(四)英语复合句.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Grammar,语法,第四讲,英语复合句,句子的种类,根据用途分为：,A 陈述句：,B 疑问句,C 祈使句,D 感叹句,一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句,反意疑问句,肯定陈述句，否定陈述句,what感叹句,how感叹句,根据结构分为：,简单句,并列句,复合句,状语从句,定语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,主语从句,同位语从句,简单的基本句型,1.,主语+不及物动词（谓语）,I can swim.,2,.,主语+连系动词+表语,I am a student.,3,.,主语+及物动词（谓语）+宾语,Tom wrote an article.,4,.,主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,He showed his father his new shoes.,5.,主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足,We should keep our classroom clean.,6,.,there be +主语+状语,There is a book on the desk.,句子的成分,基本的成分,主语：动作的施出者，表示所说的是谁是什么,The bird,can fly.,谓语：表示主语的动作或状态（动词）,We,worked,together.,句子可能具有的成分,直接宾语：表示动作的承受者,(,名词，人名，代词,),They clean,the rooms,.,间接宾语：表示动作是针对谁作的，不是动作的承受者,She told,me,a story.,(me,是间接宾语,),宾语补足语；为表示意思的完整，仅有宾语远不够，还需有补足语加于补充,:,The teacher proved himself,worthy of confidence,.,表语：表示主语的特征或性质或表示主语是+（名词）,The flowers are,red,.,定语：用来修饰或限定名词，表示其特征特性或其它情况,Your question is a,difficult,one.,状语：表示动作，行为或事件发生的时间，地点，目的，方式,，,程度，因果等,，,I have lived here,for a long time,.,并列句,1.,并列关系并列句,连词有：,and,not onlybut also,neithernor,2.,转折关系并列句,连词有：,but,yet,however,3.,选择关系并列句,连词有：,or.,eitheror.,4.,因果关系并列句,连词有：,for,so,therefore,例句,:,并列关系：,I h,elp,him,and,he help me.,转折关系：,He tried,to,open the door,but,he couldnt.,选择关系：,Either,you are foolish or,he,is.,因果关系：,The students are on holidays,and,therefore,you can see them today.,定语从句,状语从句,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,复合句：,复合句,定语从句,定语从句又称关系从句：在主句中相当于一个定语，只不过这个定语是一个句子,。,定语从句可以修饰一个名词，代词，或一个句子，被修饰的词叫先行词,，,从句在其后，由关系代词关系副词引出,。,关系代词有：,that,w,hich,who,whom,whose,等,关系副词有：,when,where,why,The village,where,I was born has grown into a town,.,(先行词),关系代词,关系代词与先行词的关系,which,whose,非限,制性,定语,从句,限,制,性,定,语,从,句,先行词,关系代词主语,代替人,代替物,代替人和物,代替人和物,代替前一句话,who/that,which/that,that,which,which,关系代词宾语,whom/,that,关系代词所有格代替人,whose=of whom,代替物,which/that,that,whose=of which,代替人和物,whose,先行词,关系副词,时间名词,地点名词,只有,reason,w,hen,=,at,on,in,during/which,w,here,=,in,at/which,w,hy,=,for which,在从句中作用,时间状语,地点状语,原因状语,关系副词与先行词的关系,关系代词和关系副词有两个作用：,1.,把主句和从句连接起来；,2.,在从句中作一个句子成分。,There are plants,which,have neither roots nor leaves.,有些植物既无根又无叶。,在定语从句中，关系词在句中一定要担任成分，句中,which have neither roots nor leaves,是定语从句，修饰先行词,plants,。关系代词,which,引出定语从句，同时在从句中作主语。,1.,关系代词引出的定语从句,关系代词,which,指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；,who,指人，在从句中作主语或宾语；,whom,指人，在从句中作宾语；,whose,指人或物，在从句中作定语；,that,指人或物，常替代,which,who,或,whom,在从句中作主语或宾语。,e.g,1.There are many sounds which(that)have a meaning and yet are not words.,有许多声音有意义但不是词。,（,which,或,that,在从句中作主语）,2.The few points that(which)the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.,校长在报告中强调的几点确实非常重要。,（,that,或,which,在从句中作宾语）,3.Some people who(that)are successful language learners often fail in other fields.,有些在语言学习上很有成就的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。,（,who,或,that,在从句中作主语）,2.,关系副词引出的定语从句,关系副词,when,（指时间），,where,（指地点），,why,（指原因）等引出的定语从句分别用来修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。这些关系副词在从句中均作状语。,1.,At the time,when,I saw him,he was well.,在我看到他的时候，他身体很好。,2.This is the place,where,the accident took place last night.,这就是昨晚发生事故的地方。,3.That is the reason,why,I am not in favor of your plan.,这就是我不赞成你的计划的原因。,2.,关系副词引出的定语从句,3.,介词,+which(whom),引出的定语从句,如果,which,或,whom,在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成介词,+which(whom),引出的定语从句。,There are scientific ways,in,which man solves problems,.,人类解决问题有一些科学的方法。,The girl,to,whom you spoke,is my sister.,跟你说话的那个女孩是我妹妹。