英语三级语法知识课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,高等学校英语应用能力考试,A,级 语 法,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,英语三级语法知识课件,英语三级语法知识课件英语三级语法知识课件PRETCO A,PRETCO A,序号,测试,项目,题号,测试内容,题型,百分比,时间分配,听力理解,1,15,对话、会话、短文,选择、填空,15%,15,分钟,语法结构,16,35,语法、词形变化,选择、填空,15%,15,分钟,阅读理解,36,60,一般性及应用性文字,选择、填空、匹配,35%,40,分钟,英译汉,61,65,句子、段落,句子选择、段落翻译,20%,25,分钟,写作,应用文,翻译、书写,15%,25,分钟,合计,65+1,100%,120,分钟,Grammar,1.,虚拟语气,4.,时态,14.,词形转换,2.,定语从句,3.,状语从句,11.,倒装句,12.,强调句,8.,比较级和最高级,6.,分词作状语,7.,分词作定语,10.,同位语,9.,先行词,it,15.,词组,5.,被动语态,13.,动词,+-ing/-to do,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,一 虚 拟 语 气,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,虚拟语气,虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等,(,在条件从句中或让步状语从句中,),；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等,(,在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,),。,虚拟语气的概念,虚拟语气,一、在条件从句中,(,叫虚拟条件句,),，表示与事实相反的条件。分三种情况,(,以,do,为例,),：,虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,表示与事实情况相反,条件从句的谓语形式,主句的谓语形式,表示现在情况,过去式,(did),(be,常用,were),Would/could/might/should(,用于第,1,人称,)+,动词原形,(do),表示过去情况,过去完成式,(had+done),Would/could/might/should+have done,表示将来情况,过去式,(did)(were),should+do,were to do,Would/could/might/should+do,虚拟语气,例句,If you,had come,a few minutes earlier,you,would have met,him.,要是你早来几分钟的话，你就能见到他了。,(,与,过去,事实相反,),2.If it,were(were,to be/should be),sunny,tomorrow,I,would come,to see you.,明天要是天气好的话，我来看你。,(,与,将来,事实可能相反,),3.If I,were,you,I,would go,now,.,假如我是你的话，我现在就走。,(,与,现在,事实相反，事实上我不可能是你,),虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,虚拟语气,二、省略,if,的条件从句,当从句中有,were,had,或,should,时，可省略,if,，而把它们放在句首。,If I were to meet him tomorrow,I should ask him about it.,Were,I to meet him tomorrow,If he should fail in the experiment this time,he would try again.,Should,he fail in the experiment,If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would have met him.,虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,Had you come a few.,虚拟语气,三、错综时间的条件句（交叉虚拟）,即从句与主句的动作发生的时间不同。此时，需要按时间来确定虚拟形式。如：,If they,had studied,hard,they,could do,it easily now.,如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。,If he,had not taken,my advice,he,wouldnt do,it much better like this.,如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。,虚拟语气在复合句中的应用：,虚拟语气,1,、记住：这些动词后面接的宾语从句：表示愿望,(wish),建议,(suggest,advice,propose,recommend),，要求,(demand,request,require,insist),命令,(order,command),等。,2,、除,wish,外，其它动词用,should+do,构成,should,可以省略。,3,、,wish,接宾语从句有三种情况：,1),现在：用过去式,2),过去：用过去完成式,(had done),3),将来：用情态动词,(would/could)+do,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,虚拟语气,例句,1.I wish she would be on my side.,我希望她能站在我一边。,2.,I wish I were 30 years younger.,我但愿自己能年轻三十岁。,3.,I wish(that)you would get a good job.,我希望你能找到一个好职业。,4.,He wished he hadnt done it.,他想要是他没这样做该多好。,5.He ordered that the students(should)wash the clothes every week by themselves.,他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,虚拟语气,4,、记住：,insist/suggest,各有两种意思，要用不同的语气,Insist,表示“坚决要求”时，用虚拟形式，即,should+do;,Insist,表示“坚称，坚持说”时，用陈述语气，表示事实。,Suggest,表示“建议”时，用虚拟形式。,Suggest,表示“表明、暗示”时，用陈述语气。,例句,The teacher,suggested,that we,(should),clean the blackboard after class.,老师,建议,我们课后把黑板擦了。,He,insisted,that all of us,should,be there on time by any means.,他,坚持要,我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。,He,insisted,that he,was,right.,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,虚拟语气,在,would(had)rather(,宁愿,),引导的宾语从句中,当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要用一般过去时,;,表示过去时间时,谓语动词要用过去完成时。,I would rather he/you came tomorrow than today.,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,虚拟语气,主句的主语常是表示说话人愿望,(wish/desire),、建议,(suggestion/advice),要求,(requirement/demand),、命令,(order,command),等的名词，表语从句的谓语动词用,(should)+do.,Our suggestion is that you(should)be there on time.,虚拟语气在 在表语从句中,虚拟语气,同位语从句的先行词常是表示说话人愿望、建议、要求、命令等的名词。,The,suggestion,that students,(should)learn,something practical is worth considering.,Do you know the,order,that you,(should)keep,watch.,虚拟语气在 在同位语从句中,虚拟语气,在句型“,It is important(necessary,strange,natural)that.”,中，,that,后面的从句中的谓语动词用：,should+,动词原形,例句,Its,necessary,that we should have a walk now.,我们有必要出去散散步。,Its,natural,that she should do so.,她这样做是很自然的。