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必修2化学基础知识1.doc

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<p>必修2自主复习瞧书提纲 一.金属性强弱得比较 (1)   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;    &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp;    (2) &nbsp;    &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;    &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp;     &nbsp;  &nbsp;    (3) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; (4) &nbsp;   &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; (5)   &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;                 &nbsp;   &nbsp; 二.非金属性强弱比较 (1)  &nbsp;      &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  (2) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;      &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;         (3)   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;    &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   (4) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;    &nbsp;    &nbsp;         &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; (5) &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;      &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;        &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;      &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  三.半径比较 一瞧:   &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  二瞧:    &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;      &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;       &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 三瞧: &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;       &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     元素 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl 最高正价 最高价氧化物 最高价氧化物水化物 碱性: &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;       &nbsp; 酸性:   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;               &nbsp; &nbsp;       氢化物 一般无氢化物 稳定性:   &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;   还原性:  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 金属性 或 非金属性 金属性:  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;    &nbsp;    非金属性: &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;    &nbsp;  &nbsp;     阳离子得氧化性 或阴离子得还原性 阳离子氧化性     &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   阴离子还原性  &nbsp;    &nbsp;      &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;   练习1、用“&gt;、&lt;、=”填空 碱性:ﻩNaOH &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Mg(OH)2ﻩ NaOH &nbsp;     Al(OH)3 ﻩAl(OH)3 &nbsp;   &nbsp; NH3·H2O 酸性:ﻩH2CO3 &nbsp;   &nbsp;H2SiO3 H3PO4 &nbsp; &nbsp;   HNO3ﻩ H2CO3 &nbsp;    &nbsp;CH3COOH ﻩH2SO3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;H2SO4 ﻩﻩH3PO4   &nbsp; &nbsp; H2SO4ﻩ H3PO4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; HClO4 半径: Na+ &nbsp;O2—  Al3+  Mg2+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;      &nbsp;   &nbsp;   &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;          &nbsp;  &nbsp; ﻩNa+  &nbsp;     Na ﻩﻩNa+  Al3+  Mg2+ &nbsp;S2—  Cl—  &nbsp;Cl  &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;        稳定性:H2O   &nbsp; &nbsp;H2SﻩNH3  &nbsp;   H2O H2S &nbsp;   HFﻩH2S   &nbsp;HCl HF &nbsp;  HCl &nbsp;  HBr &nbsp;   HI 还原性:NH3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;H2OﻩH2S &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;HCl I— &nbsp;  &nbsp;Br— &nbsp;  Cl—ﻩ S2—  &nbsp;  Cl— 练习2、写出下列物质得电子式 N2ﻩﻩﻩﻩ O2   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; ﻩH2  &nbsp;     &nbsp;   &nbsp;  ﻩCl2 &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; ﻩH2O2   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;    CO2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; H2O      &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;ﻩHCl &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; NH3 &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  CH4  &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  NaCl &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp;    ﻩﻩMgCl2    &nbsp;  &nbsp;     &nbsp; ﻩ Na2S &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;    &nbsp;ﻩﻩMg(OH)2  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;       &nbsp; Na2O2  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; NH4Cl &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ﻩﻩNaOH  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;    &nbsp;  ﻩﻩNaClO   &nbsp;     &nbsp;   &nbsp;  乙烯 &nbsp;        &nbsp; &nbsp;  ﻩHClO &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;    &nbsp;   NH4Cl &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;    练习3、用电子式表示下列物质得形成过程 N2  &nbsp;   &nbsp;   &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;   &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;  CO2 &nbsp;      &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;        &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp;  NH3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;    &nbsp; ﻩ MgCl2 &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;    &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; CaF2   &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;       &nbsp;    Na2O   &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;     练习4、①NH4Clﻩ②CO2ﻩ③H2O2 ④Na2O2ﻩ⑤MgCl2 ⑥NaOH ⑦Na2O ⑧N2 ﻩ⑨Heﻩ⑩CH2=CH2 只含有离子键:  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; 只含共价键: &nbsp;     &nbsp;   ﻩ只含非极性键:   &nbsp;  &nbsp;  ﻩ只含极性键: &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 既含离子键又含共价键:   &nbsp;      ﻩ只含离子键与极性键:   &nbsp;   &nbsp;   ﻩ只含离子键与非极性键:   &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 不含化学键: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    五.放热、吸热反应中能量变化与关系 1、放热反应:生成物得总能量 &nbsp;     反应物得总能量ﻩ △H &nbsp;   &nbsp;0 2、吸热反应:生成物得总能量 &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;反应物得总能量 ﻩ△H  &nbsp;   0 3、焓变(△H)得计算方法 &nbsp; (1)△H=   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp;    &nbsp;- &nbsp;    &nbsp;  &nbsp;      &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp; (能量角度) (2)△H=      &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;- &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;     &nbsp;     &nbsp;(焓变角度) (3)△H=     &nbsp;  &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  - &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;    &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;(化学键断裂与形成过程中能量变化角度) 4、燃烧热 &nbsp; 中与热 (1)燃烧热: &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;mol物质 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;燃烧,生成 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;氧化物(化合物)所放出得热量 比如:C→ &nbsp;  &nbsp;     H→ &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;ﻩS→   &nbsp; &nbsp;   ﻩﻩCl→ &nbsp;       (2)中与热:在稀溶液(aq)里, &nbsp;     &nbsp;与     &nbsp; &nbsp;  发生中与反应生成  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; H2O时所释放得热量。 弱酸与弱碱或弱酸与强碱或强酸与弱碱中与反应生成1molH2O时所释放得热量均小于57、3KJ(原因在于,弱电解质电离时要吸热)。 5、盖斯定律 六.原电池 1、原电池得构成条件 (1) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  ﻩ (2)    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; (3)   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;    &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp;ﻩﻩ(4) &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;          &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; 2、 原电池得工作原理 H2SO4 Cu Zn 负极: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;       &nbsp;(发生 &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;    ) 正极:     &nbsp;   &nbsp;       &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; (发生    &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ) 电子流向:由   &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;流出,经导线流入 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   溶液中阴、阳离子移动方向: 阳离子: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;         &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; 阴离子: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;        &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3.原电池得正、负极判断方法 负极 ﻩ ﻩﻩﻩﻩ ﻩ 正极 4、电极反应式书写 (1)书写方法 简单电极反应式:直接写 繁杂电极反应式:首先写总反应;  其次写相对简单反应式; 最后由总反应式-负极(或正极)反应式 (2)必须掌握电极反应式 ①Cu-Zn-H2SO4溶液 负极: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp;ﻩ正极: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;       &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 总反应式:  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp;   &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp;   &nbsp; ②Cu-Ag-AgNO3溶液 负极: &nbsp;   &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;ﻩ正极: &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;       &nbsp;   &nbsp;    &nbsp;   总反应式:   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;      &nbsp;   ③Mg-Al-H2SO4溶液 负极: &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;      &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  