1、张立鑫,等.肝门部胆管癌淋巴结转移和神经丛浸润特点及清扫要点肝门部胆管癌淋巴结转移和神经丛浸润特点及清扫要点张立鑫,朱建交,杨刚,李敬东川北医学院附属医院肝胆外一科,川北医学院肝胆胰肠疾病研究所,四川 南充 637000通信作者:李敬东,(ORCID:0000000219231787)摘要:肝门部胆管癌是胆道中最常见的恶性肿瘤,根治性手术是患者可能获得长期生存的唯一手段。本文简述了肝门部胆管癌发生淋巴结转移、神经丛侵犯的特点,回顾了国内外目前对淋巴结清扫、神经丛廓清的观点。分析表明,国内外观点普遍认可区域淋巴结清扫、神经丛廓清,但对淋巴结的扩大清扫尚存争议。关键词:Klatskin肿瘤;淋巴转
2、移;肿瘤浸润基金项目:中国医学基金会(2022HX011);四川省卫生健康委员会科技项目(临床研究专项)重点领域疾病诊疗方案(23LCYJ033);川北医学院附属医院科研发展计划项目(2021YS004)Features of lymph node metastasis and nerve plexus invasion in hilar cholangiocarcinoma and key points for dissectionZHANG Lixin,ZHU Jianjiao,YANG Gang,LI Jingdong.(First Department of Hepatobiliary
3、 Surgery,Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College;Institute of HepatobiliaryPancreaticIntestinal Diseases,North Sichuan Medical College,Nanchong,Sichuan 637000,China)Corresponding author:LI Jingdong,(ORCID:0000000219231787)Abstract:Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is the most common malignant tu
4、mor of the biliary tract,and radical surgery is still the only possible means for patients to obtain longterm survival.This article briefly describes the features of lymph node metastasis and nerve plexus invasion in hilar cholangiocarcinoma and reviews the current viewpoints on lymph node dissectio
5、n and nerve plexus dissection in China and globally.It is shown that the regional lymph node dissection and nerve plexus dissection are generally accepted in China and globally,but there are still controversies over extended lymph node dissection.Key words:Klatskin Tumor;Lymphatic Metastasis;Neoplas
6、m InvasivenessResearch funding:China Medical Foundation(2022HX011);Sichuan Provincial Health Commission Science and Technology Project(Clinical Research Special)Key Areas of Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Program(23LCYJ033);Research and Development Project of Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Me
7、dical College(2021YS004)肝门部胆管癌(hilar cholangiocarcinoma,HCCA)于20世纪60年代由Klastkin提出,在胆管癌发病中占50%70%1,在胆道恶性肿瘤中最常见。因其起病隐匿,早期诊断较困难,肿瘤可沿“纵向”“横向”生长,易发生淋巴转移、神经丛侵犯、肝门部血管及肝实质受侵等。根治性切除仍是目前可能使患者获得长期生存的唯一治疗方案。HCCA在欧美地区发病率较低,但在东南亚地区有明显上升趋势2。国内越来越多的胆道外科医师对HCCA的外科治疗进行了更深入的探索,2013年10月,肝门部胆管癌诊断和治疗指南(2013版)3发布,形成了一个较明确
8、的共识来指导该疾病的诊治。2019年11月,腹腔镜肝门部胆专家论坛DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.09.0042045临床肝胆病杂志第39卷 第9期2023年9月 J Clin Hepatol,Vol.39 No.9,Sep.2023管癌根治性切除操作流程专家建议4发布,进一步形成了腹腔镜下的规范操作流程。但针对淋巴结的清扫、神经丛廓清方面,尚存在一些争议。笔者就近年国内外外科治疗HCCA行淋巴结清扫、神经丛廓清的文献进行综述。1淋巴结转移特点及清扫要点淋巴结转移是HCCA术后的独立危险因素,HCCA早期即可发生淋巴结转移,并且发生淋巴结转移的患者预后往往较
