托福TPOextra答案解析和原文翻译.doc

TPO 34阅读解析第一篇 Population and Climate【P1】地球人口的增长已经对大气和生态环境产生了影响。化石燃料的燃烧，毁林，城市化，种植大米，养殖家畜，生产作为助推燃料和制冷剂的CFC增加了空气中CO2，甲烷，二氧化氮，二氧化硫灰尘和CFOs的含量。约70%的太阳能量穿过大气直射地球表面。太阳射线提高了土地和海洋表面的温度，随后土地和海洋表面将红外射线反射会太空中。这能使地球避免温度过高。但是并不是所有的红外射线被返回会太空中，一些被大气中的气体吸收，然后再次反射回地球表面。温室气体就是其中吸收了红外射线的一种气体，然后再次反射一些红外线到地球。二氧化碳，CFC，甲烷和二氧化氮都是温室气体。大气中温室效应形成和建立的很自然。事实上，大气中如果没有温室气体，科学家预测地球温度比当前的能够低33度。【P2】大气中当前二氧化碳浓度是360ppm。人类活动正在对大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加有着重要的影响，二氧化碳浓度正在快速增长，目前预估在未来50-100年内，浓度将是目前的一倍。IPCC在1992中做出一份报告，在该份报告中大多数大气科学家中观点一致，预测二氧化碳浓度翻倍可能会将全球气温提高1.4-4.5度。IPCC在2001年的报告中做出的预测是气温几乎将会提高2倍。可能发生的气温升高比在冰河时期发生的变化要大很多。这种温度的升高也不会是一直的，在赤道周围变化最小，而在极点周围的变化则是2-3倍。这些全球变化的本地化影响很难预测，但是大家一致认为可能会影响洋流的改变，在北半球的一些区域可能增加在冬天发洪水的可能性，在一些区域夏天发生干旱的概率提高，还有海平面的升高也可能会淹没位置较低的国家。【P3】科学家积极参与地球气候系统中物理，化学和生物成分的调查，为了对温室气体的增加对未来全球气候的影响做出准确预测。全球环流模型在这个过程中是重要的工具。这些模型体现包含了当前对大气环流模式，洋流，大陆影响和类似东西所掌握的知识，在变化的环境下预测气候。这里面有多个模式，所有的在全球范围下显示得都是一样的。比如，所有模型都显示出当二氧化碳浓度翻倍的时候气候的巨大变化。但是，不同的模式也预测了区域环境的巨大不同。大多数模式都反应出相对于全球平均温度，在中纬度地区和中部大陆地区温度变化泽温度提高较大。另外，根据对于降雨形式变化的预测，在中纬度低于呈现减少趋势，而在热带地区降雨将有所增加。最后，大多数模式预测极端事件发生的概率也会增加，比如干旱的遭受极端热浪袭击区域的扩大，温度季节性变化增加，以及暴风雨发生的频率和等级的提高。这些可能会发生的全球改边极大的影响了植物和动物。【P4】对于有机生物对于全球气候变化的影响是很困难的。部分来说，这是因为更多的研究都是短期的且针对个体有机物，而不是长期的针对更广泛的物种进行调查研究。对于科学家想在足够大到能够包含真实世界里所有组成的的空间和条件范围内，特别是在囊括所有有机物的生态环境中，做这种调查，无论是在财政上还是物质上都是极度困难。一个古生物学家尝试过克服这个限制的方式是通过研究化石来重建过去的气候。【P5】在有机物分布中，生物和非生物因素所扮演的角色是特别重要的，当遇到地球人口增加的问题时。气候改变，土地使用，栖息地破坏目前都引起全球范围内的生多样性的减少。所以了解气候与有机物关系对于保护和管理地球生物多样性非常重要。题目解析1.The phrase makes it in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) is reflected 反射(B) collects 收集(C) arrives 到达(D) marked 标记答案：C解析：根据上下文，make it与reradiate为同义词，四个选项中C为表达最为合适，A选项为反射，反射与辐射含义完全不同，故不能选择A。 reflect反射，物体自身没有吸收能力，reradiate再辐射，物体自身有吸收并向外传递能量2. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one positive aspect of greenhouse gases is that they(A) absorb 70 percent of the Suns energy. 吸收70%太阳能量(B) can be rapidly replenished in the atmosphere. 在大气中能够迅速得到补充(C) remove pollutants from ecosystems. 从生态系统中除掉污染物(D) help keep Earth warm. 保持地球温暖答案：D解析：推断题，定位词positive aspect of greenhouse gases，回到原文中定位文章中a greenhouse gas is one that absorbs找到具体句子在第一段最后一句。3. According to paragraph 2, what can be said about the effects of global changes?(A) The local plants and animals will be permanently damaged.本地植物和动物将被永久破坏(B) It is hard to know exactly what form the local effects will take. 很难知道对于当地影响是什么(C) Seawater levels will fall around the world.海平面将下降(D) The effects will not occur in some regions of the world.这种影响在地球的一些区域不会发生答案：B解析：定位词effect of global changes。细节题，需要通读下全段，进行快速排除。A动物植物影响没提，且用词绝对化。B定位第二段the local effects of these global changes are difficult to predict。C与最后一句话rising sea levels相反。D段落没有提到“在一些区域这些影响不会发生”类似的语句。4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A) The rapid rise of carbon dioxide concentrations can be attributed largely to the actions of humans.二氧化碳浓度的快速增加主要归结于人类的活动(B) Predictions about atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide indicate that the influence of human activities will double soon.对于大气中二氧化碳浓度的预测表明人类的影响很快将翻倍(C) In the next 50 to 100 years, human activities will no longer have an influence on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.在未来50-100年里，人类影响对于大气二氧化碳浓度不再有影响(D) Human activities can influence current predictions about atmospheric conditions.人类影响活动影响了当前对于大气环境的预测答案：A解析：划线句子的翻译是“人类活动对于大气中二氧化碳浓度起到了主要的影响，二氧化碳浓度增加的如此之快以至于当前预测在50-100年内二氧化碳浓度将翻倍。”