大学汉英翻译教程第七章-文学翻译之小-说翻译.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第七章 文学翻译之小说翻译,文学翻译（包括小说翻译）都是一门语言艺术，其至高境界是再现原文的韵味，译作的“韵味”就是原作的艺术内涵通过译文准确而富有文采的语言表达时所蕴含的艺术感染力，这种艺术感染力能引起读者的美感共鸣，作者因心有所感，把自己的精神境界、思想情操和审美志趣，以语言为媒介，倾注于作品之中，使作品产生一种审美韵味。译者经过阅读和分析原文，感悟到作者的精神境界、思想情操和审美志趣，产生与作者类似的审美感受和审美愉悦，然后用另一种语言将其表达出来还，传达给译文读者，因此译文的韵味是原文作者和译者共同创造的产物，而译文读者在阅读译文时继续了这一创造活动。,7.1 小说的特点和要求,小说特点：,意境和氛围,个性化的语言方式,小说要求：,透过表面意义，看到文字的“精神”,熟谙英汉两种语言，译文浑然一体,意境和氛围,一般来说，任何形式的文学作品都有一种意境和氛围，这种意境和氛围通过作者在作品里所表达的精神气质、思想情操、审美志趣以及他所创造的形象营造出来，并构成作品审美价值的核心。,冯骥才的阐释五大道:“历史留给我们的决不是一幢幢房子，还有它迷人的氛围。而这又不只是一种建筑氛围，更是一种历史人文的气息。”,意境和氛围,例1：原文：北京的冬季，地上还有积雪，灰黑色的秃树枝丫叉于晴朗的天空中，而远处有一二风筝浮动，在我是一种惊异和悲哀。,译文：In the winter of Beijing,with snow on the ground and dark-gray branches up in the brisk air,a couple of kites were fluttering up in the distance against the sunny skya sight that filled me with amazement and forlorness.,分析：“北京的冬季”，地上的“积雪”，“晴朗的天空”和远处浮动的“风筝”，构成了一幅北京残冬的画面，使作者联想起童年的往事，因而感到“惊异”和“悲凉”。译文用一个带时间状语的主从复合句勾勒出相应的画面和作者的感受，效果与原文相近。,个性话的语言方式,要把不同作家的语言特色用另外一种语言表达出来，把他的语言风格用另外一种语言再现出来，译者不能不通过作品研究作者，研究作者的精神气质、思想情操和审美志趣。单纯研究翻译技巧是远远不够的，从根本上弄清作者的话语方式，对译者是非常重要的。,个性话的语言方式,例1：原文：北静王见他语言清朗，谈吐有致，一面又向贾政笑道：“令郎真乃龙驹凤雏，非小王在世翁前唐突，将来雏凤清于老凤声，未可量也。”贾政陪笑道：“犬子岂敢谬承金奖，赖藩郡余恩，果如所言，亦萌生辈之幸矣。”,译文：The clarity and fluency of Pao-yus answers made the prince turn to observe to Chia Cheng,“You son is truly a dragons colt or young phoenix.May I venture to predict that in time to come this young phoenix even surpass the old one?”“My worthless son does not deserve such high praise,”rejoined Chia Cheng hurriedly with a courteous smile.“If thanks to the grace of Your Highness such proves the case,that will be our good fortune.”,分析：译文中的“May I venture”、“my worthless son”、“the grace of Your Highness”以及译者所添加的“courteous”等词，恰如其分地体现了讲话人的自卑和对对方的敬重。贾政在奴才面前盛气凌人，但是在北静王面前又极尽卑躬屈膝之能事，这一点在译文中也都得到充分体现。,透过表面意义，看到文字的精神,汉英两种语言分属两个不同的文化，其思维逻辑和表达方式都有明显的区别。翻译时如果拘泥于译出语的字面意义，往往不能体现出译入语文字的特征，小说翻译非常忌讳这一点。有些汉语小说作品翻译成英语时常常失色，这是主要原因之一。,透过表面意义，看到文字的精神,例2：原文：钟灵在黑板上画的，当然谈不上什么诗意，但他能把自己的意图形象化，让人看懂他的本意。这是一种漫画的才能，是很可贵的。钟灵要好好努力，发挥这种才能，也许将来会成为一位漫画家的。不过在构图和比例上、技巧上还不大讲究,译文：He really has some stuff of a caricaturist in him and it is something commendable.Zhong Ling,I hope you will make every effort to develop this gift of yours and,some day,you might become an artist.However,the picture is still lacking in composition,proportion and technique.,分析：原文中出现了两个“才能”，虽然是同样一个词，但含义有轻重之别，译者敏感地捕捉到其微妙的差别，分别译为“stuff”和“gift”，准确地再现了说话人的本意；而后面的“lacking in”则把原文较为模糊的说法确定在一个方向上。,熟谙英汉两种语言，译文浑然一体,熟悉英汉两种语言是做好双语转换的前提。理解原文，再把它转换成另一种语言，让以译入语为母语的人接受、喜欢，这需要一定的艺术才能。以下各例在句与句之间、段与段之间语义的相容都处理得很得体，给人一种浑然一体的感觉。