9、差5。肝门部淋巴结引流主要以沿动脉方向的“12a8916”和沿胆管方向的“12b13a16”两条路径为主,其次沿门静脉的“12p14”路径也发挥一定作用6。据Kitagawa等7报道,HCCA发生淋巴结转移最常见的依次为胆总管旁淋巴结(42.7%)、门静脉周围淋巴结(30.9%)、肝总管淋巴结(27.3%)和胰十二指肠后淋巴结(14.5%)。无淋巴结转移的患者术后 5 年生存率高于有淋巴结转移的患者8。Bagante等9报道了437例HCCA患者,其中淋巴结阳性3枚的患者预后显著高于3枚的患者。因此,美国癌症联合会(AJCC)第8版10TNM分期在HCCA部分中,将胆总管和肝动脉、胰十二指肠前
10、、胰十二指肠后及肠系膜上动脉周围淋巴结定义为区域淋巴结,其中N1为13个区域淋巴结转移,N2为4个以上区域淋巴结转移。该分期将既往的区域分站改为阳性淋巴结数量,更有助于术者精确分期、判断预后。根据日本 JSBS分期11,HCCA 淋巴结分为区域淋巴结(N1、N2)和非区域淋巴结(N3):N1包括12组淋巴结(12h肝门横沟内、12b胆道旁、12e胆囊管旁、12p门静脉后、12a肝固有动脉旁);N2包括胰头后淋巴结(13a)和肝总动脉旁淋巴结(8a、8p);N3包括腹主动脉旁淋巴结(16a1、a2、b1、b2)、腹腔干周围淋巴结(9组)、肠系膜上动脉根部淋巴结(14p、14d)、胰腺前淋巴结(1
11、7a、17b)和胰腺后下方淋巴结(13b)。目前常规清扫的范围包括肝门区、肝十二指肠韧带、肝总动脉周围以及胰头后的淋巴结,即第 8、12、13a组淋巴结,扩大清扫包括肠系膜上动脉(9组)、腹腔干(14组)周围的淋巴结等,是否清扫腹主动脉旁淋巴结(16组)尚存争议。应遵循公认的“enbloc”切除和“notouch”原则,即在肝门部胆管肿瘤R0切除的基础上,骨骼化清扫区域淋巴结,切除肝门部除肝动脉和门静脉以外的全部淋巴结、神经丛和结缔组织。清扫入路一般为左侧或右侧入路。左侧入路:打开小网膜囊,由肝总动脉周围淋巴结(8a、8p)和腹腔干周围淋巴结开始清扫,悬吊肝总动脉、胃十二指肠动脉、离断胃右动脉
12、后,骨骼化清扫肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结(12组),再到胰腺后上缘淋巴结(13a),必要时清扫腹主动脉旁淋巴结(16组)。右侧入路:由十二指肠侧腹膜开始采用Kocher手法,清扫胰腺后上缘淋巴结(13a)后立即送术中冰冻病理检查,若为阴性,则继续整块切除肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结(12h、e、b、a、p)及脂肪组织,再清扫肝总动脉周围淋巴结(8a、8p)和腹腔干周围淋巴结。刘学青等12报道了32例腹腔镜HCCA治疗病例,建议采用扩大淋巴结清扫,即8、9、12、13组淋巴结和14、16组淋巴结。张成武13也施行扩大淋巴结清扫,主张以肝总动脉为导向,采用“自结缔组织中解剖血管”的理念实施包括8、9、12、13
13、、16组区域淋巴结的扩大清扫,并认为30的腹腔镜视角灵活多变,且通过其放大作用使淋巴结清扫简单易行。李德宇等14则主张常规清扫8、9、12、13组的区域淋巴结,非常规清扫14、16组的淋巴结,若术前影像发现14、16组淋巴结转移,则不建议手术。有系列研究表明16组淋巴结的清扫无法提高患者生存率,日本名古屋大学Aoba等15也主张非常规清扫该组淋巴结,而以活检为主,若阳性,则需慎重考虑能否施行根治性手术以及患者获益程度。黄鑫等16主张首先做Kocher切口取16b1组淋巴结术中冰冻活检,若阳性,需根据手术难易程度及患者获益情况决定是否继续手术,且术后应追加化疗药物。既往少有淋巴结跳跃转移报道,仅
14、Bagante等9曾报道8、13组淋巴结转移而12组淋巴结未发生的病例,但这也提示扩大淋巴结清扫或许对获取更精确的阳性淋巴结有益。笔者认为,扩大淋巴结清扫或许不能改变患者预后,但对于患者精准分期和判断预后有积极作用,更有利于制订术后进一步治疗方案。对于淋巴结清扫总数,已报道的研究差异较大。Kambakamba等17的系统评价指出清扫7枚即可检出大部分阳性淋巴结,清扫15枚以上并不会增加阳性率;Ito等18报道清扫总数11枚的患者术后生存高于清扫总数11枚者,而Hakeem等19报道淋巴结清扫20 枚的患者预后不及20 枚者。笔者团队既往研究20对手术治疗HCCA施行区域淋巴结清扫,清扫数量达(
15、9.52.6)枚,但尚未得出清扫数量与患者预后2046张立鑫,等.肝门部胆管癌淋巴结转移和神经丛浸润特点及清扫要点相关性的结论。Mao等21、Giuliante等22采用淋巴结转移率(阳性淋巴结与清扫淋巴结的数量比值)来判断预后,但需清扫足够多数量的淋巴结才能有效获得准确的阳性淋巴结数量。AJCC第7版指南23曾建议HCCA手术中清扫淋巴结15枚,但在第8版指南中取消了对淋巴结清扫总数的推荐意见,仅提出为准确评估淋巴结转移情况,应至少清扫6枚以上淋巴结。关于HCCA的淋巴结清扫总数尚未达成共识,通过淋巴结转移率判断预后难以推广,仍需大样本、长时间跨度的多中心研究来进一步评估。2神经丛浸润特点及
16、清扫要点神 经 周 围 浸 润(perineural invasion,PNI)也 是HCCA转移、生长的重要方式之一。有文献24报道胆道肿瘤发生PNI的概率为56.0%88.0%。肝门部神经主要沿动脉走行分布,HCCA易发生神经侵犯,因此肝十二指肠韧带骨骼化清扫是必要的,尤其要注意动脉走行及变异情况25。在骨骼化动脉时应特别注意,达到既显露出动脉外膜又完全剥离周围神经丛的程度。任伟强等26对PNI的相关分子机制进行了综述,总结了M3毒蕈碱乙酰胆碱受体、趋化因子、神经生长因子、microRNA 及 lncRNA 在 HCCA 周围神经侵袭中的作用,并认为上述分子在诊疗中可能成为新的分子靶点或诊
17、断、预后的标志物。3小结HCCA极易发生淋巴结转移和神经丛侵犯,且一旦发生,预后较差,但手术仍是可能延长患者生存时间的唯一手段。目前国内外关于淋巴结清扫,初步达成区域淋巴结清扫的一致意见,关于扩大清扫及清扫数量尚存争议。仍需要大范围的多中心临床研究予以论证。利益冲突声明:本文不存在任何利益冲突。作者贡献声明:李敬东负责课题设计;张立鑫、朱建交、李敬东负责资料分析,撰写论文;杨刚、李敬东负责修改论文;李敬东负责拟定写作思路,指导撰写文章并最后定稿。参考文献:1 CAPOBIANCO I,ROLINGER J,NADALIN S.Resection for Klatskin tumors:Tech
