mean main read raid

[e] [ai]

bet bite red write said side head hide

[aU] [ ]

house horse loud lord south sauce cloud clause now nor count corn

[aU] [ ]

found fond down done gown gone town ton

3辅音

1) [p] pen pear play pig pour pull push

2) [b] book big boot bike bread break

3) [t] tree two ten ton town twenty city

4) [d] door dull desk dose do dog dictionary

5) [k] king kite key look cook book kitchen sky (发音字母k)

card cat cream correct climb come account accept (发音字母c)

fox box oxygen x-ray (发音字母x)

school schedule schema (字母组合ch)

6) [g] girl good goal goat grade long language

7) [m] man make moon morning move come comb

8) [n] pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean

9) [N] uncle bank English think thank junk

sing king morning evening

10) [l] long land lend lord fly flag black

world cold could goal soul

11) [r] read red right run room write

12) [f] five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wife （字母f）

cough laugh rough（字母gh）

physic photo phone (ph)

13) [v] very evening even every voice vest( 字母v)

of (字母f)

14) [s] six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarf (发音字母s)

license city cease cedar ceiling celebrate (发音字母c)

licence piece juice science lance space ace (字母组合ce)

15) [z] zoo zebra zero zap (z)

close nose hose suppose pause those whose (se)

16) [ ] think thank three thirty tooth mouth

17) [ ] that this those these though

18) [ ] sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush wash (sh)

nation attention station

social special

sure

19) [ ] pleasure

20) [h] hot hop home house horse how who

21) [w] when what where window wind wood

22) [j] yes year yell you your yolk yellow

23) [ ] child chicken china chair lunch ouch teach (字母组合ch）

catch watch match （字母组合tch)

24) [ ] age language cabbage vegetable stage bridge

joy enjoy join July June junk

25) [tr] tree country try treat track trunk

26) [dr] dry dream drop drive drink

27) [ts] students boots boats goats nuts

28) [dz] goods woods moods hoods

4容易混淆的辅音

[v] [w]

vest west vet wet vine wine very well

[s] [ ]

sink think mass math miss myth sort sought

[z] [ ]

close cloth breeze breathe

[n] [ ]

thin thing sin sing ran rang ban bang win wing

5 字母，组合音节发音规律

1）a [ei] [?] [ ] [a:] [ ]

late private grade bake grape nation station page

active hand bank fan parent family glad flag

accept about above formative machine cinema

fast last glass class past father

wash what watch want

2）e [i:] [e] [i] [ ] 不发音

appreciate extremely secret she me he

letter left message generate pebble

decide pretty previous result restore

problem prosperous student confident

active table late wife store lecture

3）i [ai] [i]

high price library ice cream wife size line

fist pick chicken piano fiancé city unit

4）o [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

lode host cold note okay old home

lose do who whose prove

love some other mother honey company

today tomorrow together control collect

lost hot mock office soft honest

5）u [ju] [u] [ ] [ ]

university refuse unique universe huge

put push pull full bull

but brush bucket duck bubble

support suggest

6）c [k] [s]

country camp camera courage cable

city ceiling celebrate cell cease

7）g [g] [ ] [ ]

girl grade glass glade bag flag

village vegetable bridge gentleman gym

long song sing morning evening

8) l [l] 读音不同

listen learn language collect English gorilla

world cold soil tall sell cool animal

9) n [n] [ ]

moon night noodle number

uncle hungry angry young

10) r [r] [ ](美语发音)

right read write grade progress

card board door floor form north

11）y [j] [i] [ai]

yellow year yell young yolk

university country pretty happy

dyke dying fly buy by my

12）ar [a:] [ ] [ ]

farm card garden mark

dollar

warm quarrel quarter

13) ea [i:] [e] [ei] [ ]

cease season breathe feature meat please

bread breast breath meadow weather

great break

idea realize

14) ear [ ] [ ]

learn earth earn heard

hear near clear ear fear

15) er [ ] [ ] [ ]

deserve serve her person

teacher driver anger singer

serious experience mysterious fierce

16） ere [ ] [ ]

here mere fere sere

there

17) ir [ ] [ai]

shirt girl skirt

admire desire

18) oo [u:] [u] [ ] [ ]

room tool cool moon noon goof food

good foot stood wood wool cook wood book

blood flood

door floor

19) or [ ] [ ] [ ]

short form corn born for

work world worm word worst

tractor doctor actor sector senior senator

20) oor [ ] [ ]

door floor

moor poor boor

21) our [ ] [ ]

hour tour flour bourn lour

pour court four mourn

22) ou [au] [ ] [ ]

house mouth mouse sound found

enough trouble touch

delicious gracious prosperous

23) ow [ ] [au]

window meadow know show low

now town how down cow

24) se [z] [s]

nose suppose gose lose pose rose

mouse house

25) th [W] [T]

thank think thought cloth

clothes that this then than

26) sion [ ] [ ]

propulsion tension progression passion

protrusion provision conclusion television

27) tion [ ] [ ](不常见)

station nation translation attention

question

三、连续与爆破音
　　那么，什么是连读呢？
　　在连贯地说话或朗读时,在同一个意群(即短语或从句)中,如果相邻的两个词前者以辅音音素结尾,后者以元音音素开头,如:not at all如:Please take a look at it.　
　　I’m~an~English boy.
　　It~is~an~old book.
　　Let me have~a look~at~it.
　　Ms Black worked in~an~office last~yesterday.
　　I called~you half~an~hour~ago.
　　Put~it~on, please.
　　Not~at~all.
　　Please pick~it~up.