,Its,important,that we should take good care of the patient.,重要的是我们要照顾好病人。,虚拟语气在 在主语从句中,虚拟语气,在,as if/though,从句中，常用虚拟形式，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式,(had done).,一、,as if,连接表语从句,She looked as if she were made of ice.,她看起来似乎是冰做的,He looked as if he hadnt slept for two days.,二、,as if,连接方式状语从 句,She looked after the boy as if he were her own son.,她照顾这男孩就像自己的儿子一样。,He speaks to us as if he had been there.,他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。,虚拟语气在 在,as if,从句中,虚拟语气,1.if only,意为：若是,.,那该多好啊,;,真希望,.;,只要,只要,.,就好,表示现在的情况,应用过去式,;,如果是过去的情况,应用过去完成时态,If only I had arrived in time!,If only she didnt drive so fast.,2.Its(high/right)time that,that,从句要用虚拟语气：谓语用过去时或,should+do,Its time that you left/should leave here.,虚拟语气中的几个特例,虚拟语气,3.,一些介词短语,如,:but for(,要不是,),without,otherwise(,否则,),等表示含蓄的条件,这时主句要用虚拟语气,Without your help,we would not have made such rapid progress.,But for my brothers help,I would not have finished it on time.,I had to do sth.more important,otherwise I might have helped.,虚拟语气中的几个特例,虚拟语气,Alan _ the party if he had gone to London.,A.would have missed B.had missed,C.would miss D.missed,2.,It was the drug,，,not the disease,，,that killed the boy.,He would be still alive today if he _ that drug.,A.not,take,B.shouldn,t,have taken,C.didn,t,take,D.hadn,t,taken,Exercises,虚拟语气,3.If only I _ to my parents!(But I didnt.),A.listened B.had listened,C.should listen D.would listen,4.Tom suggested that Ann _ the house.,A.sell B.sold,C.shall sell D.would sell,5.I wish this bus _ to the university.,A.go B.went,C.has gone D.had gone,虚拟语气,6.Simon looks as though he never _ a square meal(,吃得饱,),though his parents feed him very well.,A.get B.getting C.got D.should get,7.He is talking so much about America as if he _ there.,A.had been B.were C.was D.been,8.I _ you some money,but I hadnt got any then.,A.would lend B.would have lent,C.could lend D.may have lent,虚拟语气,9.Have you ever been to Beijing?,-No,but I wish I _.,A.have B.will C.do D.had,10.I dont think it is the right time that you _.,A.will go B.went C.go D.must go,11.,When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it looks as if it,.A.breaks B.has broken,C.were broken D.had been broken,虚拟语气,12.(2003,上海春季高考题,)Look at the trouble I am in!If only I _ your advice.,A.followed,B.would follow,C.had followed,D.should follow,13.(2002,上海高考题,)It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love,，,at the age of seven,，,with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.,A.wouldn,t have fallen,B.had not fallen,C.should fall,D.were to fall,14.She insisted that she _ ill of him behind him,，,but he didn,t believe it.,A.hadn,t spoken,B.shouldn,t speak,C.wouldn,t speak,D.not speak,虚拟语气,15.It is high time the child _ to the hospital.,A.is sent B.would be sent,C.be sent D.were sent,16.If it _ so hard,，,wed go to town.,A.isnt raining B.werent raining,C.doesnt rain D.has rain,17.Its strange that he _ without saying,good-bye to us.,A.should have gone out B.went,C.should go out D.goes out,虚拟语气,18.Had you listened to the doctor,，,you _ all right now.,A.are B.were,C.would be D.would have been,19.Id rather you _ know the secret.,A.didnt,B.hadnt,C.not,D.not to,20.Without your help,，,we _ this task.,A.dont finish B.will not finish,C.didnt finish D.would not have finished,虚拟语气,21.Isnt it about time that you _ to pick up the visitors from New York?,A.went B.would go,C.go D.will go,22.I wish I _ you yesterday.,A.saw B.did see,C.had seen D.were to see,23.His silence at the meeting suggested that he _ to your plan.,A.didnt agree B.hadnt agreed,C.wouldnt agree D.not agree,虚拟语气,24.The father insisted his daughter _ a rich man.,A.would be engaged to B.be engaged to,C.should engaged to D.must be engaged to,25.You _ earlier.The bus left a moment ago.,A.would come B.should have come,C.must come D.could have come,26.She made a suggestion that the plan _ carefully.,A.be considered B.was considered,C.should consider D.would be considered,二 定 语 从 句,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,定语从句的分类,限制性关系分句,非限制性关系分句,1,限制性关系分句和它的先行项的所指意义有着,不可分割,的联系，缺少了它，作为先行项的名词（词组）便,不能明确,表示其所指对象。,非限制性关系分句和它的先行项之间只有,比较松散,的联系，因此，如果省略一个非限制性关系分句，并,不影响,先行项的所指意义。,2,在口语中前后没有停顿，在书写中通常,不用逗号,。,在口语中有停顿，在书写中,常用逗号隔开,。