高三阅读理解推理判断技巧.ppt

<p>单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,阅读理解专题,-推理判断题,阅读理解考查的问题粗略地可分为两大类：一类是客观理解题，即理解文章中叙述的具体事实和抽象概念；另一类是主观理解题，即通过阅读文章，对文章的主旨和深一层的意义，对作者的意图和态度以及整篇文章的逻辑关系进行更深入的理解，并据此加以推理和判断。,Reading Comprehension,1,2,3,4,主旨大意,细节理解,推理判断,猜测词义,阅读技巧,Question forms:,1.,It can be,inferred(conclude),from the text that,.2.The writer(author,passage),suggests(imply),that,.,3.From the text we know that,is most likely,.,4.The underlined part in the paragraph most,probably means,that _.5.The author may probably,agree with(support,)_.6.How does the author seem to,feel about,this issue?7.The passage is,intended,to _.8.The authors,purpose,of writing this passage is _.,这类题干中通常含有,infer,suggest,indicate,conclude,imply,等标志性词语。,所谓推断就是从已知的事情中推测未知的事情。这里所说的未知是指文章或作者没有直接说明但已暗示出来，或者根据作者提供的信息，可能引出的必然性结论。,技巧点拨:,1).,不要选择表层信息,2).,全面分析,3).,忠实原文,推断类题目尽管不能在文章中直接找到答案，但我们可以在文章中找到可供推论的依据。,1.,细节推理题,2.,推断文章观点或结论,3.,推断作者写作目的和态度,4.,推断上下文内容,5.,推断文章出处,阅读推理判断题,推断题分类,Eg1:,2010湖北卷B,For many parents,raising a teenager is like fighting a long war,but years go by without any clear winner.Like a border conflict between neighboring countries,the parent-teen war is about boundaries:Where is the line between what I control and what you do?Both sides want peace,but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict.In part,this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it.From the parents point of view,the only cause of their fight is their adolescents complete unreasonableness.And of course,the teens see it in exactly the same way,except oppositely.,Both feel trapped.,Q:What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?,A.The teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.,B.The teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict,C.The teens accuse their parents of misleading them,D.The teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents,一、细节推理题,Question forms:,1.It can be inferred from the passage that_.2.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?3.From the passage we can conclude that_.4.Which of the following can be concluded from the passage?,二、如何推断文章的观点或结论,Eg4:,“In general,”writes Rubin in her new book,“womens friendship with each other rest on shared emotions and support,but mens relati-onships are marked by shared activities.”For the most part,Rubin says interactions（交往）between men are emotionally controlleda good fit with the social requirements of many behavior.,“Even when a man is said to be a best friend,”Rubin writes,“the two share little about their innermost feelings.Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage,it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.”,Question forms:,(1),考查整篇文章的写作目的,A.,The,writers,purpose,of writing this passage is to _.,B.,What is,the purpose,of writing this article?,C.,In writing the passage,the author intends to,_.,三、推测作者的写作目的和态度,(2),考查某处细节的写作意图,A,.The writer,uses the example ofto show that,_.,B,.The writer,uses the two questions,at the beginning of the passage to _.,C,.,are mentioned in the first paragraph,to _.,常见的写作目的归纳,不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的,但写作目的通常有以下三种：,(1)to entertain readers,（娱乐读者，让人发笑）,(2)to persuade readers,（说服读者接受某种观点）,(3)to inform readers,（告知读者某些信息）,常见于,故事类,的文章。,to make people laugh;to tell an interesting experience,常见于,议论文或,广告类,的文章。,to sell a product or a service;to attract more visitors/readers/audience,多见于,科普类新闻报道类文化类或社会类,的文章.,技巧点拨:,(1),根据,文体类别,推断写作目的,(2),从,写作手法,来推断写作目的,Eg5.“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave?Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?”asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh.“There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,”he said.,Q:The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to,_,.,A.,test the readers knowledge about waves,B.,draw the readers attention to the topic,C.,show Jamie Taylors importance,D.,invite the readers to answer them,说明文中作者的态度:,objective,neutral,（,中立的,）,；,factual 实事求是的,在议论文中，有：,(1),positive,(,肯定的,)(2),negative,(3),neutral,(,中立的,)(4),approval,(5),disapproval,(6),indifferent,(7),sarcastic,（,讽刺的,）,(8),critical,(,批评的,)(9),optimistic,(10),pessimistic,(,11,),suspicious(怀疑的),(,12,),confident,(,有信心的,),客观的,否定的,漠不关心的,(,赞成的,),不赞成的,乐观的,悲观的,技巧点拨:,注意作者表达感情色彩的,形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子,，才能推断出作者的弦外之音。