第四章：翻译技巧(上).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第四章：翻译技巧（上）,Translation Techniques,Amplification,Omission,Conversion,Negation,Repetition,Amplification（增词法）,By amplification we mean supplying necessary words in our translation work so as to make the version correct and clear,to make it more like the language translated into.,Of course words thus supplied must be indispensable either syntactically or semantically.In other words,a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to the original.,There are two kinds:1)Words for syntactic constructionto secure correctness,2)Words supplied for semantic completionto secure clearness.,Both aim at making the version expressive and readily understood by the reader.,Examples:,presidential historian“,总统的历史学家,”,研究,总统的历史学家,For mistakes had been made,bad ones,he was severely criticized.,“因为已经犯了错误，很严重，他受到了严厉的批评”,“因为已经犯了错误，而且是很严重的错误，他受到了严厉的批评”,Rocket research,has proved the strange fact.,通过火箭进行的研究,How she wished she could send,that man,to the Furiesfor the punishment she thought he deserved.,Furies 希神复仇女神(“土地”和“黑暗”的三个女儿,以清算罪恶为职责,被描绘成庄严、美丽的女郎,Fury 为其中之一),她真想把那个,臭,男人交给那母夜叉去整治整治,也好让她出口恶气。,（一）英译汉常用的增词法,I增加原文中省略的部分,1.Since the first test of the atomic bomb the world has learnt that the atom can be split and,its power used,.,自从第一颗原子弹试验以来，全世界都已知道，原子可以分裂，原子能,可以,利用。（power后省略了can be）,2.A fool and his words are soon parted;a man of genius,and his money.,愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会,很快放弃,手里的钱。（money后省略了are soon parted）,3.Both,human and cow milk,are naturally spiced with a small amount of morphine.,人,乳,与牛乳均含有少量吗啡。（human后省略了milk）,4.So-called convenience and frozen foods are now as popular in Europe,as they are,in America.,如今，所谓的方便食品和速冻食品风靡欧洲，就像在美国一样,大众化,。,5.The heart is slightly bigger than a fist,and lies between,the lungs,.,心脏略大于一个拳头，位于,两肺,之间。,6.Women have outgrown the jumping-on-chair-at the-sight-of-a-mouse era,but he says that,they have not,.,女性已经不再像从前那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上；而他则认为，今天的女性还没有,取得这样的进步,。,7.Population increase and decrease relatively not only to one another,but also,to natural resources,.,人口的增减不仅彼此有相对关系，而且也和自然资源,有相对关系,。,8.Without a sense of your fault,how can repentance and amendment be expected?,如果,对自己的错误都不能认识到，怎么能指望你会悔改呢？,9.Since air has weight,it exerts force on any object immersed in it.,因为空气具有重量，,所以,处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。,1、增加动词,1).Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.,读书使人充实,讨论,使人,机智,笔记（写作）,使人,准确。,2).We dont regret,we never have and never will.,我们不会后悔，我们从来没有,后悔过,，我们将来也不会,后悔,。,3).After the basketball,he still has an important conference.,看完,篮球比赛之后，他还有一个重要会议,要参加,。,4).He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.,他没有,致,闭幕词就宣布结束会议。,5).Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.（compare this with S1),读史,使人,明智，读诗,使人,灵秀，数学,使人,周密，科学,使人,深刻，伦理,使人,庄重，逻辑修辞,使人,善辩。,2.增加形容词或副词,1).With what,enthusiasm,the Chinese people are building socialism!,中国人民正以多么,高的,热情建设社会主义啊！,2).The crowds,melted,away.,人群,渐渐,散开了。,3).As he sat down and began talking,words poured out.,他一坐下来就讲开了，,滔滔不绝地,讲个没完。,4).She lingered long over his letter.,她,反反复复地,回味着他的来信。,5).In the films of those days,all too often it was the same one:boy tractor driver,meets,girl tractor driver;they,fall in,love and,drive,tractor together.,在那时候的电影里，总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手,始而,相遇，,继而,相爱，,终而,并肩开拖拉机了。,3.增加名词,To do some shopping 买,东西,To do some washing 洗,衣服,1).First you,borrow,then you,beg,.,头一遭借,钱,，下一遭就讨,饭,。,2).Mary,washed,for a living after her husband died of cancer.,玛丽的丈夫得癌症去世后，她靠洗,衣服,维持生活。,3).He,ate,and,drank,for he was exhausted.,他吃了点,东西,，喝了点,酒,，因为他疲惫不堪了。,4).The development of economy remains one of,the,priorities,of the Chinese Government.,发展经济仍然是中国政府的首要,课题/任务,之一。,5).That black jacket is indeed,cheap,and,fine,.,那件黑夹克真是,价,廉,物,美。,6).He was,wrinkled,and,black,with scant gray hair.,他,满脸,皱纹，,皮肤,黝黑，头发灰白稀疏。