英语跨文化交际.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2021/10/10,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2021/10/10,*,Unit1,InterculturalCommunication,intheGlobalContext,2021/10/10,1,Warm up,As a visiting professor in an American university,Chunghwa was invited to give a lecture to a group of American students;he talked about university students in China.During the question-andanswer period after the lecture,one female student asked a question that surprised Chunghwa“when you talked about female students,you referred to them as girls.Why?”,2021/10/10,2,“Because they are girls.Thats what they are called,”Chunghwa tried to answer,but he knew he did not really understand the intention of the question.“I dont quite understand your question,Im afraid.”,“In the States,we call ourselves women if were old enough to go to the university,calling us girls is insulting.”,2021/10/10,3,Chinese perspective,In china,“girl”means someone who is,young,and,single,.In a way,it makes a female sound,more desirable,to be called a girl rather than a woman.,For most people,“woman”means someone who is,married,and who probably is,not young,.In fact,most single Chinese females,such as university students,would be insulted to be called“women”.,2021/10/10,4,American perspective,What to call females is a,sensitive,and sometimes,confusing,issue in the west.,In formal,public settings,it is customary to call any woman who is past puberty,a woman,even though she may not be legally old enough to vote,marry,purchase alcoholic beverages,drive a car,or sign a contract.This terminology became widespread during the womens liberation movement in the 1960s.,The term“girl”is sometimes interpreted to be,demeaning,or,disrespectful,.,2021/10/10,5,一位大学女生对一位,30,多岁的售货员说：“小姐，把这给我看看。”“小姐”回答说,:“,你没看我多大了，小姐不是随便可以叫的。”,Question,:Why was the shop assistant angry with the university student?,2021/10/10,6,Case 1,A generation ago young people aspired to become lawyers and doctors.Now they yearn to be the next Oscar winner or celebrity pop star.Bur Dr.Carlo Strenger,a university psychologist warned that this is weakening havoc(,大破坏，浩劫,)with our self-image and undermining our sense of self-worth.,2021/10/10,7,He began an interdisciplinary project on the phenomenon ten years ago.By using a wide-ranging framework he thinks that he has pinpointed,（准确找到）,the cause.“The impact of the global infotainment,（资讯娱乐）,network in the individual is to blame.”,2021/10/10,8,“A new species is born;homo globalisglobal manand we are defined by our intimate connection to the global infotainment network,which has turned ranking and rating people on scales of wealth and celebrity into an obsession.”He wrote in his book,The Fear of Insignificance:Searching for Meaning in the Twenty-first Century,.“And this creates highly unstable self-esteem and unstable society.”,2021/10/10,9,Dr.Strenger advises,“Stable meaning cannot be found in cheap paperbacks.People should invest time and thought to their worldviews and self-understanding in the same way they invest in medical studies and law school.”,2021/10/10,10,1.What do you think are the reasons for young peoples yearning to be a celebrity today?,2.How can todays people find their own self-worth and real meaning of life?,2021/10/10,11,Analysis,Just as Dr Strenger notices that over the recent years people around the world have been suffering from an increasing fear of their own“insignificance”.As humans we naturally measure ourselves to those around us,but now we live in a global village we are comparing ourselves with the most significant people in the worldand finding ourselves wanting.In the past being a lawyer or doctor was a very reputable profession.But today,even high achievers constantly fear that they are insignificant when they compare themselves to success stories in the media.,2021/10/10,12,The remedy,according to Dr.Strenger,is a process that he calls“active self-acceptance”through a sustained quest for self-knowledge through life.The fear for insignificance can only be overcome through strong individual and cultural identity over and above measurable achievement.He believes that people need to invest as much time in developing their worldview as their careers.,2021/10/10,13,Case 2,A multinational Dutch firm that outsourced,（外包）,the development of a new global information technology service platform to an Indian company.When the Dutch head of the IT group met with the programming team in Bangalore to discuss the core platform on which to build the application,he casually suggested that the Indians use a well-known,commercially available platform.This was only one of many platforms that could be used but one with which the manager was familiar.He asked the lead on the Indian team if they could build the application on that platform.,2021/10/10,14,“Yes,”the team leader replied,“we can do it.”,After six months of delay and cost overruns,（超支）,in excess of$10 million,the job was finished.The IT manager of the Dutch firm asked the Indian team why it had cost so much more and had taken so much longer than they had originally estimated.,2021/10/10,15,“You asked us to build it on a very unfriendly platform for this application,”was the reply.