学术英语社科-Unit-1含答案.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2021/10/3,#,学术英语 社科,Academic English for Social Sciences,第1页,第2页,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Lead-in,Text A,Text B,Listening,Speaking,Writing,Unit Contents,第3页,Lead-in,Reading critically:,questions for discussion,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,第4页,Lead-in,Reading critically:questions for discussion,Reading critically:,Every text is written on a purpose,some are supposed to make you believe.It is important to learn to read critically to get the point.One way of training critical reading is to ask yourself the following questions:,Do you agree with the author?,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,What is the author assuming I will agree with?,What is the author trying to prove?,第5页,Lead-in,Reading critically:questions for discussion,Does the author adequately defend their,argument?,What kind of proof do they use?,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Is there something they leave out that you would put in?,Does putting it in hurt their argument?,第6页,Lead-in,Reading critically:questions for discussion,Discuss the following questions:,How do you make the decision that you,take this course?,What do you consider when you make this decision?,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,第7页,Text A,Key terms,Critical reading and thinking,Difficult sentences,English language for,academic purpose,Specialized vocabulary,Collocations,Formal and informal English,Signpost language,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,第8页,Text A,Key terms,rational people:,理性人,Those people who systematically and,purposefully do the best they can to achieve,their objectives,given the available,opportunities.,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,marginal change:,边际改变,small incremental adjustments to a plan of action,marginal benefit:,边际效益,the additional benefit from an increase in an activity,第9页,Text A,Key terms,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,marginal cost:,边际成本,the additional cost from an increase in an activity,marginal decision-making:,边际决议,the additional cost from an increase in an activity,incentive:,激励,something that induces a person to act,第10页,How People Make Decisions,Economists explanation about decision,making:There are rules behind peoples,decision-making behaviors.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,第11页,Rational people think at the margin.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Example 1:,standby tickets,What a rational airline can do?,Situation:Flying a 200-seat plane across the U.S.costs the airline$100,000.,Cost of each seat:$500(Thats to say,never sell a ticket for less than$500.),Suppose:A plane is about to take off with 10 empty seats.A standby passenger will pay$300 for a seat.,Question:should the airline sell the ticket?,第12页,Answer:Yes.,Reason:If the plane has empty seat,the cost of adding one more passenger is tiny.Here the marginal cost is merely the cost of something to eat,like peanuts,coco,etc.,Conclusion:As long as the standby passenger pays more than the marginal cost,selling the ticket is profitable.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,第13页,Example 2:,water vs.diamond,Why is water so cheap,while diamonds are so,expensive?,water,diamond,Necessary for survival,The marginal benefit of an extra cup is small because water is plentiful.,Unnecessary for survival,The marginal benefit of an extra diamond is large because diamonds are rare.,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,第14页,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Conclusion:Rational people think at the margin.(They make decisions by comparing costs and benefits.),Are you a rational person?,第15页,Example 1:,the price of an apple,How people respond to incentives?,When the price rises:,It provides an incentive for buyers to consume less;,It provides an incentive for sellers to produce more.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Rational people respond to incentives.,第16页,Example 2:,a tax on gasoline,How people respond to incentives?,Encourage people to,drive small,more fuel-efficient cars;,carpool,take public transportation;,live closer to where they work;,drive hybrid cars;,drive electric cars.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,第17页,Example 3:,a seat belt law,American laws require seat belts as standard equipment on new cars.,How a seat belt law alters a drivers cost-benefit calculation(Peltzmans analysis):,Seat belts reduce the likelihood of injury or death make accidents less costly drive faster and less carefully a large number of accidents,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,第18页,Result:These laws produce both fewer deaths per accident and more accidents.,Conclusion 1:The net result is little change in the number of driver deaths and an increase in the number of pedestrian deaths.,Conclusion 2:When analyzing any policy,consider both the direct effects and less obvious indirect effects.,If the policy changes incentives,it will cause people to alter their behavior.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,第19页,Rational people know that when they make a decision,it is often not a yes-or-no choice,but requires deliberate consideration of the pros and cons.,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Rational people know that decisions in life,are rarely black and white but usually,involve shades of gray.(Para.2),第20页,The most important theory in economic study concerns itself with incentives.Other theories are not as important.“The rest is commentary”is a phrase used in American English to mean“the rest is trivial or less important”.,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,“People respond to incentives.The rest is,commentary.”