,熟谙英汉两种语言，译文浑然一体,例2：原文：我建议你们多读一些优秀的诗词，慢慢体会诗词的内容和涵义，使自己的画富有诗意，更有韵味和情趣。钟灵在黑板上画的，当然谈不上什么诗意，但他能把自己的意图形象化，让人看懂他的本意。,译文：I suggest you read some good poetry,try to understand what it is about and its poetic implications so that you can make your drawings poetic and appealing to the viewers aesthetic taste.The picture Zhong Ling has drawn on the board is not very poetic,I guess,but he can express his ideas and make himself understood through the image.,分析：原文中“使自己的画更有韵味和情趣”，在汉语中“韵味和情趣”常被看作是“只可意会”之类，译文将其译成“make your drawings poetic and appealing to the viewers aesthetic taste”。“I guess”相当于原文中的“当然”，以十分口语化的英语道出老师以平常的心态讲评画作，与其既教书又育人的高尚品格完全一致。,（一）剪 彩,赏析：对于文中所涉及的中国文化方面或特有事物时需进行解释说明。如原文第二段中提到“改革开放”，提到那是中国公民去香港很难，并使用了“折腾清楚”和“黄花菜也凉了”这样的民间俗语。“折腾”是一个使用广泛、表达力很强的口语词，无固定译法，因此需根据语境决定。在本文中，“折腾”含有“费尽力气、费尽周折”之意，因此译文用了动词“manage”表示“成功做成某件困难的事”。用形容词“tedious”表达了办手续“费时费力、令人厌烦”之意。原文的“黄花菜也凉了”比喻生动，虽然也可以采用直译加意译的方法译成：the exhibition would have long been over,just as a Chinese saying describes,“even piping-hot day-lily dish would have turned cold”，但是这样翻译的话，还需加注释说明黄花菜在中国有些地区是最后一道菜，译文显得拖沓，有悖于原文简洁的风格，因此这里采用了意译，而舍弃了直译。,（一）剪 彩,原文：可能看出我疑惑的目光,先生说:“请的是花匠李师傅他的单位撤销了、家又拆迁、不知道搬到哪儿去了他是我几十年来真正没有丝毫功利观念的患难朋友,他应该来剪这个彩。”,译文：Probably noticing my puzzled look,Mr.Huang explained,“Ive invited Mr.Li,the veteran gardener,to cut the ribbon.I had been out of touch with him for years.I asked several friends to enquire about him,but they only learned that his workplace had been closed down,and his house was no longer there as a result of a new construction project.Meanwhile I myself also moved,and each time I come to Beijing,I seldom stay long.Thats why I didnt find him until recently.Over the decades he has been my real tested friend,who doesnt have the slightest notion of seeking personal gains.So he is the right person to cut the ribbon.”,赏析：在这里，“拆迁”不能简单的翻译成“his house had been pulled down and his family moved away”,因为有可能造成李师傅是因为迫害而搬离，因此译成“his house was no longer there as a result of a new construction project”。,（一）剪 彩,赏析：“在那间没有窗户的小耳房“罐儿斋”里，尤其那个不正常的年代里，先生家里的藏书抄光了，绘画毁了，唱片砸了。真是家徒四壁。”译文对“耳房”、“罐儿斋”、“不正常年代”都做了解释。“不正常”虽然可直译成“abnormal”，但是意义不明确，因此译成“the period of the Cultural Revolution when things were not on the right track”。原文说黄永玉一家住在“小耳房”里，不言而喻，他是受到了迫害，住房压缩了，因此译文用“had to live”将这层意思表达出来。“真是家徒四壁”译成英语时加了“almost”，以缓和语气。译文将原文的两句重组，是因为需要解释的词语较多，这样做可以保持译文的逻辑性和流畅性。,（二）枪 口,原文：官复原职的N省建材用杨局长和李秘书，走在蒿草从生、芦获疏落的湖边。,译文：Yang had just been sent back to his former post,Chief of the Building Material Bureau.At the moment,he was walking with Secretary Li,hunting along the lake where wormwood grew abundantly among scattered weeds.,赏析：“蒿草丛生，芦荻疏落”虽然是并列词组，但是在翻译时可以根据实际情况改成主从关系，因此译文为“wormwood grew abundantly among scattered weeds”，从句式平衡及韵律上也很适宜。