,7).A new kind of car,small,cheap,is attracting increasing attention.,一种新型轿车正越来越引起人们的注意这种轿车,体积,小，,价,钱,便宜。,8).His,arrogance,made everyone dislike him.,他的,傲慢态度,使谁也不喜欢他。,9).After all,preparations,were made,the planes were flown across the U.S.to San Francisco.,一切,准备工作,就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去了旧金山。,to persuade,说服,persuasion,说服工作,to prepare,准备,preparation,准备工作,backward,落后,backwardness,落后状态,tense,紧张,tension,紧张局势,arrogant,傲慢,arrogance,傲慢态度,mad,疯狂,madness,疯狂行为,antagonistic,敌对,antagonism,敌对态度,4、增加语气词或量词,1).Dont get angry.Im just making fun of you.,不要生气,嘛,！我不过开开玩笑,罢了,。,2).As for me,I didnt agree from the very beginning.,我,呢,，从一开始就不赞成。,3).They(the eyes)were the same colour as the sea,cheerful and undefeated.,那双眼睛,啊,，像海水一样的蓝，令人愉快，毫不沮丧,4).A red,sun,is rising slowly on the horizon.,一,轮,红日正从地平线上冉冉升起。,5).A stream was winding its way through the valley into the Dadu river.,一,弯,溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到大渡河去,了,。,6）This too was a complicate lie.,这也纯粹是一,派,胡言。,7).Once,they had a quarrel.,有一次，他们争吵了,一,番,。,8).Seeing is believing.,百,闻不如,一,见。,9).The essence remains its identity while appearances may vary.,万,变不离其宗。,10）Man,was,is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.,人类,过去,、,现在,而且,将来,总是在尽力改善生活条件。,Practice,In the evening,after the banquets,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communique.,Since air has weight,it exerts force on any object immersed in it.,Note that the words“velocity”and“speed”require explanation.,Practice,Amplification by supplying words ommited in the original,晚上在,参加,宴会、,出席,音乐会和,观看,乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。,Amplification by supplying necessary connectives,因为空气具有重量，,所以,处在空气中的任何物体都会受到空气的作用力。,Amplification by supplying words to convey the concept of plurality,“速度”和“速率”,这两个词,需要解释。,Practice,After all preparations were made,the plane took off.,This shows that the resistance of an electric conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-section area.,According to scientists,it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.,Practice,Amplification by supplying words to make an abstract concept clear,一切,准备工作,就绪后，飞机就起飞了。,Amplification by logical thinking,这表明，导体电阻的,大小,与导体横切面的,大小,成反比。,Amplification by supplying words of generalization,根据科学家们的,看法,，自然界要用500年的,时间,才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。,Practice,A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses,his theories and his conclusion.,Avoid using this computer in extreme cold,heat,dust or humidity.,Practice,Amplification for purposes of rhetoric coherence,科学家经常设法否定自己的假设，,推翻,自己的理论，并,放弃,自己的结论。,Amplification by repetition,不要在,过,冷、,过,热、灰尘,过重,、湿度,过大,的情况下使用此电脑。,More Practice,Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness,affection weakness,thrift avarice.,We wont retreat,we never have and never will.,When she came to,she saw smiling faces around her.,Their host carved,poured,served,cut bread,talked,laughed,proposed healths.,More Practice,The KODAK Fiche reader 321A is easy to operate,versatile,compact and has a pleasing modern design.,The pupil of the eye responds to the change of light intensity.,Oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.,The planet we live on is not just a ball of inert material.,Keys,勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。,我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也绝不后退。,她苏醒过来，看见周围一张张笑脸。,热情的主人又是切肉，又是倒茶，又是上菜，又是切面包；谈啊，笑啊，敬酒啊，忙个不停。,柯达321A型微胶片阅读器操作简便，功能齐全，结构紧凑，造型美观。,瞳孔随光线的强弱变化而缩小放大。,海洋与其说是分隔了世界不如说是连接了整个世界。,我们居住的星球并不仅仅是一个有惰性物质组成的球体。,（二）汉译英常用的增词法,A增词明确原意,1.我早晨起床后的第一件事是收拾房间。,The first thing,I do,after I get up in the morning is to tidy up the room.,2.意大利著名旅行家马可波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：,A famous,ancient,Italian traveler,Marco Polo,once described his impressions of Hangzhou like this:,3.台湾是中国的领土。,Taiwan is,part of,Chinese territory.,4.饭店现有三个餐厅和一个贵宾间、240个座位。,The restaurant now has three dining rooms and a VIP room with,a total of,240 seats.,5.