英语语法Lecture23-25形容词、副词及比较结构.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语语法Lecture23-25形容词、副词及比较结构,英语语法Lecture23-25形容词、副词及比较结构英语语法Lecture23-25形容词、副词及比较结构Adjective&Adjective Phrase1.单词形容词和复合形容词：,形容词，就词的构成来说，分为单词形容词（one-word adjective）和复合形容词（compound adjective).23.1 Classification,Adjective&Adjective Phrase,1.,单词形容词和复合形容词：,形容词，就词的构成来说，分为单词形容词,（,one-word adjective,）和复合形容词（,compound adjective).,23.1 Classification,2.,中心形容词和外围形容词：,形容词，就其句法功能,(syntactic function),来说，分为中心形容词（,central adjective,）和外围形容词（,peripheral adjective,）,.,中心形容词（,central adjective,）如：,Green,apples are sour.,(modifier in a noun phrase),Pillar-boxes are,green,.,(subject complement),They have painted the windows,green.,(object complement),外围形容词（,peripheral adjective,）如：,This is,utter,nonsense.,(only as a premodifier),This child is,asleep,.,(only as complement),3.,动态形容词和静态形容词：,形容词，按词汇意义,(semantically),，分为动态形容词（,dynamic adjective,）和静态形容词（,static adjective,）,.,动态形容词（,dynamic adjective,）如：,abusive,ambitious,awkward,brave,calm,careful,dull,enthusiastic,extravagant,faithful,reasonable,rude,thoughtful,troublesome,vain,vicious,wicked,witty,等。,1)go with the progressive aspect of the verb be,2)co-occur with imperative be,3)applied to causative construction,静态形容词（,static adjective,）如：,tall,short,big,small,ugly,beautiful,shallow,deep,blue,white,等。,4.,等级形容词和非等级形容词：,就语态学,/,词法（,morphology),来说，形容词还可分为等级形容词（,gradable adjective,）和非等级形容词（,Non-gradable adjective,）,.,等级形容词（,gradable adjective,）如：,tall-taller-tallest,beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful,非等级形容词（,Non-gradable adjective,）如：,atomic,scientist,hydrochloric,acid,French,food,Chinese,carpet,又如：,perfect,，,excellent,extreme,等。,23.2 Adjective and ing/-ed participle,1.,Adjectives derived from ing participle,can be modified by,very,;,have forms of,comparative,and,superlative degrees,;,and may be used as,complement,in a sentence,can be made,negative,by adding the prefix,un-,由,-ing,分词转化来的形容词常见的有：,absorbing,alarming,amusing,annoying,boring,challenging,changing,charming,comforting,confusing,convincing,deafening,discouraging,disturbing,exciting,fascinating,frightening,humiliating,insulting,obliging,perishing,pleasing,perishing,tempting,terrifying,thrilling,tiring,vexing,worrying,等。,2.,Adjectives derived from ed participle,can be modified by,very,;,have forms of,comparative,and,superlative degrees,;,and may be used as,complement,in a sentence,some can function as adjective by compounding with adverb,由,-ed,分词转化来的形容词常见的有：,alarmed,amazed,amused,balanced,bored,conceited,celebrated,civilized,disappointed,distinguished,divided,educated,embarrassed,excited,exhausted,fascinated,frightened,hurried,interested,limited,noted,offended,pleased,relaxed,reserved,satisfied,uncooked,uncovered,undecided,unsettled,worried,等。,badly-behaved,well-built,3.active or passive meaning,由,-ing,分词转化来的形容词通常带有主动意义，而由及物动词的,-ed,分词转化来的形容词则通常带有被动意义。如：,boiling water,boiled water,a charming girl,a charmed girl,exciting news,an excited audience,an interesting story,an interested look,a pleasing voice,a pleased look,a terrifying story,a terrified woman,23.3,形容词（词组）作名词修饰语,modifier in noun phrase,1.,形容词（词组）的前置与后置：,同一级别按长短，先短后长,前置形容词词序排列：,限定词,-,表示说话人评价的形容词,-,表示大小、形状、新旧的形容词,-,表示颜色的形容词,-,表示国别、来源、材料的形容词,-,表示用途或目的的形容词、名词等类别词,-,名词中心词。