,（二）枪 口,原文：“烟中列山由青无数，雁背夕阳红欲暮。”西风，秋水，雁阵，衔着落日的远山，交融在一起，更增添打猎者的无限兴致。,译文：“There were endless green mountain ranges stretching in thin mist,and wild geese flying against the setting sun in the growing duck.”The west wind,an autumn stream,and lines of wild geese set against background of distant mountains embracing the sinking sun harmoniously converged to enhance the boundless joy of the hunters.,赏析：“交融在一起，更增添打猎者的无限兴致。”“交融”和“增添”这两个动词可用动词不定式to连起表示结果，故译为“converged to enhance the boundless joy of the hunters”。,（二）枪 口,原文：“嘎”传来一声水禽被惊动的鸣叫。杨局长从李秘书手里接过支崭新的猎枪，爱抚地摸了一下。它是双筒枪管，枪身瓦蓝锃亮，枪口黑黝黝的，有一股逼人的寒气。二十多年前他打游击时，也没拿到过这样的枪。,译文：“Quack!”came the cry of a startled water bird.Bureau Chief Yang took the brand-new hunting gun from Secretary Li and caressed it with affection.It was a double-barrel shotgun with a shining blue body and a chilling black muzzle.He had never before got hold of such a fine weapon,not even in those days of guerrilla warfare thirty years ago.,赏析：“一声水禽被惊动的鸣叫”实际是一只被惊动的水禽叫了一声，因此译为“cry of a startled water bird”，表示鸟儿受惊，而不是声音受惊。此外，句中“它是双筒枪管，枪身瓦蓝锃亮，枪口黑黝黝的，有一股逼人的寒气”的汉语拖沓、冗长，英译时宜采用直接形容及with短语，将几个形容词都融进一个短语中，更显简洁明快：“with a shining blue body and a chilling black muzzle”。,（二）枪 口,原文：“你不要为他做说客。不批，半个字也不批；针尖大的洞，也会刮进斗大的风。咱党员干部，那歪门邪道不要搞。”他停了一下，朝烟波迷茫、水天一色的湖面瞧去。“好景致，可惜婷儿没有同来。”,译文：“Dont you ever try to talk me into consent on his behalf.I wont agree,not on any account!A tiny opening will let in a gust of wind.We Party cadres should not engage in any under the center business.”He stopped to glance over the misty lake where water joined the sky.“What a nice view!It is a pity that Ting hasnt come with us.”he finished.,赏析：“为他做说客”宜意译，意思是“替他劝我同意”，因此译为“talk me into consent”。这段中的“歪门邪道”也有多种英译版本，此处采用“under the counter business”，还可以译成“dishonest practice”等。,7.3 技巧点拨,（一）,技巧点拨：,1.原文：“我算什么名人，哪能比他们二老。”,译文：“Im not much of a celebrity,though.How can I be lined up with people like”,赏析：“我算什么名人”，表达了黄老看破世俗、淡泊名利的情操。短语“not much of”不仅传达了原意，也表达了鄙视名利的感情色彩。“though”一词放缓了语言节奏，符合原文说话的语气。“哪能比他们二老”突破常规译法，而是采用了“be lined up with”，从深层意义上准确地表达了原文含义。,2.原文：老啦，没办法，吃过晚饭，看了点电视新闻，有些迷糊了，打算洗个脸，泡泡 脚，上床寻梦去。,译文：Being old,he easily got tired and could not help it.After supper,having watched some news on the TV,he began to feel sleepy,so he went about washing his face and feet before going to bed.,赏析：这句话，中文文字零散，句与句之间只有意义联系，无形式粘连，时间关系隐含其中。译者将其译成两句，用相关的介词、连词和动词的非谓语形式将句子串在一起，变意合的汉语为形合的英语，结构清晰，语义明确。“没办法”、“迷糊”等词都是口语，需结合上下文才能准确体会其含义。“没办法”是无可奈何、不可抗拒的意思，“迷糊”是指困倦的意思，因此两者分别译为“could not help it”和“feel sleepy”，将作家已感老之将至且颇悠闲的生活情景准确地翻译出来。,7.3 技巧点拨,（一）,3.,原文：,“啊，离休了，每月多少，不少吧？”向会客室大量了一下。