,肯定：certainly,no doubt,surely,不太肯定：possibly，maybe,it is said that,情感色彩：great,terrific,wonderfully,sadly,shame,Eg:slim,skinny,delicate,emaciated.,Slim(苗条),skinny(瘦的皮包骨头),delicate(娇弱,娇柔”),emaciated(由于疾病、饥饿而“消瘦”“衰弱”，).,Eg7:Around the world more and more people are taking part in dangerous sports and activities.Of course,there have always been people who have looked for adventure-those who have climbed the highest mountains,traveled into unknown parts of the world or sailed in small boats across the greatest oceans.Now,however,there are people who look for an immediate excitement from a risky activity,which may only last a few minutes or even seconds.,I would consider bungee jumping（蹦极跳）to be a good example of such an activity.You jump from a high place(perhaps a bridge or a hot air balloon)200 meters above the ground with an elastic（有弹性的）rope tied to your ankles.You fall at up to 150 kilometers an hour until the rope stops you from hitting the ground.It is said that about 2 million people around the world have now tried bungee jumping.Other activities which most people would say as risky as bungee jumping include jumping from tall buildings and diving into the sea from the top of high cliffs.,Why do people take part in such activities as these?Some psychologists（心理学家）suggest that it is because life in modern societies has become safe and boring.Not very long ago,peoples lives were constantly in danger.They had to go out and hunt for food,diseases could not easily be cured and life was a continuous battle for survival（生存）.Nowadays,according to many people,life offers little excitement.They live and work in comparatively safe conditions;they buy food in shops;and there are doctors and hospitals to look after them if they become ill.The answer for some of these people is to look for danger in activities such as bungee jumping.,Q:The writer of the text has a _ attitude towards dangerous sports.,A.positive B.negative,C.neutral D.nervous,Eg8 2010湖北卷（B）,In this article.Ill describe three no-win situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap.The first no-win situation is quarrels overunimportant things.Examples include the color of the teens hair,the cleanliness of the bedroom,the preferred style of cloth-ing,the childs failure to eat a good breakfast before school,or his tendency to sleep until noon on the weekends.Second,blaming.The goal of a blaming battle is to make the other admit that his bad attitude is the reason why everything goes wrong.Third,need-ing to be right,It doesnt matter what the topic is-politics.The laws of physics,or the proper way to break an egg the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong.For both wish to be considered an authoritysomeone who actually knows something andtherefore to command respect.Unfortunately,as long as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other,theyll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.,Q:What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?,A.Causes for the parent teen conflicts,B.Examples of the parent teen war.,C.Solutions for the parent teen problems,D.Future of the parent-teen relationship,Eg9:,We have saved as a final set of emotions the two most important emotions(情感)towards other people:love and its opposite,hate.Love can be seen everywhere.Yet surprisingly,love has been the subject of less scientific research than other emotions,such as anger and fear.The reason for this may be two fold.First,love is a very complex(复杂的)emotion,difficult to describe and measure.Secondly,unlike many extreme emotions,extreme love is generally not a problem;thus less medical attention has been paid to it.,Q:In previous passage,the author has probably been discussing _.,A.the two most important human emotions-love and hateB.some emotions that are only produced by animalsC.some other sets of human emotions than of love and hateD.why love has been the subject of less scientific research,Eg10:,More than 30,000 drivers and front seat passengers are killed or seriously injured（受伤）each year.At a speed of only 30 miles per hour it is the same as falling from a third floor window.Wearing a seat belt（安全带）saves lives;it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.,Therefore drivers or front seat passengers over 14 in most vehicles must wear a seat belt.If you do not,you could be fined up to$50.It will not be up to the drivers to make sure you wear your belt.But it will be the drivers responsibility（责任）to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing seat belt of some kind.,However,you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing（倒退）your vehicle or you are making a local delivery（发送）or collection using a special vehicle;or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.Make sure these circumstances（情形）apply to you before you decide not to wear your seat belt.Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so,and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.,Q:This text is taken from _.,A.a medical magazine B.a police report,C.an advertisement D.a government information booklet,More than 30,000 are killed or seriously injured（受伤）each year.,you could be fined up to$50,Remember you may be taken to court you may be fined,1.推断隐含意义,必须吃透相关文段的意思。,2.推断作者的写作意图，应当关注主题句,同时把握文章的体裁也可以推断作者的写作目的。,总结,3.推断作者的观点，应当全面理解文章的内容及文章的中心,思想。,4.推断上下文的内容，必须特别关注相关文段的内容,尤其是谋篇布局或过渡的句子。