18、nical complexities and resultsJ.Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol,2018,3:69.DOI:10.21037/tgh.2018.09.01.2 TANG ZH,WEI MY,TANG CW,et al.Discussion on the scope of regional lymph node dissection in radical resection of anal cholangiocarcinomaJ.Chin J Bases Clin Gen Surg,2018,25(7):775778.DOI:10.7507/100794
19、24.201806056.汤朝晖,魏妙艳,唐陈伟,等.肝门部胆管癌根治术区域淋巴结清扫范围探讨J.中国普外基础与临床杂志,2018,25(7):775778.DOI:10.7507/10079424.201806056.3 Biliary Surgery Group,Surgery Society of Chinese Medical Association,Hepatobiliary Surgery Committee of the PLA.Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma(2013 edit
20、ion)J.Chin J Surg,2013,51(10):865871.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.05295815.2013.10.001.中华医学会外科学分会胆道外科学组解放军全军肝胆外科专业委员会.肝门部胆管癌诊断和治疗指南(2013版)J.中华外科杂志,2013,51(10):865871.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.05295815.2013.10.001.4 The Expert Group on Operational Norms of Laparoscopic Radical Resection of Perihilar Cholangio
21、carcinoma,Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Surgery.Expert recommendation for operational norms of laparoscopic radical resection of perihilar cholangiocarcinomaJ.J Clin Hepatol,2019,35(11):24412446.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10015256.2019.11.010.腹腔镜肝门部胆管癌根治切除术操作规范专家组,中华外科杂志编辑部.腹腔镜肝门部胆管癌根治性切除操作流程专家建议J.临
22、床肝胆病杂志,2019,35(11):24412446.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10015256.2019.11.010.5 NIU YJ,ZHA Y,LI SJ,et al.Analysis on prognosis related factors of patients with cholangiocarcinoma after radical resection and establishment of survival prediction modelJ.J Jilin Univ(Med Edit),2022,48(4):979987.DOI:10.13481/j.167
23、1587X.20220418.牛英杰,查勇,李思嘉,等.胆管癌根治性切除术后患者预后相关因素分析和生存预测模型构建J.吉林大学学报(医学版),2022,48(4):979987.DOI:10.13481/j.1671587X.20220418.6 LI FY,CHENG NS,MA WJ.Radical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma and the scope of lymph node dissectionJ.Chin J Bases Clin Gen Surg,2018,25(8):993996.DOI:10.7507/10079424.201
24、805063.李富宇,程南生,马文杰.肝门部胆管癌根治与淋巴结清扫范围J.中国普外基础与临床杂志,2018,25(8):993996.DOI:10.7507/10079424.201805063.7 KITAGAWA Y,NAGINO M,KAMIYA J,et al.Lymph node metastasis from hilar cholangiocarcinoma:Audit of 110 patients who underwent regional and paraaortic node dissectionJ.Ann Surg,2001,233(3):385392.DOI:10.1
