八年级Unit2.doc

Unit 2 I'll help clean the city parks.
语法（一） 动词不定式
l 动词不定式的基本形式是“___+_______”,有时可以不带to。动词不定式在句子中不能作谓语，没有____和_____的变化。动词不定式仍保留动词的特点，即可以有自己的______和_____。例如：to put off my plan, to teach kids; to work in an animal hospital, to speak at the meeting.
l 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此在句中可以作主语、______、_____、表语和定语。
a. 不定式作宾语
动词不定式可以用在一些及物动词之后作宾语。
² We need to come up with a plan for the City Park Clean-Up Day.
² I hope to work outside.
【小结】巧记接动词不定式作宾语的动词
三个希望（hope，wish，expect）两需要（want，need），
设法（try）同意（agree）作准备（prepare）。
开始（start，begin）计划（plan）莫忘记（forget），
记着（remember）决定（decide）能学会（learn）。
n She ____ ___ borrow my bike yesterday.昨天她想借我的自行车。
n They began ____ ____ the English song Lonely.他们开始唱英语歌《寂寞》
b. 动词不定式作状语
不定式作状语时，常表示目的、结果、原因、条件等，通常放在它所修饰的动词之后。
² She still works there once a week to help kids learn to read.
² They came up with some ideas to cheer up sick children.
² We are working hard to make a better life.
Ø He stopped ____ ____ a rest.他停下来休息。
Ø We eat____ ______，but not live ____ _____.我们吃饭是为了生存,但生存不是为了吃饭。
c. 动词不定式作宾语补足语
² We could each ask 10students to come.
² Mario believe it can help him to get his future dream job.
【小结】不定式作宾语补足语时，宾语与不定式构成复合宾语，宾语是不定式的逻辑主语。
常用此结构的有advise/ ask /want/tell/ allow/ encourage/ invite/ would like/ expect/ need/ wish sb. to do sth.
Ø I like you___ _____ everything tidy.　我喜欢你们使每件东西都保持整洁。
Ø Mother asked him ___ ____ ____TV.妈妈叫他把电视机关掉。
【观察】I see the animals get better.
Let me tell you my story.
She made the boy go to bed early.
【小结】感官动词如feel, see, hear, watch, notice, listen to, look at 等以及使役动词make, have, let 等在跟不定式作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to。
记牢宾补不带to，一感、二听要仔细。
三让四看记心间，半个帮助最相宜。
（一感：feel；二听：hear，listen to；三让：let，make，have；四看：see，watch，look at，notice；半个帮助：help，可带to也可不带）
【观察】Tell him not to be late.
I tried not to wake them up.
My parents asked me not to stay up.
【小结】1）动词不定式的否定形式由“___+_____”构成。
2）省to的动词不定式的否定式是直接在动词前面加not. 例：Let the boy not go.
动词+疑问词+ to 
² He wants to learn about how to care for animals.
² In their free time, they think about what to do for fun.
Ø Nobody told us ____ ___ _____ next.没有人告诉我们接下去做什么。
Ø He showed me ____ ___ _____the new mobile phone. 他向我演示怎样使用这个新手机。
Ø The question is ____ ___ _____.问题是什么时候开始。
【延伸】1.不定式作主语
【观察】It's not easy for me to make friends. = To make friends is not easy for me
It’s always interesting to watch people show their talents.
=To watch people show their talents is always interesting
² To make a plan first is a good idea. =____ ___ a good idea to make a plan first.
→句型It is + adj. + for + sb.+_____________.表示对某人来说做某事怎么样。
Ø 运用：连词成句help their parents, to, for, important, It, children, with housework is.
____________________________________.
2.不定式作定语
【观察】 Volunteering our time to help these people is a good way to spend our free time.
He now has 16 bikes to fix up and give away to children who don’t have bikes.