5. The word consensus in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) publication (B) debate (C) collection (D) agreement答案：D解析：publication 出版发表，debate争论辩论，collection收集，agreement同意，consensus一致6. The phrase this process refers to(A) the interaction between physical and biological components of Earths climate system.在地球气候系统中与物理和生物组成成分的互动(B) the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.大气中温室气体增加(C) predicting future global climate预测未来全球气候(D) global circulation models全球环流模式答案：指代题C。解析：定位this process。往前读句子。前一句的大意是“科学家对地球中的物理和生物组成成分做调查为了准确预测温室气体对未来全球气候的影响“-这个就是this process所指代的过程。A只提到了部分细节。B只提到了细节。D是this process过程中的重要工具，不是指this process。7. According to paragraph 3, rainfall amounts are predicted to decrease in what parts of the world?(A) In mid-latitude regions中纬度地区(B) In tropical areas 热带地区(C) In mid-continental regions 中部大陆地区(D) At the poles在南北极答案：A。解析：细节题。定位词rainfall amounts are predicted回到原文与precipitation pattern一样。细读该句即可得到答案8. The word incorporate in the passage is closest in(A) Describe描述(B) Include包括 (C) Expand膨胀(D) Present呈现答案：B9. The word virtually in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) nearly.几乎(B) presumably.大概(C) usually.通常(D) visually.视觉得答案：A10. According to paragraph 3, climate models predict that all of the following events will occur with the increase in greenhouse gases EXCEPT(A) greater seasonal temperature changes.极大的季节性气温变化(B) prolonged heat waves.延长的热浪(C) increased diversity of plants and animals.植物和动物多样性增加(D) longer dry periods.更长时间的干旱答案：C解析：列举题。定位选项细节到原文。Finally, most models predict that there will be increased提到了ABD。段落最后一句提到了植物和动物，但没有提到多样性增加的字眼，故选择C。11. The authors main purpose in paragraph 5 is to(A) explain the process of studying organism responses to climate change解释研究有机物对于气候变化反应的过程(B) stress the importance of learning how climate affects plants and animals强调了解气候对于植物和动物影响的重要性(C) illustrate an important point about factors affecting biodiversity解释影响生物多样性因素中的一个重点(D) examine current research practices on the distribution of organisms on Earth检验当前地球有机物分布的研究方法答案：B 解析：修辞目的题。正确选项要包含段落的重要key words和information. 通读段5，key words有the distribution of organisms, biodiversity, climate-organism 。用这些定位词和信息做选项排除。CD只提及部分定位词，故被排除。A不是作者的目的，而是为了达到这个目的必经的一个过程。12. Look at the terms greenhouse gas, atmospheric circulation patterns, global scale, and biotic factors. Which of these terms is defined in the passage?(A) Greenhouse gas (B) Atmospheric circulation patterns (C) Global scale (D) Biotic factors答案：A解析：在文章中被具体下过定义的学术名词是greenhouse gas,定位在第一段。13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to insert the sentence in the passageMuch of this work depends on the assumption that life forms adapted to a particular climate in the present were adapted to the same type of climate in the past.答案：D解析：插入句子意思“这个工作更多是基于一个设想：适应于现在气候条件的生物形式也适应过去同样类型的气候条件”。找出差入句可以用于定位的词much of this work，根据上下文逻辑this work是单数指代一个工作，ABC的上一句没有这个工作同义词。另外，插入句提到了“现在的环境和过去的环境”类似的意思，刚好与D处的上一句意思一样，故选择D。14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Human population on Earth is affecting both the atmosphere and the ecosystems.Answer Choices(A) The survival of organisms on Earth is directly related to the amount of fossil fuels that are consumed.地球上有机物的生存与消耗的化石燃料的数量直接相关(B) Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising quickly.大气中二氧化碳的浓度快速增加(C) Scientists are working on ways to make precise forecasts of how the increase of greenhouse gases will affect Earth.