,“还可以就是了！”,译文：,“I see.Youre retired.How much pension do you receive each month?Not too small a sum,I guess?”he said,running his eyes around the sitting room.,“Enough to keep me going,thats all.”,赏析：,这组对话描写了记者的无聊和黄老已对其生厌的心情。原文是一气呵成的四个短句，译文也以四个短句对应，意义、节奏都与原文相似。插入语“I guess”和分词短语“running his eyes around the sitting room”在语气和感情色彩上刻画了人物的神态。“还可以就是了！”这句话最难译的是语气，如译成“Fairly enough”在语气上较逊色，因此译文作了修改，虽然形式上与原文有些出入，但是意念上符合原文含义，达到了“动态对等”的要求。,4.,原文：,“那谈谈对目前文艺形势的感想，好吗？”,“也没多少感想。至于目前，我感到有些困，想睡觉了！”,译文：,“Could you please tell me how you feel about the general trend of literature and arts at the moment?”,“I dont feel much about that but,at the moment,I feel sleepy.I feel like going to bed.”,赏析：,原文戏谑的文字，纯熟、自然，字里行间透着嘲讽和幽默。译者用重复的修辞手段，在老黄的回答中重复了问句中的“at the moment”和“feel”，重现了原文的诙谐幽默，意趣天成。,7.3 技巧点拨,（一）,5.原文：从不谢客，礼当接待。,译文：As Mr.Huang had never refused any visitor before,this one should be received with courtesy too.,赏析：汉语常常省略主语，而英语常常不可。译者在这里增加了Mr.Huang和this one，这是由英语形合特点决定的。,6.原文：“通俗吗，好啊，人人看得懂，这就是我的意见。”,译文：“Literature going pop?Very well.Makes it intelligible to the reader.This is my view on it,if you like.”,赏析：译者根据对话的特点增加了一些语气词，如本句的“if you like”，这些增词有助于再现原文风格。,7.3 技巧点拨,（二）,3.原文：种种座谈会上，信口引用，以其昏昏，使人更其昏昏。昏昏者，不懂也。不懂毕竟有些不光彩，人之讳也。于是昏昏者也伪作昭昭然。,译文：So at all the various conferences,and meetings,each took the liberty of quoting and developing interpretations,thereby misleading even more people.Well,what is it to be perplexed,after all?It means you dont understandits certainly no credit.And so everyone did his best to keep from displaying his perplexity.,赏析：将“信口引用，加以发挥”译成“took the liberty of quoting and developing interpretations”很符合原意，即指随便引用，不着边际地加以解释。“昏昏者，不懂也。”是陈述句，但是译文以Well开头的问句，然后再作答，增强了讽刺语气。而且，此句中的perplexed和下一句中的perplexity相呼应，取得了连贯效果。,7.3 技巧点拨,（二）,4.原文：面对大批来搞中隔三行差五行便闪入眼帘的“物质还原性”，更加不懂，不 发，惟恐有压制新理论之嫌。,译文：He was assailed by the term of“reduction of matter”every three or four lines in all the stacks of articles that confronted him.He didnt know what to do.He could publish the article,but he couldnt understand them.Yet if he didnt publish them,he left himself open to the charge of suppressing the new theory.,赏析：译文中采用了“assailed”（attack sb.Violently or repeatedly）和“confronted”(make sb.Face or consider sb./sth.unpleasant)，这两个词语都超出了词语的本意，因此增加了“He didnt know what to do”进行补充说明。,5.原文：外国电影理论家似懂非懂。,译文：The foreign film theorist seemed almost,but no quite,to understand.,赏析：译文显得简洁，原文中有两个“懂”并不显重复，译文中用一个“understand”避免了重复。,6.原文：A君谈兴颇高，应诺。,译文：Mr.A was at the height of his grandiloquence.He agreed.,赏析：“谈兴颇高”意即“谈兴正浓”，译文选用了“grandiloquence”意思是speech full of high-flown,pompous,bombastic words and expressions，深入刻画了A君的神态。,