25、097/0000065820010300000013.8 NAGINO M,EBATA T,YOKOYAMA Y,et al.Evolution of surgical treatment for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma:A singlecenter 34year review of 574 consecutive resections2047临床肝胆病杂志第39卷 第9期2023年9月 J Clin Hepatol,Vol.39 No.9,Sep.2023J.Ann Surg,2013,258(1):129140.DOI:10.1097/SLA.0b013e
26、3182708b57.9 BAGANTE F,TRAN T,SPOLVERATO G,et al.Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma:Number of nodes examined and optimal lymph node prognostic schemeJ.J Am Coll Surg,2016,222(5):750759.DOI:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.02.012.10 AMIN M,EDGE S,GREENE F,et al.AJCC Cancer Staging ManualM.8th ed.New York:Springe
27、r,2017.11 MIYAZAKI M,OHTSUKA M,MIYAKAWA S,et al.Classification of biliary tract cancers established by the Japanese Society of HepatoBiliaryPancreatic Surgery:3rd English editionJ.J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci,2015,22(3):181196.DOI:10.1002/jhbp.211.12 LIU XQ,FENG F,WANG WB,et al.Laparoscopic radical
28、resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma:A report of 32 patientsJ.Chin J Hepatobiliary Surg,2019,25(3):200206.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.10078118.2019.03.010.刘学青,冯峰,王文斌,等.32例腹腔镜肝门部胆管癌根治术的临床研究J.中华肝胆外科杂志,2019,25(3):200206.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.10078118.2019.03.010.13 ZHANG CW.Clinical experience of laparosc
29、opic radical resection for hilar cholangiocarcinomaJ.J Hepatopancreatobiliary Surg,2020,32(5):257260.DOI:10.11952/j.issn.10071954.2020.05.001.张成武.腹腔镜肝门部胆管癌根治性切除术的应用体会J.肝胆胰外科杂志,2020,32(5):257260.DOI:10.11952/j.issn.10071954.2020.05.001.14 LI DY,TAO LY,PAN YJ,et al.Clinical efficacy of laparoscopic ra
30、dical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinomaJ.Chin J Dig Surg,2020,19(5):519524.DOI:10.3760/1156102020030700151.李德宇,陶连元,潘玉进,等.腹腔镜肝门部胆管癌根治术的临床疗效J.中华消化外科杂志,2020,19(5):519524.DOI:10.3760/1156102020030700151.15 AOBA T,EBATA T,YOKOYAMA Y,et al.Assessment of nodal status for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma:Lo
31、cation,number,or ratio of involved nodesJ.Ann Surg,2013,257(4):718725.DOI:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182822277.16 HUANG X,LI L,MAO L,et al.Lymph node dissection of anal cholangiocarcinoma:Progress and practiceJ.Chin J Bases Clin Gen Surg,2020,27(3):274277.DOI:10.7507/10079424.202002026.黄鑫,李莉,毛谅,等.肝门部胆管癌的淋巴结
32、廓清:进展与实践J.中国普外基础与临床杂志,2020,27(3):274277.DOI:10.7507/10079424.202002026.17 KAMBAKAMBA P,LINECKER M,SLANKAMENAC K,et al.Lymph node dissection in resectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma:A systematic reviewJ.Am J Surg,2015,210(4):694701.DOI:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.05.015.18 ITO K,ITO H,ALLEN PJ,et al.Ade