,3,Here is the boy who damaged the vase.,My cousin,who is an engineer,went to Europe last week.,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,限制性关系分句,非限制性关系分句,指 人,指 物,指人,指物,作,主,语,who,that,which,that,who/whom/whose,which,作,宾,语,whom/who,/that/zero,which/that/zero,作介词补足成分,whom,which,定语从句中关系,代词,的选择,成分,关系,代词,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,定语从句中关系,副词,的选择,1.when,表示时间,2.where,表示地点,3.why,表示原因,它们在定语从句中都充当,状语成分,。,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.The advertising company recently hired a designer _ had once won a prize in a national contest.,A.whose B.which C.whom D.who,2.It is important to provide an environment _ people are encouraged to make suggestions at all levels of the company.,A.from which B.on which,C.in which D.for which,练习题：,D,C,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3.Once more I have to leave Beijing,_ I have been living for eight years.,A.that B.where C.which D.as,4.There is no evidence _ oil price will come down in the near future.,（同位语）,A.which B.that C.where D.as,B,B,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,5.It was not such a good job _ she had read about in the advertisement.,A.like,B.which,C.as,D.what,such,that,引导的是,“,结果状语从句,”,C,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,三 状 语 从 句,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.,时间状语从句,当,时候,when,while,as,在,之前,before,在,之后,after,一,就,as soon as,the moment,the second,he minute,the instant,直到,直到,才,until/till,not,until/till,词例,含义,三、状语从句,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.The new staff didnt know how to use the system _ I explained it to him yesterday.,A.until B.because C.if D.since,2.They,had talked,only for a few minutes _ they,found,they were of different opinions.,A.unless B.while C.before D.once,3.I,will ask,Mr.Smith to ring you up _ he,comes,back to the office.,A.when B.where C.because D.although,主将从现只出现在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,A,C,A,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,4.They will not start the project until the board chairman _ back from South Africa.,A.will come,B.is coming,C.came,D.comes,D,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,类别,词例,2,条件状语从句,if,如果,unless,除非，若不,3,原因状语从句,because,因为,since,既然,4,让步状语从句,though/although,虽然,even if/though,即使,5,结果状语从句,so+a./ad.+that,如此,以至于,6,目的状语从句,so that,in order that,in case,以免、以防万一,lest,免得,目的是,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,5.He was attending a meeting,_ he would have come to your party yesterday.,A.unless B.when C.but D.or,6.She did not go to the party last night,_ she had to finish her term paper.,A.if B.though C.till D.because,7.Young _ he is,he has proved to be an able salesman.A.that B.who C.as D.which,as,构成的让步状语从句：,名词词组,/,形容词,+as+,主语,+,谓语,尽管他是个孩子，他对软件编程却知道很多。,Child as he is,he knows much about software programming.,C,D,D,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,四 时 态,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,一般时态,进行时态,完成时态,完成进行时态,现在,write,writes,am,is,are,has,have,has,have,过去,wrote,was,were,had written,had been writing,将来,shall,will,shall,will,shall,will,shall,will,过去将来,should,would,should,would,should,would,should,would,writing,written,been writing,writing,write,be,writing,have,written,have been writing,write,be,writing,have,written,have been writing,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,现在完成时,has/have done,用法,已完成,未完成,动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，现在已完成并和现在情况联系。,是指动作或状态从过去某时开始继续到现在，可能继续下去,.,例句,e.g.He,s turned off the light.,e.g.He,s lived here since 1960.,注释,灯在一个过去时间被关掉，说话时仍然关着。,他从,1960,年来到这里居住，至今还住在这里。,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,过去完成时把时间推移到过去某一时间之前，与现在时间不发生联系,-,表示过去的过去。,e.g.She told me her name after I _(ask)her twice.,过去完成时,had done,现在,她告诉我她的名字,我问她的名字,do,did,had done,had asked,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,现在完成（进行）时经常与,since-,词组或,since-,分句连用，表示,“,自某时以来,”,一直进行或者未进行某项活动。,主句（现在完成时,/,现在完成进行时），,since-,从句（一般过去时）,e.g.I,have lived,in the dormitory,since I,arrived,here.,现在完成时,一般过去时,自从我来这儿，就住在学生公寓。