狠抓管理，安全生产。,We should improve management and,ensure,safe production.,6.月亮升得高高的，明亮犹如银盘。,The moon rose high,shining,as brightly as a silver plate.,7.突然电话铃响了。母亲让我回去送弟弟去医院看病。,Suddenly the telephone rang.,It was my mother calling me.,She wanted me to go home and take my brother to hospital.,8.对确有困难的中西部地区和老工业基地，中央财政将继续给予支持。,In the case of,the enterprises,o,f western and central China and old industrial bases that are in real financial difficulties,the central government will continue to offer financial help.,9.有条件的地方要率先实现现代化。,The areas with,suitable,conditions must take the lead in achieving modernization.,10.该公司的主要经营范围包括：,The business scope of the company covers the,following,areas:,B增词使结构完整,1.收效可能来得慢，但是有把握，而且是巨大的。,The rewards may come slowly,but,they are,sure and tremendous.,2.我们应当逐步消灭城乡差别。,We should gradually eliminate the difference,between,city and country.,3.我吃得不多，睡得不好。,I am unable to eat much,or,sleep soundly.,4.她生来富于同情心，总是乐于帮助别人。,She is sympathetic by nature,and,is always ready to help others.,5.新婚夫妇有数十位宾客陪同，坐着汽车到新房去了。,The,newly wedded couple,accompanied by dozens of guests,went to,their,chamber by car.,6.全国人民总体上实现了由温饱向小康的跨越。,The Chinese people nationwide have developed from the,stage of,having enough to eat and wear to,that,of living a better-off life.,7.明朝的时候，这座城市成了一个繁荣的港口。,In the,Ming Dynasty the city became a flourishing port.,8.沿着南京路向东走，走到尽头，是靠黄浦江江岸的一个很美的地区。,Walking eastward along Nanjing Road,one finally comes to a very beautiful area bordering the bank of,the,Huangpu River.,C.,增加代词,1).小不忍则乱大谋。,If,one,is not patient in small things,one,will never be able to control great ventures.,2).交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方，这样你才能把工作做好。,Before handing in,your,translation,you,have to read,it,over and over again and see if there is anything in,it,to be corrected or improved.Only thus can,you,do,your,work well.,3).没有调查就没有发言权。,He,who,makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.,又如：“又要马儿跑得快,又要马儿不吃草,简直可笑。”,You,want the horse to run fast and yet,you,dont let it graze.Isnt it ridiculous!,4).别把手搁在口袋里。,Dont put,your,hands in,your,pockets.,5).天一天天冷起来了。,It,is getting colder day by day.,6)尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。,It,is better to try and fail than never try at all.,7).你三星期完成这项设计不容易。,It,was not easy for you to finish this design in three weeks.,8).把钟拆开比把它装起来容易。,It,is easier to take a clock apart than to put it together again.,Practice,大作收到，十分高兴。,我们对问题要做全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。,老师在等我，我得走了。,你是白天工作还是夜间工作？,这真是俗话说的，“旁观者清”。,Practice,Adding necessary pronouns,I,was very glad to have received your writing,.,Adding necessary articles,We must make,a,comprehensive analysis of,a,problem before it can be properly solved.,Adding necessary connectives,The teacher is expecting me,so,I must be off now.,Adding necessary background words,It is just as the proverb goes,“The onlooker sees most of,the game,”.,More practice,请把这张表填一下，填完给我。,要提倡顾全大局。,吃饭防噎，走路防跌。,送君千里，终有一别。,一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。,天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。,前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。,理论联系实际，这是我们应当牢记的一条原则。,天气这样闷，十之八九要下雨。,年满18周岁的公民，都有选举权和被选举权。,Keys,Please fill in this form,and give it to me when you have finished.,We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.,While eating,take heed that you do not choke;while walking,take heed that you do not fall.,Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles,yet must the parting coming at last.,A fence needs the support of three stakes;an able fellow needs the help of three other people.,Keys,It was so cold that the river froze.,While the prospects are bright,the road has twists and turns.,That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.,With the weather so close and stuff,ten to one itll rain presently.,All citizens who have reached the age of eighteen have the right to vote and to stand for election.,Omission(省略法),Opposite to the principle of amplification,omission is,however,not contradictory to it.On the contrary,omission is supplementary to amplification.It omits what is deemed useless,superfluous and even encumbrance but considered necessary and indispensable in English.,This principle makes the version brief,concise and clear,.,1).,A,book,is,useful.,书（是）有用（的）。