正极: &nbsp;   &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;     &nbsp;   总反应式: &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;     &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;      &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;    &nbsp;  &nbsp; ④Mg-Al-NaOH溶液 负极: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;   &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;ﻩ正极: &nbsp; &nbsp;      &nbsp;       &nbsp;   &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 总反应式: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;      &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ⑤H2-O2-H2SO4溶液 负极:   &nbsp;   &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ﻩ正极: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; 总反应式:       &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp;        &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ⑥H2-O2-NaOH溶液 负极:    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    ﻩ正极: &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;      总反应式: &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;      &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;    &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;   ⑦CH4-O2-H2SO4溶液 负极:  &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 正极:        &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp;     &nbsp; 总反应式: &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;    &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;      &nbsp;  &nbsp; ⑧CH4-O2-NaOH溶液 负极:  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;       &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;ﻩ正极: &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;        &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 总反应式:       &nbsp; &nbsp;      &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ⑨CH3OH-O2-H2SO4溶液 负极: &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;ﻩ正极: &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;       &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;    总反应式: &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;    &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;       &nbsp; ⑩CH3OH-O2-NaOH溶液 负极:   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   正极:   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; 总反应式:       &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;      &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  七.化学反应速率与平衡 1、化学反应速率表达式:ﻩﻩﻩﻩﻩ △C=  &nbsp;   -   &nbsp;  &nbsp;或 &nbsp;    - &nbsp;      化学反应速率表示得就是某段时间内得 &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; ,不能用 &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;  与 &nbsp;      &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;来表示,原因就是 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   2、化学反应速率大小比较:首先瞧单位就是否统一,然后再转化。(转化法或除计量数法) 3、化学反应速率与计量数得关系:a A (g)+ b B (g)= c C (g)+d D(g) &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   4、影响化学反应速率得因素 内因:            &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  外因:    &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;       &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; (四大因素) 浓度(C):C &nbsp;    V &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;;C    &nbsp; V &nbsp;   &nbsp;(反应中得固体与纯液体对反应速率基本无影响) 温度(T):T &nbsp;    V &nbsp;    ;T    &nbsp; V      压强(P):P &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;V    &nbsp; ;P   &nbsp;  V  &nbsp; &nbsp;  催化剂: 其它因素:固体表面积增大,V       (如将块状固体换成粉末状,能改变固体表面积) 5、化学平衡 (1)化学平衡状态:可逆反应中,当  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 与   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;  相等,反应物 &nbsp;  &nbsp; 与生成物   &nbsp; &nbsp; 不再改变,各组分得物质得量、质量、体积、百分含量保持一定得状态。(保持一定不就是浓度相等,也不就是成比例) (2)化学平衡得特征: &nbsp;   &nbsp; 、   &nbsp; &nbsp;  、  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 、      &nbsp; 、 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; (3)化学平衡得标志: N2 + 3 H2      2NH3 &nbsp;  &nbsp;或 m A + n B  &nbsp;     &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;p C + q D 为例 ①单位时间内消耗0、1mol N2,同时消耗0、2mol NH3 ﻩﻩ(ﻩ ) ②单位时间内消耗0、1mol N2,同时消耗0、3mol H2ﻩﻩﻩ ( ﻩ) ③单位时间内消耗0、1mol N2,同时生成0、3mol H2ﻩﻩﻩﻩ( ) ④单位时间内消耗0、1mol N2,同时生成0、3mol NH3ﻩ (ﻩ ) ⑤容器中气体平均摩尔质量不变ﻩﻩ ( ) ⑥体系得压强不变 ﻩ ﻩﻩ ﻩ( ) ⑦在绝热密闭系统中得温度不再变化时 ﻩ (ﻩﻩ) ⑧V(N2):V(H2)=1:3 ﻩﻩ ﻩ ﻩﻩ(ﻩﻩ) ⑨C(NH3)=a mol / Lﻩ ﻩ ﻩﻩ(ﻩﻩ) ⑩反应体系中N2物质得量浓度与NH3物质得浓度之比为1:2 ( ﻩ) ⑾容器中密度不变ﻩ ﻩﻩ ﻩﻩﻩﻩ(ﻩ ) ⑿体系气体无颜色变化ﻩﻩ ﻩﻩﻩ ﻩ( ﻩ) ⒀若A、B、C、D为气体,m + n = p + q,当体系中得压强不变时ﻩﻩﻩﻩ(ﻩﻩ)* ⒁若A、B、C、D为气体,m + n ≠ p + q,当体系中得压强不变时 ﻩ (ﻩﻩ)* ⒂若A、B、C、D为气体,m + n = p + q,当体系中得平均摩尔质量不变时 ( ﻩ)* ⒃若A、B、C、D为气体,m + n ≠ p + q,当体系中得平均摩尔质量不变时 ﻩ(ﻩﻩ)* ⒄若A、B、C、D中有一种为非气体时,体系得气体得密度不变时 ﻩ ( ﻩ)* ⒅若A、B、C、D中有一种为非气体时,体系得气体得平均摩尔质量不变时ﻩﻩ(ﻩ )* ⒆若D为有色气体时,体系气体颜色不变时 ﻩﻩﻩﻩ ﻩ(ﻩ )* ⒇V正(A):V逆(B)=n:m ﻩﻩ ﻩﻩ ﻩ (ﻩ )* 八.