,E.g.The mans first two interesting little red French oil paintings,某些中心名词所修饰的形容词只能后置：,The headword is a some-/any-/no compound;,Adjectives with a prepositional phrase or an infinitive as complementation;,E.g.The people involved/concerned/interested,Determiners,articles and other limiters.,Observation,postdeterminers and limiter adjectives(e.g.,a real hero,a perfect idiot)and adjectives subject to subjective measure(e.g.,beautiful,interesting),Size and Shape,adjectives subject to objective measure(e.g.,wealthy,large,round),Age,adjectives denoting age(e.g.,young,old,new,ancient),Color,adjectives denoting color(e.g.,red,black,pale),Origin,denominal adjectives denoting source of noun(e.g.,French,American,Canadian),Material,denominal adjectives denoting what something is made of(e.g.,woolen,metallic,wooden),Qualifier,final limiter,often regarded as part of the noun(e.g.,rocking chair,hunting cabin,passenger car,book cover),2.,补语形容词：,predicative adjective,补语形容词主要有两类：,一类是表示健康状况的词：,E.g.Hes very well.,You look ill.,另一类是以前缀,a-,开首的词，不能,单独,做前置修饰语：,E.g.The two brothers are very much alike.,I was alone in the house.,He was asleep.,Although old,he is very much alive,The sky was aglow with the setting sun.,the,fast,asleep,child,3.,形容词词组与关系分句,relative clause,凡能做后置修饰语的形容词或形容词词组，其含义往往相当于一个关系分句。,E.g.The members present=the members who are present,Anything interesting=anything that is interesting,Anywhere quiet=anywhere that is quiet,23.4,形容词词组作补语,complement,1.,形容词,+,介词词组：,E.g.He was,absent form,the meeting.,Im not yet,accustomed to,the cold.,Dont be,afraid of,difficulties.,She felt,ashamed of,herself.,I was,astonished at,his behaviour.,Books are very,dear to,him.,They were terribly,worried about,you.,2.,形容词,+,不定式：,E.g.She is stupid not to follow your advice.,=It is stupid of her not to follow your advice.,He is impossible to teach.,=It is impossible to teach him.,He was disappointed to hear about it.,=To hear about it disappointed him.,3.,形容词,+that-,分句,E.g.Im sure that well succeed.,Im glad that you like it.,She was amazed that he should arrive so soon.,Im surprised to learn that he didnt come.,He is confident(that)he will be able to pass the exam.,Adverb&Adverb Phrase,This is for your ears,only,.,This is,only,for your ears.,Only,this is for your ears.,This is for you,only,ear.,The work that he hoped would,satisfy,him,completely,frustrated,him.,Classification and function,Function,To modify a verb,an adjective,a preposition,a conjunction or another adverb,.,May be used as adverbials of time,place,manner,etc;,May be used as disjuncts to explain or assess;,May be used as conjuncts to connect.,Classification,In terms of word formation,simple and derivative;,Semantically,adverbs of manner,degree,time,frequency,place,as well as conjunctive and explanatory adverbs.,that/this/such:,adv.,To such an extent or degree:,那样：达到这样的范围或程度：,Is your problem that complicated?,你的问题那样复杂吗,?,To a high degree;very:,高度；非常：,Dont take what he said that seriously.,别那么认真地接受他的活,this=,这么,!(,用手形象地比划,),The fish is this big.I dont think it is that big.,such=,如此之,This issue was of such importance that we could not ignore it.,24.1 Chief uses of Adverb&Adverb Phrase,1.,副词在词组中作修饰语,A.,修饰动词：,When our girls are,first,born,he,When our first girl is born,he,B.,修饰形容词：,C.,修饰副词：,D.,修饰介词和连词,E.,修饰限定词,F.,修饰名词和整个名词词组,He answered the questions foolishly,.,(=His answers were foolish),He foolishly answered the questions.(=He was foolish to answer the questions.),A.,修饰动词,E.g.They completely ignored my views.,I entirely agree with her.,I rather like him.,They can hardly ignore our views.,She kind of hoped to be invited.,I sort of thought you might say that.,B.,修饰形容词,E.g.That was a very funny film.,He had an unusually deep voice.,Two men were in the street,one of whom seemed slightly familiar.,I was that hungry I could have eaten a horse.,Im feeling kind of tired.,C.,修饰副词,E.g.Shes a clever girl,and has learnt the new work very quickly.,He drives extremely carefully.,Do it right now.,He spoke sort of proudly.,She cooks well enough.,He didnt run fast enough.,D.,修饰介词和连词,E.g.I cant reach it;its well over my head.,Theres the house,right in front of you.,His parents are dead against the trip.,E.,修饰限定词,E.g.We walked about 5 miles.,There