【小结】不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。
Ø She did not have much money ___ ___.她没有很多的钱可以花。
Ø I have a lot of work ___ ___.我有很多工作要干。
Ø There is no more room ___ ___ in.再也没有地方可住了。
语法（二）动词短语
【观察】
² They cheered up Jimmy. →They cheered Jimmy up. →They cheered him up.
² He handed out notices.→He handed notices out. →He handed them out.
² She gave away all her old books. →She gave all her old books away. →She gave them away.
² He woke up his daughter. →He woke up his daughter. →He woke her up.
² I gave most of my books away when I left college. →I gave away most of my books when I left college.→I gave them away when I left college.
【小结】cheer up(使变得高兴), hand out(分发；散发),give away(赠送), wake up(唤醒)等动词+副词构成的短语，名词作宾语可放在中间或后面，代词作宾语只能放在____。
a. 动词+副词 put off, put up, put away, turn on/ off/ up/ down. mix up, look up, clean up, pick up, make up虚构；编造(故事、谎言等), eat up吃光, use up 用完
b. 动词+介词 listen to, care for, look for, think about,
c. 动词+副词+介词 look forward to, come up with, catch up with
d. 动词+名词+介词 pay attention to
e. be动词+形容词+介词 be different from, be interested in, be angry with, be worried about, be similar to, be good at
【检测反馈】
I. 单项选择
1. Our teacher often asks us _____ questions in groups.
A. discuss B. to discuss C. discussing D. discussed
2. —Mary is very generous. —Yes, she gave away all her money she owned____ people in need. A. to help B. helped C. helping
3. He made us____ by making faces. A. to laugh B. laugh C. laughed
4. The boys volunteer three hours____ up the park near their school.
A. cleaning B. to clean C. cleaned
5. Tina, I have something important _____ you. A. telling B. tell C. to tell
6. You should pay attention to ____ from others. A. learn B. leaning C. learns
7. Mary called and asked her husband ___ home at once, because she locked their daughter in the home.
A. to leave B. leave C. to go D. go
8. —I will go to Harbin for my summer vacation. What about you? —I haven’t decided where _____. A. go B. went C. going D. to go
II．用所给动词的适当形式填空
9. If you can’t read the words, you need ____ (look) them up in the dictionary.
10. Could you tell me what ____(do) next?
11. The old man told us_____(not swim) in the river.
12. It was difficult for him ____ (remember) all the things. 
13. I want _________ (become) a policeman one day.
14. He wants the students _____ (eat) well.
15. The teacher made his students _____ (come) into the meeting room on time.
16. The boy was free _____ (go) where he liked.
17. Nobody tells him what _____ (do) next.
常用短语及用法
1.由put引导的短语
put away把……放好
put off推迟，拖延
put on穿上，把……放在……上
put up举起，表现出，张贴
put down记下，放下
put into把……放入，把……翻译成……
put out放出，伸出
2. 由give引导的短语　
give up放弃
give in屈服，让步
give out分发，散发；用尽，耗尽
give away捐赠，赠送；分发
give back归还，恢复
give off发出，放出
3.由call 引导的短语
call on访问（某人）；号召；要求
call up打电话给……；使人想起……
call in找来，请来
call for需要，要求
call at访问(某处)；(车，船等)停靠(某处)
4.由take 引导的短语
take back拿回；使疑惑
take after像……
take away拿走，减去
take down写下，记下；拆卸
take up占据空间
take over接过……；接管
take off脱下；飞机起飞
5. 由look 引导的短语
look after照顾，照料
look for寻找，找……
look at看……
look into调查；向……里看
look out小心
look through浏览，快速地看
look out of向……外看
look like看起来像……
look up查找，查询；向……上看
6.由turn引导的短语
turn up把(音量)开大；出现，到达
turn on打开
turn off关掉(煤气、水、电等)
turn down把(音量)关小；拒绝
turn over翻转，翻身
turn to向……求助；转向……
turn in归还，就寝
turn out结果是……，证明是……；生产
八年级Unit2
重点短语
1. cheer (sb.) up  使(某人)高兴、振作  如：cheer me up 使我高兴
2. clean up  打扫   clean-up n. 打扫
3. homeless adj. 无家可归的  a homeless boy 一个无家可归的男孩
4. sick  adj. 生病的  作表语、定语 e.g. The boy is sick. He is a sick boy.
   ill  adj. 生病的    作表语 ，不能作定语 e.g. The boy is ill.