,巩固练习,Challenge,yourself,Several different bison species have lived on the North American continent since the Ice Age;today only two exist.The wood bison is the larger of the two,and is now found mostly in western Canada.Better known in the United States is the Plains bison,or buffalo.At one time,herds of these animals could be sighed almost everywhere from the Appalachian Mountains in the East to the Rocky Mountains in the West.,Q:The author implies that several types of bison_.,A.live outside the United Stated and Canada,B.are well adapted to swampy terrain,C.existed before the Ice Age,D.have been killed or have died out,Ex1:,:,When she looked ahead,Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog.Her body was numb.She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours.Already she was the first woman to swim across the English Channel in both directions.Now at the age of 34,her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina to the California coast.On that fourth of July morning 1952,the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense.She could hardly see her support boats.Sharks cruised toward her figure,only to be driven away by rifle shots.Against the frigid grip of the sea,she struggled on,hour after hour,while millions watched on national television.Alongside Florence in one of the boats,her mother and her trainer offered encouragement.They told her it wasnt much farther.But all she could see was fog.They urged her not to quit.She never had.until then.With only a half mile to go,she asked to be pulled out.,Question:What does“she never had.”in the third paragraph mean?,A.She had never been so desperate.B.She had never thought of giving it up.C.She had never seen such thick fog.D.She had never swum across the strait before,.,Ex2:,Ex3:,Just as crying can be healthy,not cryingholding back tears of anger,pain or sufferingcan be bad for physical health.Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure,heart problems and some other illnesses.If you have a health problem,doctors will certainly not ask you to cry.But when you feel like crying,dont fight it.Its a naturaland healthyemotional response.,Q:According to the author,which of the following statements is true?,A.Crying is the best way to get help from others.,B.Fighting back tears may cause some health problems.,C.We will never know our deep feelings unless we cry.,D.We must cry if we want to reduce pressure.,Ex4:,A young man from a village called Nawalapitiya married a young woman from Maliyuwa,a nearby village.They lived with the mans big family-his parents,his brothers,their wives and children.The family kept an elephant,in which the young woman soon took a great interest.Every day she fed it with fruit and sugar.,Three months later the woman went back to her parents home,having quarreled with her husband.Soon the elephant refused to eat or work.It appeared to be ill and heart-broken.One morning after several weeks the animal disappeared from the house.,It went to the womans home.On seeing her,the elephant waved its trunk and touched her with it.The young woman was so moved by the act of the animal that she returned to her husbands home.,Q:The writer wrote the story in order to_.,A.show that elephants are very clever,B.tell how a woman trained a wild animal,C.show that women care more for animals than men do,D.tell how an animal reunited a husband and wife,Ex5:,T-shirts out;uniforms inSchool uniforms are becoming more and more popular across the U.S.A.Thats no surprise because they offer many benefits.They immediately end the powerful social sorting and label-ling that come from clothing.If all students are dressed in the same way,they will not pay too much attention to their clothing,and some of them will not be laughed at for wearing the“wrong”clothes.Some people are against the strict rule of school uniforms,but they do not realize that students already accept a kind of rulewanting to look just like their friends.The difference is that the clothing students choose for themselves creates social barriers;school uniforms tear those barriers down.,Some parents are unhappy about uniforms,saying that school uniforms will affect their childrens“creativity”.First,as noted above,the clothes students choose to wear do not necessarily express their individuality（个性）.They just copy their classmates.Second,students have the rest of the day to be as creative as they like.While theyre in school,their job is to master reading,writing and maths;this should take up all the creativity they have.Mastery of those skills will be good for the students to build up their creativity in every way.,Q:The author would probably agree that_.,A.it makes no difference whether to wear school uniforms or notB.students individuality may not come from school educationC.students creativity is related to the clothes they chooseD.school uniforms hel</p>