were quite a lot of people at Louiss party.,Virtually all the students participated in the discussion.,They recovered roughly half their equipment.,I didnt have more than a dollar on me.,F.,修饰名词和整个名词词组,quite/rather+determiner+NP,almost/nearly+,every/some/no,thing/body,E.g.,It takes quite,some,time.,Thats quite,a,story.,Shes rather,a,fool.,There are a number of adverbs,mostly adverbs of time and place,that can be used as post modifiers of nouns/pre-modifiers of nouns.,E.g.,the day before,the above sentence,2.,副词词组在句中作状语：,用作状语的副词词组在句中起三种作用：,一是作修饰形状语（,adjunct,）,二是作评注性状语（,disjunct,）,三是作连接性状语（,conjunct,）,John always write to me,honestly,.,Honestly,，,I mean what I say.,I,honestly,mean what I say.,I mean,honestly,what I say.,Do it now.,Otherwise,it will be late.,24.2,兼有两种形式的副词,Adverbs with or without-ly,有些副词有两种形式，一是与形容词同形，二是由该形容词加-ly构成。这两种不同的形式，有些含义相同，有些略有不同，有些完全不同。说明如下：,1),关于,clean/cleanly,副词,clean,作“径直地，完全地”：,e.g.The bullet went clean through his arm.,I clean forgot about it.,副词,cleanly,：干净利落地,e.g.This knife doesnt cut cleanly.,2),关于,clear/clearly,Clear:,完全地、径直地,E.g.You can see clear to the mountains today.,The prisoner got clear away.,Clear:,隔开，不接触,E.g.You should keep clear of that fellow.,Clearly:,清楚地，显然,E.g.Can you see clearly from here?,He is clearly wrong.,3),关于,close/closely,close:,近,e.g.He lives close to the school.,He was following close behind.,作其他解释时用,closely:,e.g.Watch what I do closely.,The prisoners were closely guarded.,4),关于,dead/deadly,dead:,突然地，完全地,e.g.She stopped dead.,在非正式语体中作“完全地，直接地”,e.g.He was dead tired,The wind was dead against us.,deadly,作“死一般地，非常”,e.g.Deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull,等。,5),关于,direct/directly,direct:,直线地，不绕圈子地,e.g.The train goes there direct.,The next flight doesnt go direct to Rome;it goes by way of Pairs.,directly:,直接地，立即，马上,e.g.He was looking directly at me.,Answer me directly.,Ill be there directly.,6),关于,easy/easily,easy,只在某些固定搭配中作副词：,E.g.Take it easy.,Go easy,easy come,easy go.,除此之外，用,easily,E.g.I can easily finish it today.,It is easily the best hotel.,7),关于,fair/fairly,fair,在下类搭配中用作副词：,e.g.You must play fair.,Hes dealt fair and square with me.,在其他搭配中用,fairly:,e.g.He told the facts fairly.,He was fairly beside himself with joy.,8),关于,firm/firmly,firm,在以下搭配中用作副词：,e.g.Stand firm.,Always hold firm to your beliefs.,其他场合用,firmly,e.g.I firmly believe that.,Fix the post firmly in the ground.,9),关于,high/highly,：,high,用作副词见于下列搭配：,aim high,hold ones head high,play high,search high and low,run high,fly high,highly,常指抽象的高,e.g.He spoke highly of her.,10),关于,loud/loudly,副词,loud,与,loudly,均作大声地，用哪一种形式与音韵有关，并无绝对规定。,e.g.Dont talk so loud/loudly.,She complained loudly of having been kept waiting.,11),关于,pretty/prettily,pretty:,相当地，适当地，非常,e.g.Shes pretty good.,She dances pretty well.,prettily:,有一种漂亮或悦人的态度：,e.g.Mary dressed prettily.,She speaks prettily.,12),关于,right/rightly,right:,能做多种解释，用以修饰副词，介词或在句中作状语等,E.g.Hes right here.,Go right home at once.,It serves you right.,rightly,通常置于动词之前,E.g.He rightly guessed that.,13),关于,sharp/sharply,sharp:,常用于钟点后表示准时,E.g.We arrived at 10 oclock sharp.,sharp,与,sharply,均能表示急剧地，突然地,E.g.At the crossroads,we turned sharp to the left.,The road turns very sharply.,14),关于,slow/slowly,slow,作副词仅用于,go slow,e.g.The workers decided to go slow.,其他场合通常用,slowly,e.g.Speak slowly,please.,Drive slowly onto the ferry.,How slowly the time passes!,15),关于,sure/surely,sure,作副词多见于非正式语体，特别是美国英语：,e.g.He said he would come,and sure enough he came.,He sure is tall.,Can you dance?I sure can.,Comparison&Comparative Constructions,1.He is no less guilty than his wife.,2.I have no fewer friends here than he has.,3.He is more of a scholar than his brother.,4.He is no more a writer than a painter.,25.1 comparison of