科学家致力于对温室气体增加对地球的影响做出准确预测(D) Scientists predict that temperature changes would be greater at the poles than at the equator.科学家预测温度的变化在南北极比赤道大(E) Global circulation models can be used to measure the concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere全球环流模式被用于测试大气中CFO浓度(F) The ability to make accurate predictions about global climate presents several difficulties.对全球气候变化做出准确预测有很多困难答案：BCF解析：A选项没提到。D选项第二段有提到，属于细节信息，不选。E选项全球环流模式在第三段第二句被提到，全球环流模式是预测全球气温变化的重要工具，不是用于测试大气中CFO浓度，故错误。第二篇 Europe in the Twelfth Century【P1】11世纪的欧洲经历了巨大的社会，科技和经济变革，然而这没有创造出一个新的欧洲，而是创造出2个新欧洲。北部地区发展成为一个社会地位等级严格的社会，或者至少这么说，在这个社会中谁对土地拥有所有权，谁拥有控制权，谁在土地上劳作。而地中海南部地区则发展成为一个更加不稳定的社会结构，因此也更加混乱，在南部地区，工业和商业占主导地位，社会地位不但反映了同时也是一个人在社会公共生活中所扮演的角色的体现。换句话说， 在北部地区个人身份认同和社会群体建立在个人基础上，而南部地区则是建立在公民的基础上。12世纪初，北部和南部地区完全不一样，欧洲人自己也注意到了两个地区的差异，并对该差异加以评论。【P2】在北部地区政治统治占有绝对支配地位。德国，法国和英国有大量的人口和军队，使之形成了政治和军事意识，并且成为西欧的控制者。这些国家建立了封建制度，有着强大和复杂精细的政府机制。国王和皇后是这个时代的统治者，城堡和教堂庄严雄伟地矗立在土地上成为他们通知的象征，军队活跃并定义了这个时代。另外，封建社会依靠鼓励国内城市生活和建立社会网络平衡发展显示了卓越的能力来适应性的需求。事实上，在北部的一些区域，封建社会的发展可能甚至能够响应大城市兴起的趋势。但是欧洲南部地区经济和文化生活占有主导地位。尽管地中海的领导城市规模较小，他们也对北部城市相对富裕。12世纪只意大利一个城市Palermo就能够征收相当于整个英格兰王国四倍的商业税收。南部社会也具有都市化，多语言文化特征，这使得他们成为这个时代的有智慧和富有艺术气质的领导者。南部地区人民的文化水平远超北部人民，同时南部人们把学到的知识应用到更广泛的领域。科学，数学，诗歌，法律，历史写作，宗教思索，翻译和古典文学开始繁荣发展，整个12世纪，欧洲大陆最出色的人物都纷纷涌入南部地区。【P3】北部的士兵也做了很多事情。12世界政治历史的中心主题之一是北部国家持续努力向南扩大他们的控制，希望能够控制地中海的繁荣。德国皇帝Otto一世不断的建立他们对于北部意大利城市的控制，因为这些城市比如德国农村地区产生更多的税收。法国则使劲一切手段推进国家的边界使之更靠近地中海海岸线。征服统治英格兰的诺曼第人在西西里地区和南部意大利附近地区建立起警戒部队。英国国王也希望或者数次宣布通过金钱或者婚姻政治成为几个地中海城市的统治者。但是当北部国家对南部地区施加压力的时候，南部的文化准确和社会机制也同样向北部扩展。在整个12世纪进程中，北部封建国家里的城市飞速增加，并且成功大范围的复制那些南部的城市。与地中海商人和金融家门的接触让北部的工业和国际贸易得到了发展（有助于为早期提到的城堡和教堂支付金钱）。教育也得到了传播，并且在引发争议的中世纪欧洲最伟大发明大学的建立中达到了高潮。北部和南部共生共栖，换句话说，两个地区的反差比起极性对立的差异程度更大。题目解析1. The word rigidly in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) extremely.(B) normally.(C) obviously.(D) strictly.答案：D2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following was a deciding factor in persons place in society in northern Europe at the end of the eleventh century?(A) Ownership of a commercial enterprise.商业企业的所有权(B) Participation in social and technological changes.参与社会和科技变革(C) Role in public life in the community.在社会中公共生活所扮演的角色(D) Relationship to land through ownership or labor.土地关系所有权答案：D解析：定位词north Europe at the end of the eleventh century，原文对应是第一段第二句。ABC都是南部社会特征3. According to paragraph 1, which of the following best characterizes the societies in European lands close to the Mediterranean Sea at the beginning of the eleventh century?(A) They were civic societies dominated by industry and commerce. (B) They were based on individual social status.(C) They had a fixed and hierarchical form of government.(D) They were established on the idea of individual responsibility.答案：A。解析：定位词Mediterranean Sea at the beginning of the eleventh century，原文对应是第一段第二句。BCD都是北部社会特征4. The word counterparts in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) associates.同事伙伴(B) equivalents.对等的事务(C) opponents.反对者(D) admirers.仰慕者答案：B5. Why does the author mention the Italian city of Palermo in the passage?(A) It had a population that spoke several different languages.(B) Its artists and intellectuals were famous both in the north and south. (C) Its commerce made it richer than a large northern country.(D) It was a relatively small and unimportant Mediterranean state.