Style-文学原理教程课件.ppt

Style,Tone&Irony2021/10/101Style 风格风格-Theauthorscharacteristicmannerofexpression.HemingwayandFaulkneraregoodexamplesofcontrastingstyles.2021/10/1021.Diction措辞-Awriterschoiceofwordsthatcompriseanauthorsbasicvocabulary.2021/10/103DenotativeV.S.ConnotativemeaningofwordsDenotation表义-Thebasicdefinition/dictionarymeaningofawordwordmeanings2021/10/104Connotation涵义-Themeaningsuggested/impliedbyagivenword/phrase,asopposedtoitsliteralmeaningwordsuggestions2021/10/105DegreeofconcretenessV.S.abstractness2021/10/106Concrete具体-Languagereferringdirectlytowhatwesee,hear,touch,taste,orsmellisconcrete.Mostliteratureusesconcretelanguageandexpressesevenabstractconceptsconcretelythroughimagesandmetaphors.2021/10/107Abstract抽象-Theoppositeofconcrete,usedtodescribeawordorgroupofwordsrepresentingattitudes,generalities,ideas,orqualitiesthatcannotbeapprehendeddirectlythroughthesenses.Thelanguageofphilosophyandsciencetendstobeabstract.2021/10/108DegreeofallusivenessAllusion引喻，暗示-Areference,generallybrief,toaperson,place,thingoreventwithwhichthereaderispresumablyfamiliar.2021/10/109Eg:MagnusistheAdonisoftheclass.(Adonisisamythicalcharacterwhoisthemosthandsome.)SomecallMarcosamodernHitler.(Marcosisanex-presidentofthePhilippines.)2021/10/1010PartsofspeechLength&ConstructionLevelofusageStandardV.S.NonstandardFormalV.S.Informal/Colloquial2021/10/1011Imagery意象-Sensorypicturesproducedverballythroughfigurativelanguage.FigurativeDevicesSimileMetaphorPersonification2021/10/1012Rhythm&SoundPatternsRhythm-Thepatternofflowandmovementcreatedbythechoiceofwordsandthearrangementofphrasesandsentences.2021/10/1013Rhythmisdirectlyaffectedby-thelengthandcompositionofsentences,-theuseofpauseswithinsentences,-theuseofrepetition,and-theeaseordifficultyinpronouncingthecombinationsofwordsoundsinthesentences.2021/10/1014Alliteration头韵Assonance准押韵，半谐韵Consonance和音Onomatopoeia象声词2021/10/10152.Syntax-Thewaystheauthorarrangeswordsintophrases,clauses,andfinallywholesentencestoachieveparticulareffects.2021/10/1016LengthShort,Spare&EconomicalLong&InvolvedFormSimpleCompoundComplex2021/10/1017SimpleSentence-Asimplesentence,alsocalledanindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.2021/10/1018Eg:Somestudentsliketostudyinthemornings.JuanandArturoplayfootballeveryafternoon.Aliciagoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday.2021/10/1019Compoundsentence-Acompoundsentencecontainstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator(for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so).-Exceptforveryshortsentences,coordinatorsarealwaysprecededbyacomma.2021/10/1020Eg:ItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish.Aliceplayedfootball,soMariawentshopping.Aliceplayedfootball,forMariawentshopping.2021/10/1021ComplexSentence-Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedbyoneormoredependentclauses.-Italwayshasasubordinator(because,since,after,although,when)orarelativepronoun(that,who,which).2021/10/1022Eg:Whenhehandedinhishomework,heforgottogivetheteacherthelastpage.Theteacherreturnedthehomeworkaftershenoticedtheerror.Thestudentsarestudyingbecausetheyhaveatesttomorrow.2021/10/1023Aftertheyfinishedstudying,JuanandMariawenttothemovies.JuanandMariawenttothemoviesaftertheyfinishedstudying.2021/10/1024ConstructionLooseSentence松散句-Onethatfollowsthenormalsubject-verb-objectpattern,statingtheirmainideanearthebeginningintheformofanindependentclause.2021/10/1025-Itcontainsamainclauseplusasubordinateconstruction-Theinformationisorderlypresentation.-Itissimpler,natural,anddirect.Eg:MyroommatetoldmetobuyaticketforhimwhenIwenttotrainstationyesterday.2021/10/1026PeriodicSentence圆周句-Onethatdeliberatelywithholdorsuspendthecompletionofthemainideauntiltheendofthesentence.2021/10/1027-Acomplexsentenceinwhichthemainclausecomeslastandisprecededbythesubordinateclause.Eg:Feelingveryhungry,hewenthome.2021/10/1028Eg:AndthoughIhavethegiftofprophecy,andunderstandallmysteries,andallknowledge;andthoughIhaveallfaith,sothatIcouldremovemountains,andhavenotcharity,Iamnothing.(TheKingJamesBible,ICorinthians13)2021/10/1029BalancedSentence平衡句-Oneinwhichtwosimilarorantitheticalideasarebalanced.Eg:Theroleofamanistoprovideandtheroleofawomanistocareforthehouseholdandfamily.2021/10/1030Eg:Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes.(ATaleofTwoCities)Whitechickenslaywhiteeggs,andbrownchickenslaybrowneggs;soifwhitecowsgivewhitemilk,dobrowncowsgivechocolatemilk?2021/10/1031Tone 语调语调-Theauthorsattitude,statedorimplied,towardthesubjectoraudience.2021/10/1032ThetoneofapieceofwritingcanbeFormalIntimateOutspokenReticentAbstruseSimpleSolemnPlayfulAngryLovingSeriousIronic2021/10/1033ToneV.S.MoodMood-Theclimateoffeelinginaliterarywork.2021/10/1034Tone-Thechoiceofwordsanddetailscanrevealtheauthorstone.Mood-Thechoiceofsetting,objects,details,images,andwordsallcontributetowardscreatingaspecificmood.2021/10/1035Eg:Anauthormaycreateamoodofmysteryaroundacharacterorsettingbutmaytreatthatcharacterorsettinginanironic,serious,orhumoroustone.2021/10/1036Irony 反语法反语法-Somecontrastordiscrepancybetweenappearanceandreality.2021/10/10371.Verbal Irony 语辞反讽Apersonsaystheoppositeofwhathemeans.Speakersaysonethingbutmeansanother2021/10/1038Eg:“Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatssinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.”(Pride&Prejudice)-Intheendthetruthturnsouttobenothingbutcommonplace.Amarveloustime-aboringtime2021/10/10392.SituationalIrony情景反讽Discrepanciesbetweenwhatisexpectedtohappenandwhatactuallyhappens.Whathappensistheoppositeofwhatsexpected.2021/10/1040Eg:“The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock”byT.S.Eliot-Ironicallyabouttheabsenceoflove.ItrainsontheWeatherBureausannualpicnic.2021/10/1041Eg:Awomanisassaultedbyaman,waits35yearstogetrevenge,thenfallsinlovewithhimthenexttimetheymeet.Evilorhorroroccursonabrightsunnyday.2021/10/10423.Dramatic Irony 戏剧性讽刺Discrepancybetweenwhatcharactersknowandwhatreadersknow.Audienceknowswhatthecharactersdont.2021/10/1043Eg:Characteraskswhatpunishmentforhercrimewillbe,thinkingitwillbeafine;audienceknowsthepunishmentwillbedeath2021/10/1044Eg:Acharactersays,“This is the happiest day of my life,”andtheaudienceknowswhatthecharacterdoesnthisfamilyhasjustdiedinaplanecrash.2021/10/1045