,1.Since-,结构,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,by the end of,by the time,By the end of,By the time,到,时候为止,1.By the end of last month,we(find)_ a good solution to the technical problem.,2.By the time you come to see me next month,I _,my term paper.,A.have completed B.complete,C.am completing D.will have completed,had found,D,过去的时间，主句时态,had done,将来的时间，主句时态,will have done,2.by+,时间,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,It,is/will be,+the first time that,分句,（现在完成时）,e.g.,Is this the first time youve come to China?,It,was,the first time that,分句,（过去完成体）,e.g.,It was the second time I,had been,(be)abroad.,3.,“,It is the first time+that,分句,”,Back,这是你第一次来中国吗？,这是我第二次出国,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,五 分词作状语,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,不定式作状语,*,（）表示目的,e.g.We will go to the clinic tomorrow,to be examined by the doctor.,（）表示结果,e.g.He hurried home only,to find that his grandfather was dead,.,（）表示原因,e.g.He was lucky,to have found the lost child,.,五、分词作状语,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,-ing,分词作状语,（）作时间状语,e.g.,（,When we were),Climbing,to the top of the tower,we saw a magnificent view.,（）*作原因状语,e.g.,Having worked,hard all day,I was ready for bed all day.,（）*作伴随状语,e.g.He ran up to her,breathing,heavily.,表示主动,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,-ed,分词作状语,(1)*,作时间状语,e.g.(When it is),Heated,the metal expands.,(2)*,作原因状语,e.g.(Because he was)Deeply,moved,he thanked her again and again.,表示被动,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.The auto industry spends large amounts of money on marketing campaigns _ young adult customers.,A.attract B.attracted,C.to attract D.attracts,2._ by the failure of the project,the manager could hardly say a word.,A.To be shocked B.Shocked,C.Be shocked D.Shocking,练习题：,C,B,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3._that I was not going to get much chance for promotion,I soon became bored with my work.,A.To realize,B.Realizing,C.Being realized D.Realized,4._ up at the clock on the wall,the secretary found it was already midnight.,A.Looking B.Look,C.To look D.Looked,B,A,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,5._ to find the proper job,he decided to give up job-hunting in this city.,A.Failed B.Being failed,C.To fail,D.Having failed,6.When(ask)_ about the advertising campaign of the new product,the manager said it was a great success.,D,asked,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,六 分词作定语,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,六、分词作定语,-ing,（现在）分词和,-ed,（过去）分词作定语的主要差别在于：,1.,现在分词表示“主动（现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词，即与名词有主谓关系,),和进行”。,e.g.There are a lot of fans,hoping,for a glimpse of the movie stars.,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,2.,过去分词表示“被动,(,过去分词修饰的是承受该动作的名词,即与名词是动宾关系）和完成（不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成）“。,e.g.Computers,imported from abroad,are usually more expensive.,e.g.A,lost,opportunity never returns.,注：单个分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面,.,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.,A.Writing,B.written,C.to write D.to be written,2.The conference _ in Beijing next week is bound to be a great success.,A.holding B.being held,C.to hold,D.to be held,练习题：,B,D,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3.With the help of the police,the woman finally found her(lose)_ child after a sleepless.,4.It was in his childhood that he read most of the books(write)_ by Mark Twain.,5.The tall building(complete)_ last month is our new classroom building.,lost,written,completed,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,七 形容词、副词,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,七、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的规则变化,kind,kinder,kindest,clear,clearer,clearest,complicated,more complicated,most complicated,clever,cleverer,more clever,cleverest,most clever,happy,happier,happiest,narrow,narrower,narrowest,fast,faster,fastest,clearly,more clearly,most clearly,wisely,more wisely,most wisely,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,bad/badly,worse,worst,good/well,better,best,old,older/elder,oldest/eldest,far,farther/further,farthest/furthest,much/many,more,most,little,less,least,形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.Successful companies concentrate