,这种句子中的关系代词有时也可省略。关系代词省略之后，定语从句句首的介词应放在定语从句的句尾。,The girl,you spoke to,is my sister.,3.,介词,+which(whom),引出的定语从句,4.,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为,:,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,。,限制性定语从句,限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分。,如果去掉它，句子的意思就不完整或不明确。从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。,1.,The distance,that light travels in one second,is 300 thousand kilometers.,光在一秒钟运行的距离为,30,万公里。,2.,想去的人在这里签名。,Those,who want to go,please sign their names here.,2.,非限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散，从句只是对先行词的附加说明。,如果去掉它，句子的意思仍然清楚。从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。,She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan,where she has some relatives,.,她准备到海南度寒假，那儿她有一些亲戚。,4.,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,5.as,引出的定语从句,as,常在,suchas,和,sameas,的结构中作关系代词，引出定语从句。,1.Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.,你描述的这种人现在已经寥寥无几了。,2.I feel just the same as you do.,我的感觉和你一样。,3.,在这个问题上，我的立场和四年前一样。,My stand on this problem is just the same as it was,four years ago.,6.,关系代词,that,与,which,的比较,关系代词,that,可用来指人或指物，因而,that,可以代替,who,whom,和,which,；而,which,只能用来指物，不能代替,who,和,whom,。,that,不可作介词的宾语，因此只能用介词,+which,引出定语从句，而没有介词,+that,的结构。虽然在指物时,that,与,which,常可互相替代，但在下列情况下一般都用,that,引出定语从句。,6.,关系代词,that,与,which,的比较,1.,先行词前的定语为序数词或形容词最高级时。,1)The first thing,that we should do,is to work out a plan.,我们应当做的第一件事是订个计划。,2),这是我所看过的足球赛中最激烈的一场。,This is one of the most exciting football games,that I have ever seen,.,2.,先行词为,all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,等不定代词时。,1)Is there anything,that I can do for you,?,有什么事我可以帮你做吗？,2)He told me something,that I had never heard of,.,他告诉我一些我过去闻所未闻的事情。,3)Thats all that I know.,我知道的就这些。,此外，,that,不能引出非限制性定语从句。,one of+,复数名词,+,关系从句的结构中，关系分词的谓语有两种形式,:,先行词为复数，从句谓语用复数,Tom is one of those,people,who _ to play bridge.,当,one,之前有,the only/right/very,等修饰词时，,从句谓语根据,one,而定，,用单复数形式,He is the only one of the boys who _ to go to the theatre.,Notes:,like,likes,当关系代词前有介词时，只能用关系代词,whom,或,which,而不能用,that。,The book,from,which(,不能用,that),I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.,（关系代词,which,在从句中作介词,from,的宾语）,Tom is,the boy,with,whom(,不用,that),I went to the theatre yesterday.,这就是昨天和我一起去剧院的那个男孩。,（关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语）,注：当介词位于从句句末时，关系代词仍可用,that,也可省去。,上两句可改为：,1.The book,from,which,I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.,The book,that/which,I got a lot of useful information,from,was written by a famous scientist.,2.Tom is,the boy,with,whom,you were talk,ing,a moment ago.,Tom is,the boy,that/whom,you were talking,with,a moment ago.,当先行词是,all,everything,something,nothing,或被,first,last,only,few,much,some,only,no,以及形容词最高级修饰时，只用,that,不用,which,。,I am interested in,all,that,you have told me.,He asked for,the best,book,that,there was on math.,当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时，要用,that,引导。,We were deeply impressed by,the teachers and schools,that,we had visited.,（关系代词在从句中作宾语）,1.This is the place _ I spent my childhood.,2.This is the place,_ I visited last summer.,3.The reason _ he gave was unacceptable.,4.The reason _he did that was unacceptable.,Notes:,（关系代词在从句中担地点状语）,（关系代词在从句中担宾语）,（关系代词在从句中担宾语）,（关系代词在从句中担原因状语）,where,which,which,why,在定语从句中，同样的先行词，由于在从句中担任的作用不同，须选用不同的关系词。,1.,同位语从句用于表示名词的内容,对其加以解释,能跟有同位语从句的,通常是具有引导内容的名词,在从句中不担任成分，常见的有：,fact,idea,news,hope,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,同位语从句,The discovery that every heavenly body has gravity was made by Newton.,同位语从句通常由,that,引出，但随着与其同位的名词不同也可由,whether,when,where,how,what,why,引出。