初一报刊阅读材料-国家文化类.doc

资源描述

Cultural China 中国文化类 Crazy ‘soccer’ of ancient China 古代足球也疯狂 The 2018 FIFA World Cup (国际足联世界杯) is coming on Thursday! Are you excited? Soccer is very popular around the world. But did you know? In ancient China, people were crazy for a sport that was a lot like soccer. It is called cuju (蹴鞠). Did you know? Cuju means “kick a ball with one’s foot”. It is the ancestor (祖先) of soccer. Chinese people played it over 2,000 years ago. Ball and goal Look, this is the ball used in cuju. It is made of pieces of leather (皮革片). There is air inside of it. Does it look like a soccer ball to you? How to play it? Today, soccer teams have 11 players. But cuju teams had more players. Both of the teams tried to kick the ball into the goal. There were also referees (评委) and cheerleaders (啦啦队). In the Song Dynasty (宋代), if a team lost a game, the captain (队长) would have his face painted white! Female players Many girls in ancient China played cuju for fun. Some of them played it very well and joined cuju teams. During the Tang Dynasty (唐代), a 17-year-old girl once beat a team of soldiers! Big fans Many famous people were cuju fans. The great Han general Huo Qubing (汉代将军霍去病) loved the sport. He once used this game to train his soldiers. Have a go 1. The ball in cuju is made of ____. (wood/ leather) 2. Cuju is the ancestor of ____. (soccer/ basketball) The story of money 穿越古代，该用什么“买单”? How do you pay when shopping in a supermarket? You can pay with coins, paper money, or just scan a QR code (扫描二维码) with your phone! But how did people in ancient China pay? What kind of money could they use? The earliest money What was the earliest Chinese money made of (用……制作)? Was it gold, silver (银的) or paper? No, it was made of seashells (贝壳)! People used seashells because they are small and beautiful. They are also easy to carry and count (数). Did you know? Many Chinese words have the part “贝”, such as “货”, “赚” and “贵”. Can you see? All of these words have something to do with money. The copper coin Emperor Qinshihuang (秦始皇) ordered people to make copper coins (铜钱). Most copper coins are round with a square hole (方孔) in the center. Ancient Chinese thought the sky was round and Earth was square. This is why copper coins have this kind of shape. Jiaozi: the paper money Ancient Chinese invented paper. They were also the first to use paper money! In the Song Dynasty (宋代), people began to use paper instead of (代替) coins. Look, there are houses, people and words on the paper. It is jiaozi (交子). Have a go 1. The earliest money was made of ____. A. gold B. copper C. shells 2. People began to use paper money in the ____ Dynasty. A. Han B. Song C. Qing Amazing refrigerator 古人居然也用冰箱？ The weather is getting hot. But you don’t have to worry. Many things can help you beat the heat (降温), such as air conditioners (空调), ice cream and refrigerators. But do you know ancient (古代的) Chinese had their own refrigerators? Wow, look at this! It is a refrigerator from the Warring States Period (战国时期)! We call it a bronze cooler jian (青铜冰鉴). It is as big as a tea table. How does it work? How to get ice? In winter, ancient Chinese cut ice cubes from a river and stored (储存) them underground. In summer, people took them out and used them. Ice was expensive in those days. Did you know? Ancient Chinese ate lots of cold food to keep cool. For example, they ate crushed ice (碎冰) with milk and cream. They called it sushan (酥山). It is kind of like ice cream. They also added (加入) ice to mung bean soup (绿豆汤) and plum juice (酸梅汤). So yummy! Have a go The ancient refrigerator is made of br_ _ze. People put _c_ into it and used it to c_ _l the wine. Fantastic ‘Made in China’ 古代也有“中国制造”？ Today, there are many “Made in China” products (产品), such as smartphones and clothes. But a long time ago, the most famous “Made in China” product in the world was Chinese porcelain (瓷器). The ‘porcelain capital’ Do you know Jingdezhen (景德镇)? It is a city in Jiangxi province (江西省). It is called the “porcelain capital (瓷都)”. People there began to make porcelain over 1,000 years ago. There is a special type of soil1 in Jingdezhen. People use it to make porcelain. Travel to Europe For a long time, China was the only maker of porcelain. Porcelain from Jingdezhen traveled to many places around the world. Go fly a kite! 风筝的故事 The April wind wakes up Earth. Everyone goes out to enjoy the beautiful spring weather. In the park, you can see many people flying kites. Did you know? Chinese people made the world’s first kite. The bamboo bird Lu Ban was a smart man. He lived in China over 2,000 years ago. He made a bamboo bird. The “bird” flew (飞) for three days. This was the first kite. Later, people began to make paper kites. Say ‘goodbye’ to bad luck People usually fly kites during Qingming Festival (清明节). When the kites are high in the sky, some people cut the kites’ strings (线). The kites will fly away. They will take bad luck (运气) with them, many people think. The world’s kite capital Weifang (潍坊) is in Shandong province. It is the world’s kite capital. Every April, people from all over the world go there for the International Kite Festival (国际风筝节). Other cities in China also have wonderful kites. Look, this is a kite made in Beijing. It is like a swallow. This kite is from Nantong, Jiangsu province. The whistles (哨子) on it make beautiful sounds in the wind. Did you know? In old times, people sometimes used kites during wars. An emperor (皇帝) was once trapped (被困住) inside a city. He flew a kite to ask for help. But sadly, his enemy (敌人) saw the kite and shot it down (射下来). Have a go 1. ______ is the world’s kite capital. 2. ______ made the first kite. 3、通过活动，使学生养成博览群书的好习惯。 B比率分析法和比较分析法不能测算出各因素的影响程度。√ C采用约当产量比例法，分配原材料费用与分配加工费用所用的完工率都是一致的。Ｘ C采用直接分配法分配辅助生产费用时，应考虑各辅助生产车间之间相互提供产品或劳务的情况。错 C产品的实际生产成本包括废品损失和停工损失。√ C成本报表是对外报告的会计报表。× C成本分析的首要程序是发现问题、分析原因。× C成本会计的对象是指成本核算。× C成本计算的辅助方法一般应与基本方法结合使用而不单独使用。√ C成本计算方法中的最基本的方法是分步法。X D当车间生产多种产品时，“废品损失”、“停工损失”的借方余额，月末均直接记入该产品的产品成本中。× D定额法是为了简化成本计算而采用的一种成本计算方法。× F“废品损失”账户月末没有余额。√ F废品损失是指在生产过程中发现和入库后发现的不可修复废品的生产成本和可修复废品的修复费用。Ｘ F分步法的一个重要特点是各步骤之间要进行成本结转。(√) G各月末在产品数量变化不大的产品，可不计算月末在产品成本。错 G工资费用就是成本项目。(×) G归集在基本生产车间的制造费用最后均应分配计入产品成本中。对 J计算计时工资费用，应以考勤记录中的工作时间记录为依据。(√) J简化的分批法就是不计算在产品成本的分批法。(×) J简化分批法是不分批计算在产品成本的方法。对 J加班加点工资既可能是直接计人费用，又可能是间接计人费用。√ J接生产工艺过程的特点，工业企业的生产可分为大量生产、成批生产和单件生产三种，X K可修复废品是指技术上可以修复使用的废品。错 K可修复废品是指经过修理可以使用，而不管修复费用在经济上是否合算的废品。Ｘ P品种法只适用于大量大批的单步骤生产的企业。× Q企业的制造费用一定要通过“制造费用”科目核算。Ｘ Q企业职工的医药费、医务部门、职工浴室等部门职工的工资，均应通过“应付工资”科目核算。Ｘ S生产车间耗用的材料，全部计入“直接材料”成本项目。Ｘ S适应生产特点和管理要求，采用适当的成本计算方法，是成本核算的基础工作。(×) W完工产品费用等于月初在产品费用加本月生产费用减月末在产品费用。对 Y“预提费用”可能出现借方余额，其性质属于资产，实际上是待摊费用。对 Y引起资产和负债同时减少的支出是费用性支出。X Y以应付票据去偿付购买材料的费用，是成本性支出。X Y原材料分工序一次投入与原材料在每道工序陆续投入，其完工率的计算方法是完全一致的。Ｘ Y运用连环替代法进行分析，即使随意改变各构成因素的替换顺序，各因素的影响结果加总后仍等于指标的总差异，因此更换各因索替换顺序，不会影响分析的结果。(×) Z在产品品种规格繁多的情况下，应该采用分类法计算产品成本。对 Z直接生产费用就是直接计人费用。X Z逐步结转分步法也称为计列半成品分步法。√ A按年度计划分配率分配制造费用，“制造费用”账户月末(可能有月末余额/可能有借方余额/可能有贷方余额/可能无月末余额)。 A按年度计划分配率分配制造费用的方法适用于(季节性生产企业)

展开阅读全文