　　 “辅音+半元音”型连读
　　英语语音中的 /j/和/w/是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是/j/开头，此时也要连读。
　　Thank~you.
　　Nice to meet~you.
　　Did~you get there late~again?
　　Would~you like~a cup~of tea？
　　Could~you help me, please?
　　 “元音+元音”型连读如果前一个词以元音结尾，后一个词以元音开头，这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。
　　I~am Chinese.
　　He~is very friendly to me.
　　She wants to study~English.
　　How~and why did you come here?
　　She can’t carry~it.
　　It’ll take you three~hours to walk there.
　　The question is too~easy for him to answer.

　　爆破音是指发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音。这些音有6个,即/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/和/g/。但在某些情况下,发爆破音时,气流不必冲破阻碍,而只是发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,并稍做停顿,(也就是说,做好要发出这个爆破音的准备,但不要发出音来),这样的发音过程叫作"不完全爆破"。
　　6个爆破音有3对/p/，/b/，/t/，/d/，/k/，/g/
　　失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情况下，只须做出发音的准备，但并不发音，稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。
　　(1)“爆破音+爆破音” 型
　　6个爆破音【t、d、k、g、p、b】中的任意2个相临时，前一个爆破音会失去爆破，即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势，稍做停顿后即发后面的爆破音。
　　The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now.
　　The bi(g) bus from the fa(c) tory is full of people.
　　Wha(t) time does he get up every morning?
　　This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car.
　　The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too.
　　We’re going to work on a farm nex(t) Tuesday.
　　What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee?
　　It’s a very col(d) day, but it’s a goo(d) day.
　　You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden.
　　I bought a chea(p) book, but it’s a goo(d) book.
　 “爆破音+摩擦音”型如果前面是爆破音，其后紧跟着某些摩擦音（如/f/，/s/，/W/，/T/等），那么前面那个爆破音仅有十分轻微的爆破，而后面那个摩擦音则要完全爆破。
　　Goo(d) morning, Mr. Bell.
　　Goo(d) morning, dear.
　　Uncle Li’s fa(c)tory is qui(te) near to the cinema.
　　I wen(t) there alone a(t) nine las(t) night.
　　-Do you know his bi(ke) number? -Sorry, I don’(t) know.
　　The forty-firs(t) lesson is qui(te) difficult 3、通过活动，使学生养成博览群书的好习惯。
B比率分析法和比较分析法不能测算出各因素的影响程度。√
C采用约当产量比例法，分配原材料费用与分配加工费用所用的完工率都是一致的。Ｘ
C采用直接分配法分配辅助生产费用时，应考虑各辅助生产车间之间相互提供产品或劳务的情况。错
C产品的实际生产成本包括废品损失和停工损失。√
C成本报表是对外报告的会计报表。×
C成本分析的首要程序是发现问题、分析原因。×
C成本会计的对象是指成本核算。×
C成本计算的辅助方法一般应与基本方法结合使用而不单独使用。√
C成本计算方法中的最基本的方法是分步法。X
D当车间生产多种产品时，“废品损失”、“停工损失”的借方余额，月末均直接记入该产品的产品成本
中。×
D定额法是为了简化成本计算而采用的一种成本计算方法。×
F“废品损失”账户月末没有余额。√
F废品损失是指在生产过程中发现和入库后发现的不可修复废品的生产成本和可修复废品的修复费用。Ｘ
F分步法的一个重要特点是各步骤之间要进行成本结转。(√)
G各月末在产品数量变化不大的产品，可不计算月末在产品成本。错
G工资费用就是成本项目。(×)
G归集在基本生产车间的制造费用最后均应分配计入产品成本中。对
J计算计时工资费用，应以考勤记录中的工作时间记录为依据。(√)
J简化的分批法就是不计算在产品成本的分批法。(×)
J简化分批法是不分批计算在产品成本的方法。对
J加班加点工资既可能是直接计人费用，又可能是间接计人费用。√
J接生产工艺过程的特点，工业企业的生产可分为大量生产、成批生产和单件生产三种，X
K可修复废品是指技术上可以修复使用的废品。错
K可修复废品是指经过修理可以使用，而不管修复费用在经济上是否合算的废品。Ｘ
P品种法只适用于大量大批的单步骤生产的企业。×
Q企业的制造费用一定要通过“制造费用”科目核算。Ｘ
Q企业职工的医药费、医务部门、职工浴室等部门职工的工资，均应通过“应付工资”科目核算。Ｘ
S生产车间耗用的材料，全部计入“直接材料”成本项目。Ｘ
S适应生产特点和管理要求，采用适当的成本计算方法，是成本核算的基础工作。(×)
W完工产品费用等于月初在产品费用加本月生产费用减月末在产品费用。对
Y“预提费用”可能出现借方余额，其性质属于资产，实际上是待摊费用。对
Y引起资产和负债同时减少的支出是费用性支出。X
Y以应付票据去偿付购买材料的费用，是成本性支出。X
Y原材料分工序一次投入与原材料在每道工序陆续投入，其完工率的计算方法是完全一致的。Ｘ
Y运用连环替代法进行分析，即使随意改变各构成因素的替换顺序，各因素的影响结果加总后仍等于指标的总差异，因此更换各因索替换顺序，