答案：C解析：定位关键词回原文，发现Palermo作为for example出现，例子都为了解释前面的主题句，往前看一到两句，从But southern Europe took the lead in economic and cultural life开始，通读抓住关键信息wealthier啊定位选项C6. The word urbane in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) cultivated 有文化的(B) famous (C) popular (D) exceptional例外的答案：A7. According to paragraph 2, European intellectuals moved to southern Europe during the twelfth century because southern cities(A) needed learned people for commerce(B) paid educated people better than northern cities did (C) were flourishing centers of science, literature, and other studies (D) needed teachers to improve the levels of general learning答案：C解析：定位词intellectuals move to southern Europe，回到原文是最后一句8. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 2? (A) A statement of fact followed by examples 有例子支撑的事实描述(B) A description followed by a contrasting description 由对比性描述支持的描述(C) A series of detailed comparisons 一系列细节对比(D) A logical argument有逻辑性观点答案：B解析：分析第二段结构抓句子间连接词,判断句子意群，moreover是另外，还有的意思，通常连接上下内容在一个区域，但是分论点不同的地方，所以可以判断，上下为一个意思层次，都在讲北部。往下but转折到南部。 再看southern communities also也是为分论点的提示词。划分段落后，发现北部南部转折时，都用一句话做了内容的概述。北部是political dominance belonged to the north; 南部是but southern Europe took the lead in economic and cultural life。所以可以判断文章结构为“总起句北方+分论点1+分论点2， BUT转折总起句南方+分论点1,+分论点2”9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A) In political history, northern kingdoms tried to extend their control during the twelfth century, but the south tapped into the rich treasures it had around the Mediterranean. 12世纪时，从政治历史上看，北部城市试图扩大他们的统治，但是环地中海的南部城市在创造财富。(B) Political history demonstrates that during the twelfth century, while southern states enjoyed the Mediterranean bonanza, northern countries increased the power of their kings.12世纪政治历史表明当南部城市创造财富繁荣之时，北部城市的国王则在加强统治力量(C) The political history of twelfth-century Europe shows particularly those northern countries continually tried to expand their rule into the south to profit from the riches there.12世纪欧洲政治历史展现了在北部国家持续扩张他们对于南部地区的统治为了获取财富(D) Political history shows that northern kingdoms were so influenced by the example of Mediterranean wealth that they advanced into other areas.政治历史表明北部城市被他们进入的地中海富裕的城市影响答案：C解析：根据highlighted sentence句子意思10. The word proliferation in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) beginning 开始(B) increase增加(C) occupation 职业，占有(D) construction建设答案：B11. According to paragraph 3, northern Europe was influenced by the Mediterranean states in all of the following ways EXCEPT(A) the design of castles and cathedrals 城堡和教堂的设计(B) the spread of education 教育的传播(C) the construction of cities 城市的建设(D) the development of industry and trade工业和商业的发展答案：A解析：细节定位原文第三段But as the northern world pressed southward, 开始读起，A选项没有提到12. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to insert the sentence in the passageThere was northern Europe on the one hand and southern Europe on the other.答案：A解析：插入句翻译“一方面是北欧，另外一个是南欧”根据逻辑放在A，能够承上启下13. Directions: Select from the seven phrases below the two phrases that correctly characterize northern Europe during the twelfth century (选2个)and the three phrases that correctly characterize southern Europe（选3个）. Two of the phrases will NOT be used. Write your answer choices in the spaces where they belong. You can either write the letter of your answer choice or you can copy the sentence.(A) Democratic social structure(B) Sophisticated culture(C) Small wealthy states(D) Famous kings and queens(E) Extensive communication systems(F) Highly literate population(G) Large military forces答案：北欧DG 南欧BCF