,2).,The,earth goes around,the,sun.,地球绕太阳转。,3).,On,Sundays we have no school.,礼拜天我们不上课。,4）由于时间仓促，作者水平有限，书中疏漏 在所难免，欢迎广大读者批评指正。,Any advice and criticism is warmly welcome about this book.,（一）英译汉时常用的省略,Generally speaking,omission in English-Chinese translation is used to achieve the effect of,succinctness,especially in dealing with excessive use of English,pronouns,and such,functional words,as the article,the preposition,the conjunction,etc.,（一）英译汉时常用的省略,I从语法角度来看,Omitting the pronoun,Pronouns are more frequently used in English than in Chinese.Therefore,when translated into Chinese,many English pronouns may be omitted so as to conform the rendering to the accustomed usage of Chinese expression.,（一）英译汉时常用的省略,1),He was thin and haggard and,he,looked miserable.,他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。,2),We,live and learn,.,活到老，学到老。,3),Everywhere,you,can find new types of men and objects in the new Campus.,新校区处处可以看到新人、新事物。,4),If you,give,him,an inch,he,will take a mile.,得寸进尺。,5),I have received your letter and read,it,with delight.,我收到了你的信，愉快地读了。,6),I wash,my,face in the morning,.,我早上洗脸。,（一）英译汉时常用的省略,（一）英译汉时常用的省略,7),He shrugged,his,shoulders,shook,his,head,cast up,his,eyes,but said nothing.,他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。,8）,The significance of a man is not in what,he,attained but rather in what,he,longs to attain.,人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。（省略作主语的泛指人称代词）,9),The more he tried to hide his mistakes,the more he revealed,them,.,他越是想要掩盖他的错误，就越是容易暴露。（省略作宾语的人称代词）,10),I saw her waving,her,hand and smiling sadly at me,.,我看见她挥着手，对我忧愁地微笑着。（省略物主代词）,11),It,took me a long time to reach the hospital,.,我花了很长时间才到了医院。（省略非人称代词it）,（一）英译汉时常用的省略,（一）英译汉时常用的省略,2.Omitting the conjunction,English is considered an analytic language and many conjunctions that are indispensable in English may seem redundant in Chinese.Therefore,omission of the conjunctions is a common practice in English-Chinese translation,.,1),He looked gloomy,and,troubled,.（表并列）,他看上去有些忧愁不安。,2),As,the temperature increases,the volume of water becomes greater.,（表原因）,温度升高，水的体积就增大。,3),We knew winter vacation was coming,as,(,because,),we had seen the big stone in the River.,（表原因）,（我们）看见了河里大石头，就知道寒假要来了。,4),If,winter comes,can spring be far behind?,（表条件）冬天来了，春天还会远吗？,（一）英译汉时常用的省略,5),When,it is dark in the east,it is light in the west;,when,things are dark in the south there is still light in the north.,（表时间）,东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。,6),She wont be coming,as,we didnt invite her.,我们没邀请她，她不会来的。（省略从属连词）,7,),My heart bleeds,when,I recall the scene my teacher moved with difficulty out of the room,with tears in his eyes.,回想起老师眼含泪水艰难地走出教室的情景，我心里悲痛极了。（省略从属连词）,（一）英译汉时常用的省略,（一）英译汉时常用的省略,3.Omitting the preposition,Chinese is characterized by its succinctness and the preposition appear less frequently in Chinese than in English,and therefore omission of preposition is common practice in English-Chinese translation.,（一）英译汉时常用的省略,1),The Peoples Republic of China was founded,in,1949.,一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。,2),In,July,1956,Egypt had seized the Suez Canal,.,一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。,3),And,on,July 1st,1999,I graduated from university.,一九九九年七月一日，我大学毕业了。,4)Smoking is prohibited,in,public places,.,公共场所不准吸烟。,5),On,the morning of the exam day I woke up early.,考试的那天早上，我醒得很早。（省略介词）,6)It is really a tough jobthere is no help,for it,.,这真是件棘手的事，毫无法子可想。（省略介词及其宾语）,（一）英译汉时常用的省略,（一）英译汉时常用的省略,4.Omitti