Englishlexicology教案.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,English lexicology,A useful course,A Survey of English Lexicology,Session 1,A general survey of word,1.What is lexicology,The literal meaning of lexicology is the“science of the word”.It is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a given language.,2.Vocabulary and word,The term vocabulary refers to all the words of a given language,while the term word refers to the fundamental unit of a given language,with sound and meaning(lexical and grammatical),capable of performing a given syntactic function.The difference in grammatical meaning can usually cause the change of the lexical meaning.,Lecture 1 Indo-European language Family,Balto-Slavic,Albanian,Indo-Iranian,Amenian,Italic,Celtic,Germanic,Hellenic,Indo-European Language Family,Balto-Slavic,Indo-IranianItalicGermanic,PrussianPersianPortuguese Norwegian,LithuanianHindiSpanishIcelandic,PolishItalianDanish,BulgarianRomanian Swedish,SlovenianFrenchEnglish,Russian German,AlbanianArmenianCelticHellenic,IrishGreek,Breton,Scottish,Basic Concepts,language,A social action,a carrier of information,A system of structure,A social phenomenon,A physiological phenomenon,A psychological phenomenon,A physical phenomenon,Language,Society and Thought,Any language reflects the culture of a society in a particular period.,Language changes with the development of a society,Mans thought is indispensable to language just as language is inseparable from society,linguistics,Linguistics is the scientific study of language.,Linguistics is the study of the human speech including the units,nature,structure,and modification of language.,The scope of linguistics,Phonetics,Grammar,Lexicology,Phonology,Syntax,Semantics,Phonetics,Morphology,Lexicology,Stylistics,General linguistics,Descriptive linguistics,Contrastive linguistics,Comparative linguistics,Sociolinguistics,Psycholinguistics,Applied linguistics,Computational linguistics,lexicology,Definition,Aims and significance of the course of English lexicology,The connection of lexicology with other branches of linguistics,With phonetics,With grammar,With stylistics,With historical linguistics,Two approaches to the study of English lexicology,Synchronic approach,Diachronic approach,Chapter 2,The sources of the English vocabulary,2-1-1The English people and the English language,The English people are of a mixed blood.,The three dialects of-the Angles,Saxons and Jutes-grew into a single language,the English language.,Anglo-Saxon,Sino-American relationship,2-1-2,The position and character of the English language in the Indo-European family,See the graph,a mixed character,2-1-3 The divisions of the English Language,The Old English/Anglo-Saxon period(450-1150),The Middle English period(1150-1500),The Modern English period(1500-the present day),-1700-,2-1-4 Some characteristics of Old English,Old English was a highly inflected language.,Difference between synthetic and analytic languages,Cases,The nominative cases,主格,The genitive cases,所有格,The dative cases,与格 受事,The accusative cases,宾格,The ablative cases,夺格施事,The locative cases,方位格,2-1-5 Some characteristics of Middle English,Borrowed French words,The appearance of natural gender,自然性,2-1-6 Some characteristics of Modern English,Expansion,New words,2-2-1 Words of native origin,The,polysemic,character of native words in English,The,collocability,of native words in English,Word-forming ability of native words in Modern English,2-2-2 Borrowed words in the English vocabulary,Causes,Historical cause,Social cause,Means,Conquest,Commerce,Travel,Literature,Mass media,Types,Aliens,异化外来词,Denizens,同化外来词,Translation-loans,翻译外来词,Semantic borrowings,语义外来词,1.The Scandinavian element,Belong to colloquial language,2.The French element,French loan-words in the Middle English period,French loan-words after the Middle English period,2-3-1 The foreign elements in the English vocabulary,The Scandinavian element,The French element,The Latin element,The Greek element,Other foreign element,French loan-words in the Middle English period,Words connected with government,Words connected with religion,Words connected with law,Words connected with army,Words connected with fashion and food,Words connected with arts,literature,French loan-words after the Middle English period,Words connected with arts,Words connected with food and drink,Words connected with fashion,dress and materials,Words connected with diplomacy,Words adopted in the 20,th,century,2-3-4 The Latin element in the English Vocabulary,The zero period of Latin influence,The first period of Latin influence,The second period of Latin influence,The third period of Latin influence,The fourth period of Latin influence,2-3-5 The Greek element in the English vocabulary,Words relating to literature,Words relating to linguistics,Words relating to natural sciences,Words relating to social sciences,Words relating to medicine,Greek roots,biogeo,gam,tele,genphone,anthropphoto,auto,2-3-6 The influence of the classical elements upon the English vocabulary(reason),The preciseness of meaning of the classical elements,The richness of the classical elements in the English vocabulary,The cosmopolitan character of the classical elements,2-3-7 Other foreign elements in the English vocabulary,Italian wordsfrom Africa,Spanish and PortugueseAmerican English,Dutchfrom,Soviet Union,India Englishfrom Japan,Arabicfrom China,from Persia,2-3-8 Interrelation between the native and foreign elements in the English vocabulary,Frequency,Chapter 3,Word Meaning and Semantic Relations,3-1-1,Some general remarks on semantics,3-1-2,The relationship between meaning and the object,所指，不是直接被指称的事物，而是指词或符号与事物之间的抽象联系。