33、quate lymph node assessment for extrahepatic bile duct adenocarcinomaJ.Ann Surg,2010,251(4):675681.DOI:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181d3d2b2.19 HAKEEM AR,MARANGONI G,CHAPMAN SJ,et al.Does the extent of lymphadenectomy,number of lymph nodes,positive lymph node ratio and neutrophillymphocyte ratio impact surgi
34、cal outcome of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma?J.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2014,26(9):10471054.DOI:10.1097/MEG.0000000000000162.20 WANG RF,XU J,LI Q,et al.Clinical application of laparoscopic radical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma:An analysis of 15 casesJ.Chin J Pract Surg,2019,39(4):350354.DO
35、I:10.19538/j.cjps.issn10052208.2019.04.15.王若帆,徐建,李强,等.腹腔镜根治性切除治疗肝门部胆管癌15例分析J.中国实用外科杂志,2019,39(4):350354.DOI:10.19538/j.cjps.issn10052208.2019.04.15.21 MAO K,LIU JQ,SUN J,et al.Patterns and prognostic value of lymph node dissection for resected perihilar cholangiocarcinomaJ.J Gastroenterol Hepatol,20
36、16,31(2):417426.DOI:10.1111/jgh.13072.22 GIULIANTE F,ARDITO F,GUGLIELMI A,et al.Association of lymph node status with survival in patients after liver resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma in an Italian multicenter analysisJ.JAMA Surg,2016,151(10):916922.DOI:10.1001/jamasurg.2016.1769.23 EDGE SB,BY
37、RD DR,COMPTON CC,et al.AJCC Cancer Staging ManualM.7th ed.New York:Springer,2010.24 CHEN SH,ZHANG BY,ZHOU B,et al.Perineural invasion of cancer:A complex crosstalk between cells and molecules in the perineural nicheJ.Am J Cancer Res,2019,9(1):121.25 LIU ZY,DU G,JIN B.Clinical cognition and recent ap
38、plication of laparoscopic radical resection for hilar cholangiocarcinomaJ/OL.Chin J Hepat Surg(Electronic Edition),2021,10(2):139142.DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.20953232.2021.02.005.刘泽阳,杜刚,靳斌.腹腔镜肝门部胆管癌根治术的临床认知与应用现状J/OL.中华肝脏外科手术学电子杂志,2021,10(2):139142.DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.20953232.2021.02.005.26 REN WQ,
39、SANG HQ.Research progress of perineural invasion in hilar cholangiocarcinomaJ.J Mod Oncol,2021,29(3):514517.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.16724992.2021.03.034.任伟强,桑海泉.肝门胆管癌神经周围侵袭的研究进展J.现代肿瘤医学,2021,29(3):514517.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.16724992.2021.03.034.收稿日期:20230705;录用日期:20230808本文编辑:葛俊引证本文:ZHANG LX,ZHU JJ,YANG G,et al.Features of lymph node metastasis and nerve plexus invasion in hilar cholangiocarcinoma and key points for dissectionJ.J Clin Hepatol,2023,39(9):2045-2048.张立鑫,朱建交,杨刚,等.肝门部胆管癌淋巴结转移和神经丛浸润特点及清扫要点J.临床肝胆病杂志,2023,39(9):2045-2048.2048