5. volunteer   可数名词 “志愿者”   ‚adj. 自愿的 ƒ vi. volunteer to do sth
e.g. They are the Chinese People’s Volunteers. 他们是中国人民志愿军。
I volunteer to help you. 我自愿帮助你
6. come up with  提出 想出 = think up 想出 7. put off doing 推迟做某事
8. write down 写下  记下 9. call up 打电话 = make a telephone call 打电话
10. set up 成立 建立 = establish e.g. The new hospital was set up in 2000. 
11. help sb. (to) do 帮助某人做某事 help him (to) study
    help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事 help him with English
12. run out 与 run out of
  ①run out (become used up). 其主语往往为物。如时间，食物，金钱，油等，本身就含有被动意义。
      e.g. His money soon ran out. 他的钱很快就花光了。
      My patience has completely run out. 我没有一点耐心了。
  ②run out of 主语为人，表示主动含义。e.g.  He is always running out of money before pay day. 
   两者在一定条件下可以互换
  如：The petrol is running out. 汽油快用完了 = We are running out of petrol. 我们快把汽油用完了。
      Our time is running out. 我们剩下的时间不多了。= We are running out of time
13.  take after (在外貌、性格等方面)与(父母等)相像
     be similar to 与..相像                 take after 相像
     look after 照顾                      take care of 照顾
14. 1) used to do sth.过去常常做某事； 表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作或状态，暗指现在已经不存在。used无人称和时态的变化。 e.g. I used to go to the Youth Center. But I have no time now.
①My mother used_________（tell）us stories when we were young.
( ) ②He used to ____short and ____ short hair when he was young.
A. have; be B. be; have C. be; be D. have; have
2) be /get used to doing sth 习惯于做某事 My grandpa is used ___________(live) in country.
3) be used to do sth 被用来做某事=be used for doing sth
①Stamps is used ____________(post) letters.
( ) ②My brother used to _____ up late, but now he is used to ___ up early.
A. get ; get B. getting; get C. get; getting D. getting; getting
( ) ③ Keys are used ___ the door.
A. to open B. to opening C. open D. opening
【记】 He used to wear glasses . But now he is used to wearing contact lenses.
他以前常戴（框架）眼镜，但现在习惯戴隐形眼镜。
15.词语辨析: alone & lonely
1) lonely adj. (lonelier, loneliest ) 孤独的；寂寞的a lonely child孤寂的孩子
e.g. Sam was very lonely when he first moved to New York.萨姆刚搬到纽约时非常寂寞。
She lives alone and often feels lonely.她孑然一身，常感到寂寞。
2) alone, by yourself较非正式、常用于英语口语的 on one's own、by oneself 均指独自，但无孤独之意：
I like being alone in the house.我喜欢独自一人待在家里。
I’m going to London by myself next week.我准备下星期一个人去伦敦。
Ø There are many_____ people who just want to talk. 有很多只想找人倾诉的孤独的人。
Ø They care for the _____, the lost, the unloved. 他们照顾孤独的人、失落的人和缺少爱的人。
Ø I was ______ but I didn't feel_______我独自一人，但我并不感到孤独。
Ø I don't like going out_____ after dark. 我不愿意天黑后独自外出。
I like to work _____. 我喜欢独自一人工作。
It’s dangerous for a girl to go out ______ at night.
16. thank you for doing 谢谢做某事  如：thank you for helping me 谢谢做帮助我
17. help sb. out 帮助…做事，解决难题(摆脱困境)
e.g. I can’t work out this math problem. Please help me out.