“It would have been better doing it in a different way.”The Dutch technology manager was astonished.,2021/10/10,16,1.Why was the Dutch technology manager so shocked?,2.How could such misunderstandings in this case be avoided?,2021/10/10,17,Analysis,The Dutch manager was shocked because he thought he hadnt told the team to build it in a certain way,he simply had asked if it could be done!He had never questioned the way in which he communicated to the head of his technology group.,2021/10/10,18,In fact,he thought he had been asking simple questions,almost making idle conversation,and never considered that because he was the boss,his Indian employee would do as he asked.He expected that the technology design team would counter with another recommendation if his idea was inappropriate.He never realized that in the Indian culture such a challenge rarely is forthcoming.,2021/10/10,19,The misunderstandings took place because cultural barriers got in the way.To take full advantage of the opportunities that the global environment offered,both the Dutch and the Indian teams needed to have a better understanding of the culturally based expectations of each group.,2021/10/10,20,In this case,the Dutch manager would have been more successful if he had asked,“What kind of platform do you suggest?”Rather than risking that his Indian employee would disagree with the suggestion he made,this approach would have allowed for a respectful dialogue.,2021/10/10,21,The Dutch manager should have known that Indians rarely disagree or say no because their communication style is indirect,and risking disharmony is considered unpleasant and unseemly.They could have saved millions of dollars and prevented months of frustration if the Dutch manager had been culturally astute enough to manage the multinational talent pool available to him.,2021/10/10,22,By the same token,if the Indian senior manager had understood that a manager in an egalitarian culture such as the Dutch(unlike Indias more hierarchal one)expects a collaborative effort from his employees,even if it requires disagreement,he would have avoided the problem as well.,2021/10/10,23,Case 3,Thanks to cloud computing,robotics,（机器人学）,3G wireless connectivity,Skype,Facebook,Google,LinkedIn,Twitter,the iPad,and cheap Internet-enabled smartphones,the world has gone from connected to hyper-connected.Facebook,for instance,has over 800 million active subscribers,of which 70 percent are outside the United States,and the site offers in excess of 70 languages translations.,2021/10/10,24,This broad IT technology is being used to facilitate cohesion,（凝聚力，结合）,among previously disparate,（不同的）,groups and individuals,creating societal changes,and in some instances bringing about the polarization of different groups.,2021/10/10,25,In 2011 Arab Spring,people in the Middle East used Facebook,Twitter,and other media to organize and rise up against repressive,authoritarian governmental rule.In India,followers of the social activist Anna Hazare used Facebook and Twitter to mobilize large sections of the population in a nationwide anti-corruption contact for political activism,social interaction,and cultural preservation.,2021/10/10,26,1.What has modern technology brought about to people today?,2.What are the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology?,2021/10/10,27,Analysis,Advances in information technology are bringing about changes in contemporary society that pose new situations requiring intercultural communication expertise.Technology has enabled ordinary individuals to cheaply and quickly organize themselves around a common interest,ideology,or social cause.,2021/10/10,28,Rather than moving the global community toward the single,homogenized culture decried by many globalization opponents,technology is actually providing a means to reaffirm and extend cultural awareness,identity,and practices.Media technology plays an important role in modern society whether it is political,economic or cultural.,2021/10/10,29,Case 4,Mrs.Annie Nimos recounted her experience in Japan at a dinner with several Chinese students working on doctoral degrees in the United States,seeking another Asian perspective.,2021/10/10,30,The plane finally landed in Tokyo,after the long flight from the West Cost of the United States.Annie Nimos had changed into fresh business clothes before arrival,because she would be met by the owner of the firm with whom she had corresponded for a year for her import business.She had placed several orders by correspondence,and business had gone smoothly,but this would be the first time she and the owner would meet.,2021/10/10,31,After finally getting through customs,she saw a gentleman with a sign in his hand that said“Mrs.Nimos”and made her way toward him.Tanaka-San,the owner of the firm,as