有机 (一)甲烷 烷烃 1、氧化反应:ﻩ燃烧: &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ﻩﻩ 常温下,既不与强酸、强碱反应,又不与酸性KMnO4反应,也不能被酸性KMnO4氧化 2、特征反应:取代反应  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp;    &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;    &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;     (二)乙烯 官能团:名称   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    结构简式  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;  1、氧化反应:ﻩ燃烧:   &nbsp;    &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;      &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp;  (燃烧) ﻩ 被酸性KMnO4氧化:    &nbsp;  &nbsp; 能使酸性KMnO4 &nbsp;   &nbsp;   &nbsp; ,  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; 被氧化成CO2,利用这一性质可鉴别CH4与CH2=CH2,但就是不能用于除去CH4中CH2=CH2 2、加成反应:与Br2 &nbsp;HX &nbsp;H2O  H2反应 3、加聚反应: n CH2=CH2  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ﻩ n CH2=CHCH3 &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;     &nbsp;    &nbsp;     &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (三)苯 6个C与6个H在    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;,苯中没有双键也没有单键,而就是一种    &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp;    1、氧化反应:   &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;       &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     (不能使酸性KMnO4 &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp; ) 2、取代反应: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp;    &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;       &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;        &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3、加成反应: &nbsp;     &nbsp;     &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (四)乙醇ﻩ官能团:名称  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 结构简式   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  具有特殊   &nbsp;  液体 1、与Na反应: &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  (可定量确定羟基数目) 2、催化氧化: &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   3、酯化反应: &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (五)乙酸ﻩ官能团:名称 &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 结构简式 &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp;     &nbsp; 1、具有酸得通性: (1)指示剂: ﻩ ﻩ(2)与Na反应: &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp;   &nbsp;  &nbsp;  (3)与Na2CO3反应: &nbsp;      &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp;    &nbsp;  &nbsp;    &nbsp;   与NaHCO3反应:    &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;       &nbsp;   &nbsp;      &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;   (4)与碱(Cu(OH)2、NaOH)反应 &nbsp;    &nbsp;      &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;            &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   (5)与碱性氧化物(CuO)反应 2、酯化反应: &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;  (六)基本营养物质 1、糖类 (1)分类: (2)葡萄糖结构简式:  &nbsp;       &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;      &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;(多羟基醛) ﻩ 葡萄糖得特征反应:  与新制Cu(OH)2溶液反应:现象 &nbsp;       &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;。注意:溶液必须呈  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; ﻩ 与银氨溶液反应:现象 &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;。溶液必须呈 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; 2、蛋白质特征反应: 3、油脂 4、二糖、多糖、蛋白质、油脂得水解反应 (1)蔗糖  &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; 麦芽糖   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;   &nbsp;    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;       (2)淀粉、纤维素 &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; (3)蛋白质水解得最终产物 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;    &nbsp;  (4)油脂在酸性条件下水解产物 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp;    &nbsp; 油脂在碱性条件下水解产物 &nbsp;      &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;       &nbsp; 九.金属得治炼 金属治炼得方法有 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  、 &nbsp;     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 、 &nbsp;      &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (1) 活泼金属 (2) 中特活泼金属 (3) 不活泼金属 十.煤 石油得综合利用</p>
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