,语言符号连接的不是事物和名称，而是概念和音形。音形不是纯物理性的东西，而是声音的心理印记，是作用于我们感官的印象。,词（及句子）作为语言符号，总是代表着概念和语言系统以外的现实存在，包括实物以及抽象概念。,3-2-1,What is a word?,3-2-2 Meaning and motivation,Phonetic motivation,Grammatical motivation,Motivation by meaning,Assignment(1),Draw the graph of Indo-European Language Family,Explain the following terms,Language,Linguistics,Lexicology,Meaning,Semantics,Word,motivation,3-3-1 Classifications of words,According to the lexical meaning and grammatical function of words,According to the the usage of words,According to the character of words,According to motivation,According to,polysemy,and,monosemy,According to the origin,3-3-2 Main types of word meaning,Grammatical meaning,Lexical meaning,Contextual meaning,Denotative meaning,Connotative meaning,Stylistic meaning,3-3-3,Word meaning and context,Five degrees according to formality,Frozen style,Formal style,Consultative style,Casual style,Intimate style,3-4-1 Synonymy,Definition,What are synonyms?,The source of synonyms,The significance of studying synonyms,Absolute synonyms and relative synonyms,synonymy,Synonymy is a kind of sense relations where words are different in sound and spelling but identical or similar in meaning.,Difference among relative synonyms,Shade of meaning,Stylistic meaning,Emotive meaning,Range of use,Collocation,BrE,&,AmE,3-4-2,Antonymy,Definition,What are antonyms?,Types of antonyms,Different antonyms of one word,Use of antonyms,Antonymy,Antonymy,is a kind of sense relations where words are opposite in meaning.,3-4-3,Polysemy,and homonymy,The definition of,polysemy,Two main processes of sense-shift,The definition of homonymy and homonyms,The classification of homonyms,Three ways of forming homonyms,3-4-4,Hyponymy,Semantic field,Definition,Hyponymy is a kind of sense relationships which deals with semantic inclusion.,Superordinate,Word which includes the other words is called,superordinate,.,Subordinates/hyponyms,Words which are included under other words are called subordinates or hyponyms.,Use of hyponyms,Input-better understanding a piece of utterance or passage,Output-better,vivid,and exact expression when speaking or writing,Semantic field,Semantic field is a set of words which belong to the same general semantic property.E.g.fruit,clothing,etc.,Assignment(2),Explain the following terms,Synonymy,Synonym,Antonymy,Antonym,Polysemy,Homonymy,Homonyms,Hyponymy,Semantic field,2.Pick out the antonyms used in the proverbs or sayings.,Better be a head of an ass than the tail of a horse.,A bully is always a coward.,Children are parents riches.,Deliberate in control,prompt in action.,Danger is next neighbor to security.,No love is foul,nor prison fair.,Wisdom is to the mind what health is to the body.,Wise men have their mouth in their heart,fools their heart in their mouth.,Young saints,old devils.,Admonish your friend in private,praise them in public.,Absence sharpens love,presence strengthens it.,Speech is silver;silence is golden.,2.Pick out the antonyms used in the proverbs or sayings.,Better be a head of an ass than the tail of a horse.,A bully is always a coward.,Children are parents riches.,Deliberate in control,prompt in action.,Danger is next neighbor to security.,No love is foul,nor prison fair.,Wisdom is to the mind what health is to the body.,Wise men have their mouth in their heart,fools their heart in their mouth.,Young saints,old devils.,Admonish your friend in private,praise them in public.,Absence sharpens love,presence strengthens it.,Speech is silver;silence is golden.,Chapter 4,The Changing English Vocabulary,4-1-1 Neologisms,The definition of neologisms,The rate of changes of the English vocabulary,The sources of new words,The formation of neologisms,The sources of new words,The rapid development of modern science and technology,Political,economic and social changes,Political,economic and social changes,International struggle,Internal political struggle,Womens liberation,Education,Sports and entertainment,Transportation,Pollution,Changes in social and domestic habits,The formation of neologisms,By word-formation,By adding new meaning to existing words,By borrowing words from other languages,By analogy,4-1-2 Archaisms,The definition of archaisms,The reasons for disappearance of words,Obsolete words may be still used at the present time,4-2-1,Changes in