(Para.6),第21页,At first,this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like random talk not supported by evidence.,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,At first,this discussion of incentives and,seat belts might seem like idle speculation.,(Para.12),第22页,Specialized vocabulary,rational people,marginal decision-making,marginal change,marginal benefit,marginal cost,net result,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,第23页,Collocations,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,achieve the high level of satisfaction,maximize profits,achieve objectives,be black and white,roll round,blow off,fly standby,puzzling economic phenomena,take an action,allocate scarce resources,end up with,unintended consequences,idle speculation,第24页,Formal and informal English,See Page 9,and do Task 3.,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,第25页,Signpost language,Show connections between sentences and,paragraphs.,See Page 9,and do Task 2,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,第26页,Signpost language,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Signal important parts of academic writing,such,as structure,writers position,arguments,conclusion,Reporting someones view:,Some people/researcher(s)maintain(s)/argue(s)/assert(s)/claim(s)/point(s)out,第27页,Signpost language,Disagreeing with someones view:,I disagree with that,The view is open to doubt/not necessarily true/highly debatable,One of the main argument against is that,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,第28页,Signpost language,Pointing out a gap in research:,However little information,These studies have emphasized,as opposed to,Although considerable research has focused on,less attention has been given to,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,第29页,Signpost language,Agreeing with someones view:,I agree with when he writes that,X is certainly correct in saying that,Another point in favour of is,A further argument supporting is,NB:In the following units of study,more examples will be given.,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,第30页,Task 1 The tree diagram below illustrates the main points,of the text.Fill in the blanks according to the text.,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Decision-making behaviors in economic activities,Thinking at the margin,comparing marginal,_,and marginal _,Responding to,_,Example 1,standby tickets,Critical reading and thinking,Example 2,_ vs._,Example 1,the price of an apple,Example 2,a tax on _,Example 3,_,cost,benefits,water,diamonds,incentives,gasoline,seat belts law,第31页,Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true,(T)or false(F).,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Critical reading and thinking,F,_ 1 When rational people make decisions in life,they are,very certain of the choice.,_ 2 At the time of examination,students have to decide,how to use all their time studying.,_ 3 Marginal changes are small gradual changes of the,present plan of action.,_ 4 The example of the standby fly is told to show how cost,can be ignored.,_ 5 Diamonds are more expensive than water because,people are more attracted to them.,F,F,F,T,第32页,Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true,(T)or false(F).,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Critical reading and thinking,T,_ 6 The quotation of one economist“People respond to,incentives.The rest is commentary.”is given to show,the importance of incentives.,_ 7 The example of the apple shows how food prices vary,according to market needs.,_ 8 The gasoline tax has an effect on peoples choice of,cars.,_ 9 When the seat belt is made compulsory,people drive,more carefully.,_ 10 Policymakers need to take into consideration the less,obvious indirect effects of a policy.,F,F,F,T,第33页,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,1,Match the words in Column A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.,Column A,Column B,1 marginal,a resource,2 scarce,b result,3 maximize,c change,4 net,d satisfaction,5 level of,e people,6 rational,f profit,第34页,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,1,Match the words in Column A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.,1 _,_,_,2 _,_,_,3 _,4 _,_,_,5 _,6 _,_,_,marginal change,边际改变,scarce resources,稀缺资源,maximize profits,最大化利润,net result,净结果,level of satisfaction,满意度,rational people,理性人,第35页,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,2,Translate the following sentences into English,using some of the phrases above.,1,我们明年目标是取得利润最大化。,_,2,时间是一个稀缺资源，所以假如工人失业，他们时间就浪,费了。,_,_,We aim to maximize profits over the next year.,Time is a scarce resource,so if workers are unemployed their time is wasted.,第36页,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,2,Translate the following sentences into English,using some of the phrases above.,3,理性人有非理性想法吗？,_,4,满意度调查结果表明游客对一些服务不满意。,_,_,Do rational people have irrational thoughts?,Research into satisfaction level has found that tourists are not satisfied with some of the services.,第37页,Task 2 Signpost language,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,1,Match the signpost language from Text A with the purpose each of them serves.,Signpost language,Purposes,1 as we will see,a explanation,2 at the same time,b time sequence,3 by contrast,c giving examples,4 for example,d comparison and contrast,5 in other words,e coherence,6 in this case,1 _ 2 _ 3 _ 4 _ 5 _ 6 _,e,b,d,c,a,e,第38页,Task 2 Signpost language,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,2,Complete the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.,1 He is not well-known for his respect for factual accuracy,_,he was lying.,2 Offices can easily become more environmentally-friendly,by,_,using recycled paper.,3 We dont like the situation.But _,we,have to deal with this problem.,in other words,for example,at the same time,第39页,Task 2 Signpost language,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,2,Complete the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.,4 Their economy has expanded enormously,while ours,_,has declined.,5 _,in this chapter there is no general,formula for the solution to this question.,6 The whole team dont want to lose him._,he needs to realize that company regulations must be,obeyed.,by contrast,As we will see,In this case,第40页,Task 3 Formal English,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,1,Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.,1 As you study economics,you will come across firms that,decide how many workers to hire and how much of their,product to manufacture and sell to maximize profits.,Key:,_,2 The reason is that a persons willingness to pay for any,good is based on the marginal benefit that an extra unit,of the good would produce.,Key:,_,encounter,yield,第41页,Task 3 Formal English,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,1,Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.,3 An incentive is something that persuades a person to act,such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward.,Key:,_,4 Many policies change the costs or benefits that people,face and,therefore,change their behavior.,Key:,_,5 For example,consider public policy about auto safety.,Key:,_,induces,alter,regarding,第42页,Task 3 Formal English,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1,Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities,Language building-up,1,Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.,6 The decline in safe driving has a clear,bad impact on,ped