18. train n. 火车              train v. 训练  train sb. to do. 训练某人做某事
    e.g. She trains her dog to fetch things. 她训练她的狗去取东西。
19. at once == right away 立刻 马上 如：Do it at once. 马上去做。
20. hand out  分发  hand out bananas
   give out 分发    give out sth to sb. 分….给某人
   give up doing 放弃…  give up smoking 放弃吸烟
   give away 赠送 捐赠  give away sth. to …. give away money to kids
   give sb. sth. 给某人某东西  give me money 给我钱
   give sth. to sb. 给某人某东西 give money to me 给我线
21. disabled adj. 肢体有残疾的  disabled people 残疾人    disable v. 不能
Though he is __________(able) , Liu Wei made his dream – to be a pianist come true.
【加前缀dis- 构成的派生词】 dislike 不喜欢 disorder 无秩序
dishonest 不诚实 disappear 消失
22. I was able to bring him home. 我可以把它带回家了。
【解析】 be able to 能够
词条
适用时态
人称和数
例句
be able to
用于各种时态
有人称和数的变化
I will be able to dress more casually.
can
用于现在时或过去时（could）
没有人称和数的变化
I could swim at the age of seven.
=I was able to swim at the age of seven.
Lucy could read story book at the age of four.（同义替换）
A.is able to B. was able to C. should D. would
(1) be able to do sth.意为:能做某事。但只表示能力，用于各种时态。
(2 ) can可表能力，请求，许可，猜测等。但只有can和could两种形式。但表过去通过努力做成某事，要用was/ were able to，（相当于succeeded in doing，而不用could;未能做成，既可用wasn’ t /weren’t able to也可一用。couldn’t。）如:
I am able to speak English well now. = I _________ speak English now.
We ___ able to get there at last, but we couldn’t/weren’t able to catch the last bus.
1) He’s able to swim.= He ________ ________.
2) She was able to speak Japanese. = She ______ ______ Japanese.
3) They will ________ come to see me in 3 days. A. can B. be able to C. could
4) I want to be an astronaut, then I’ll ______ to the moon.
A. can fly B. be able to fly C. can flying D. be able to flying
练习
一、单项选择。
1. Hi, Nick. Could you please ______ the picture on the wall!
A. pick up B. look up C. get up D. put up
2. His grandparents live ____ in a small house, but they don’t feel _____.
A. lonely, alone B. alone, lonely C. lonely, lonely D. alone, alone
3. ---Are you collecting any old warm clothes with teachers?
---Yes, we will ______ to the poor students in a village school.
A. give it away B. give them away C. give away it D. give away them.
4. It’s hard to _____ living in a place where there are no telephones or cars.
A. know B. realize C. imagine D. think
5. The Internet makes _____ possible for everyone to get education anywhere and anytime.
A. it B. this C. that D. them
6. My mother asked me ______ in bed.
A. not read B. not to read C. not reading D. reading
7. Tom ______ his elder brother. They are both friendly.
A. looks after B. takes after C. looks like D. looks at
8. ---The old man _____ all his money to a charity.
A. took away B. put away C. went away D. gave away
9. The woman in red ______ a teacher. She works in a hospital now.
A. used to be B. is used to be C. was used to be D. is
10. We all feel ______ after hearing of the _____ news.
A. excited, excited B. exciting, exciting C. excited, exciting D. exciting, excited
二、从方框中选出适合下列句子的短语, 并用其适当的形式填空。
clean up, give away, give out, come up with , put off,
cheer up , look after, help with, write down , set up
1. If you like to work outside, you can help _____ the city parks.
2. Try to ___ __ some ideas to deal with the problem.
3. Why not ______ sick kids? They are often sad.
4. Be quiet please, class. I’m going to ______your test papers.
5. I’m too busy. I want to _____ my plan to work in an animal center.
6. I_____ some clothes to the charity because they were too small for me.
7. The doctors ______ a health center for poor children last year.
8. I will ______ some housework after I finish my work.
9. Please _______ what I said just now.
10. Bob ______ his father because he is ill.