meaning,Causes for changes,Historical causes,Social causes,Psychological causes,Linguistic causes,4-2-2,Four tendencies in semantic changes,Expansion of meaning(generalization),From specific to general,From proper nouns to common nouns,From concrete to abstract,From technical terms to general words,Narrowing of meaning(specialization),From general to specific,From abstract to concrete,From common nouns to proper nouns,Elevation of meaning(Amelioration),Enthusiasm,Fond,Nice,Comrade,Minister,Marshal,Fame,Degradation of meaning(Deterioration),A word falls into disrepute because of social prejudice against certain classes and occupation,A word becomes less respectable because of euphemism,Middle terms in English belong to a special kind of ameliorative and pejorative developments,Sometimes a word shows deterioration in some of its uses,but maintains itself in others,4-2-3 Semantic changes from the literal use of words,to their figurative use,Metaphor(,暗喻、隐喻,),Metonymy,（转喻、换喻）,Synecdoche,（提喻、举隅）,Euphemism,（委婉语）,Metaphor,Anthropomorphic metaphors,Animal metaphors,Synesthetic,metaphors,Metonymy,According to names of persons,According to names of animals,According to names of parts of body,According to names of profession,According to locations of government,business,etc.,Metonymy,According to giving abstract words a concrete meaning,According to the container for the thing contained,According to the material for the thing made,According to names of things,According to ellipsis,Synecdoche,Synecdoche is a figure of speech that involves the substitution of the part for the whole or the whole for the part.,Types,The part for the whole,Hand,Head,Bread,Types,The whole for the part,Australia beat Canada in cricket.,The TV set is out of order.,The doctor cut him open and took out the appendix and stitched him up again.,Euphemism,Euphemism is the substitution of a word of more pleasant connotation for one of unpleasant connotation.,Types,Euphemism is often caused in speaking of things that are painful and distressing to think about.,Types,In western countries some people avoid using religious words or the name of God,thus people say goodness,Types,Sometimes learned or scientific terms are used as euphemism.,Types,One interesting way of making a euphemism is to substitute the negative or opposite for a positive word.,Chapter 5,Word-formation in English,5-1-1 Introduction,Morphological structure and classification of words,Two types of morphemes classification,Three types of words,Root,base,stem,Two types of morphemes(character),Free,Bound,Two types of morphemes(relationships),Lexical morphemes,Grammatical morphemes,Three types of words(morphological structure),Simple words,Compound words,Complex words,Latin roots,acu,-(,acr,-),ag,-(act-),am-,anim,-,annu,-(,ennu,-),aud,-,bene,-,cad-(,cid-cas,-),cap-(,capt,-),ced,-(cede-),cent-,cern,-,clam-(claim-),clud,-(,clus,),cord-,corpor,-(,corp,-),cre,-,cred,-,cumb,-(cub-),cur-(curs-,cours,-),Latin roots,de-(div-),dict,-,doc-,duc,-(duct-),fac,-(,fic,-,fact-),fer,-,firm-,flect,-(flux-),fus,-(fund-),gam-,gen-(,genit,-),ger,-(,gest,-),grad-(,gress,-),grat,-,grav,-,her-,jac,-(,ject,-),junct,-,Latin roots,lect,-(leg-,lig,-),loqu,-(,lacut,-),mit,-(miss-),mon,-(,monit,-),nasc,-(,nat,-),pel,-(,pell,-),pend,-(pens-),pet-(,petti,-),plex,-(,plic-,plicit,-),pound-(pond-,pose,posit-),port-,quir,-(,quisit,-),rupt,-,scrib,-(script-),sed,-(,sid,-),spect,-(spec-,spic-),tact-(tang-,ting-),ten-(tin-,tain,-),tract-,ven,-(vent-),vert,-(,vers,-),vid,-(,vis,-),voc-(,vok,-),volv,-(,volut,-),Greek roots,anthrop-(,anthropo,-),archeo,-(,archi,-),aut,-(auto-),base,In this book the terms,base,and,root,are the same in meaning.,stem,The stem,which may consist of one root morpheme as in the word,star,belongs to the category of the simple word.,The stem,which may consist of two root morphemes as in the word,motherland,belongs to the category of the compound word.,The stem,which may consist of one root morpheme and an affix,as in the word,frankness,or in the word,unexpected,belongs to the category of the complex word.,Assignment 3,1.Define the following terms,1)neologisms 6)degradation,2)archaisms 7)metaphor,3)extension 8)metonymy,4)narrowing 9)synecdoche,5)elevation 10)euphemism,2.Write out the 63 Latin roots and their meanings.,5-2-1 The Main Processes of,English Word Formation,Four main types,Prefixation,Suffixation,Conversion,Compounding,Prefixation,Negative prefixes,Reversative,or privative prefixes,Pejorative prefixes,Prefixes of degree or size,Prefixes of orientation and attitude,Locative prefixes,Prefixes of time and order,Number prefixes,Miscellaneous neo-classical prefixes,Conversion prefixes,Negative prefixes,a-/an-,dis,-,in-/,im,-/,ir,-/,il,-,non-,un-,Reversative,or privative prefixes,de-,dis,-,un-,Pejorative prefixes,mal-,mis,-,pseudo-,Prefixes of degree or size,arch-;co-,hyper-;mini-,out-;over-,sub-;super-,sur,-;ultra-,under-,Prefixes of orientation and attitude,anti-,contra-,counter-,pro-,Locative prefixes,fore-,i