well as another man and woman who were employees,had come to meet her.There were bows and,Berros,and the younger man stepped forward to offer to carry her laptop computer.She startled slightly when he greeted her:“Hello.Welcome to Tokyo.How old are you?”,2021/10/10,32,Although Mrs.Nimos had had contact with diverse cultures in South America and in Europe,this was her first trip to Japan.The personal question as to her age caught her off guard,because in the West such a question would be considered intrusive and offensive.After momentary hesitation she told the young man her age.He nodded and seemed satisfied.,2021/10/10,33,1.Why did Mrs.Nimos hesitate when the Japanese young man asked about her age?,2.What is the Chinese perspective concerning peoples age?,2021/10/10,34,Analysis,What Mrs.Nimos surprised is the young mans question of“how old are you”.In western countries where privacy is greatly valued,age is something that is considered rather private.Asking about the others age,especially in this case on their first meeting,is rather impolite.,2021/10/10,35,However,in Japan where hierarchy is strictly followed,age is an important factor in situating a person in the Japanese cultural hierarchy.For her Japanese business counterparts to feel comfortable that they knew the proper way to address and to relate to her,they needed to know her age.,2021/10/10,36,In China,age is important for the same reason.However,when communicating with family members generation becomes an important factor that overrides age.Even if they have the same age,the one belonging to the younger generation must address the other with the respect accorded to the older generation in the family.If they are the same generation,they can communicate as peers.,2021/10/10,37,Case 5,Mr Wong,a businessperson living in Hong Kong,and Mr Richardson,a businessperson visiting from the United States,have been having a conversation.Mr.Richardson has enjoyed this conversation and when they are ready to part he says to Mr.Wong that they really should get together to have lunch sometime.Mr.Wong says that he would enjoy that.,2021/10/10,38,After a few weeks Mr.Wong begins to feel that Mr.Richardson has been rather insincere because he was not followed up his invitation to lunch with a specific time and place.,2021/10/10,39,1.Why did Mr.Richardson leave an impression of insincerity on Mr.Wong?,2.Do people always mean what they say?Give Examples.,2021/10/10,40,Analysis,The problem here is that Mr Richardson doesnt mean what he says,which is rather different from being insincere or dishonest.To put it another way,what Mr.Richardson means is different from what the sentences that he has uttered means.“We must get together and have lunch sometimes”is quite a common expression people use near the end of business interactions in North America,and for North Americans it means several different things.,2021/10/10,41,First of all,it signals that the person who says it thinks that the encounter will(or should)be ending soon.So it can function as what conversation analysts call a“pre-closing.”It is also a way of creating a feeling of“involvement”,a way to tell someone that you have enjoyed spending time with them and you would not mind doing it again.While it does contain the vague idea that a subsequent meeting would be desirable,it does not in any way commit the speaker or the hearer to such an arrangement.However,to Mr.Wong,it sounds like an invitation.,2021/10/10,42,Similarly,“See you later”does not commit someone to a later meeting.It would be very odd if,in response to this utterance,the hearer were to take out his or her diary and attempt to set a date.Other examples are“How are you”in English and“Have you eaten?”in Chinese,both of them are typical greetings,which do not require the hearer to give specific answers.All of them just serve as lubricants to move the conversation forward.,2021/10/10,43,Case 6,“Its not that I want to return to Australia,its just that I feel exhausted here in America.”Fiona Elliot was sharing her experiences in an e-mail to an old high school friend in Brisbane,Queensland.Fiona had graduated from the University of Sydney with an advanced degree in biology.Seeking to expand her work experience,she accepted a job with a biotechnology firm in Boston,Massachusetts.She hoped to become involved in the development of improved drugs for adult onset diabetes.,2021/10/10,44,Given that her native language was English,Fiona expected few adjustment difficulties to life in the United States.However,she found herself dealing with a number of small frustrations.People in Boston found her Australian accent difficult to understand and seemed to put no effort into listening more carefully.,2021/10/10,45,She discovered that she knew more about current events in America than any five people knew about events in Australia.She tried to keep up with world events by watching American television shows with the title,“International News”.However,she felt these television sh