adjectives&adverbs,1.Regular comparison of adjectives,monosyllabic adjectives,synthetic form,-er,-est,(e.g.smaller,smallest),more than two syllables,analytic form,-more,-most,(e.g.more interesting,most interesting),2)Regular comparison of adverbs,-er,-est,(e.g.faster,fastest),-more,-most,(e.g.more carefully,most carefully),3)Irregular comparison of adjectives and adverbs,e.g.bad,good/well,old,far,much/many,badly,little,etc.,worse better more worse less,worst best most worst least,elder and eldest;older and oldest,Elder and eldest generally apply to persons,unlike older and oldest,which also apply to things.,Elder and eldest are used principally with reference to seniority.,elder sister,大姐,elder statesman,资格,老的议员,John the Elder,老约翰,farther and farthest;further and furthest,Farther and further have been used interchangeably by many writers since the Middle English period.,According to a rule of relatively recent origin,however,farther,should be reserved for,physical distance(,实际距离,),and,further,for,advancement along a nonphysical dimension(,非实际范围,).,e.g.,If you are planning to drive any farther than Ukiah,youd better carry chains.,We wont be able to answer these questions until we are further along in our research.,If we may speak,metaphorically,of a statement that is far from the truth,for example,the analogous use of farther and further should both be allowed in a sentence such as,Nothing could be farther from the truth.,Nothing could be further from the truth.,25.2 Comparative constructions,1)“Asas”construction,Basic pattern,:“as+adjective/adverb+as”,E.g.,John,is as,bright,as,Bob,.,Negative sentence,:,John is not so bright as Bob.,John is less bright than Bob.,the subjects of the comparative and the main clause,the comparative elements,identical subjects and comparative elements,omission,identical subjects and different comparative elements,different subjects and comparative elements,Variant forms of asas construction,as,much/many,+noun+as clause,You can take as much butter as you need.,as+adjective+,noun phrase,+as clause,noun phrase:a/an+singular count noun,zero+noncount noun,George is as efficient a,worker,as Jack.(nucleus),George is a worker as,efficient,as Jack.(nucleus),2)“more than”construction,Basic pattern,comparative degree+than clause,The parcel is heavier than that one.,Negative pattern,The parcel is less heavy than that one.,The parcel is not so/as heavy as that one.,2)“Morethan”construction,Basic pattern:,“comparative degree+than-clause”,E.g.This parcel is heavier than that one,.,Another pattern,:“determiner more/less/fewer+noun+than-clause”,E.g.I have done more work than he.,A variant form:,“a/an+comparative adjective+noun+than-clause”,E.g.John is a more efficient worker than Jack,.,John is a worker more efficient than Jack,.,George is as efficient a,worker,as Jack.(nucleus),George is a worker as,efficient,as Jack.(nucleus,),Another variant form:,“the +comparative adjective/adverb +of-phrase”,E.g.John is the brighter of the two boys,.,Of the two boys John behaves,(the),more politely.,A third variant form:,“,more/less of a+noun+than-cause,”,He is more/less of a sportsman than his brother.,3)“(The)+superlative adjective/adverb+scope of comparison”,e.g.,The Sahara is the largest desert in the world.,Negative form,:the least(usually replaced by the superlative degree of antonymous adjectives or adverbs),This is,the least difficult,book I have ever read.,This is,the easiest,book I have ever read.,25.3.Contrast between comparative constructions,“Morethan”vs.quasi-coordinative type,近似并列连词结构,P.342,“Not soas”vs.“not so muchas”,“Not more/-erthan”vs.“no more/-erthan”,“The more the more”vs.“more and more”,“morethan”vs.quasi-coordinative type,近似并列连词结构,P.342,quasi-coordinative,近似并列连词,介乎并