,They are faced with the problem whether they should continue the work.,I have no idea when he will return.,有时同位语从句不是紧跟名词后，而是被其它词隔开。,They heard the news on the radio yesterday that a typhoon was coming.,定语从句和同位语从句的区别,从结构上看：同位语由连接词引导。在从句中不担任何成分，定语从句的关系词在从中担任某个成分。,The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong.,The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong.,(,同位语从句,that,在从句中不担当任何成分,),(,定语从句,that,在从句中担任宾语,),名词性的从句可作句子主语，这种从句称为主语从句。,主语从句的引导词通常有,who whom when where why what how which whose whether,等，主语从句的引导词不能省略，由从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。,What I said,is important to you.,How to get there,is still not decide,d,.,Whether to do it or not,is what we will discuss tomorrow.,主语从句,说明：,主语从句可以直接放在主语位置，也可用,it,作做形式主语。,1.That light travels in straight lines is known to all.,It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.,众所周知，光是以直线运行。,2.,When the plane is to take off has not been announced.,It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.,飞机什么时候起飞还没有公布。,it,作形式主语的主语从句结构已形成固定用法和译法，通常有,4,种情况：,1.,It is+,名词,+,从句,It is a fact that.,It is a good news that.,It is a question that.,It is common knowledge that,事实是,.,是个好消息,是个问题,.,是个常识,2.It is+,形容词,+,从句,It is necessary that,It is clear that.,It is(un)likely that,It is important that,有必要,很清楚,很可能,主要的是,.,3.It is+,过去分词,+,从句,It is said that,It is reported that,It has been proved that,It must be pointed out that,据说,.,据报道,.,已证明,必须指出,4.It+,不及物动词,+,从句,It seems that.,It happened that.,It follows that,好像是,.,碰巧,结果是,.,强调谓语动词时,可在谓语动词前加,do,does,did.,I,do,believe that he will attend the meeting.,He,did,work hard yesterday.,强调句,强调句中强调谓语以外的是成分时,采用强调句型：,It is(was)+,强调部分,+that/who/whom,说明：无论强调什么部分,都要求用连接词,that,被强调部分是人,也可用,who,当被强调部分是状语,只能用,that,不用,when,where,how,等。,1.,It was,John,that(who),bought a toy plane for his son yesterday.,2.,It was,a toy plane,that,John bought for his son yesterday.,3.,It was,for his son,that,John brought a toy plane yesterday.,4.,It was,yesterday,that,John bought a toy plane for his son.,(,强调主语,),(,强调宾语,),(,强调目的状语,),(,强调时间状语,),John bought a toy plane for his son yesterday,.,强调表示时间的名词或时间状语时，还可用：,1.It was not until that,直到,.,才,.,It was not until,he got on the train,that,he realized he had lost his ticket.,表语从句的结构：主语,+,连系动词,+,表语从句,常用的连系动词有,:be,seen,remain,look,等。,My idea is that this plan should be carried out immediately.,我的建议是这个计划应该立即执行。,The question remains whether we should accept their invitation.,问题仍然是我们是否应该接受他们的邀请。,看起来天要下雨。,It looks that(as if)it is going to rain.,表语从句,where,why,how,引导的从句作,this is,或,that is,的表语时,它们通常不含有疑问意义,而是分别表示具体的地点，原因，方式。,That is why we called off the meeting.,这就是我们取消会议的原因。,This is how we did it.,我们就用这种方式做的。,注,:,主语是,reason,的表语从句用,that,引导,不要用,because,。,The reason(why)he was late was that he missed the bus.,充当宾语的从句，叫宾语从句。宾语从句可作动词宾语，介词宾语，和某些形容词的宾语。,1.,作动词宾语,Everybody knows,that goods takes up the room,.,(,由连词引导,),He wondered,how the building were built,.,(,由连接副词引导,),宾语从句,常跟连接词,that,引导的宾语从句的动词有：,admit,agree,answer,believe,command,complain,confess,decide,demand,deny,doubt,dream,expect,explain,feel,hear,hope,imagine,intend,insist,know,mean,notice,prefer,order,propose,reply,report,request,require,say,see,suggest,suppose,think,urge,(,激励,),wish,understand,常跟疑问代词,who whom,疑问副词,when where why how whether if,引导宾语从句的动词有：,advise,ask,discover,discuss,doubt,find out,imagine,inquire(,询问,),know,question,show,tell,understand,wonder.,1.“tell/inform/remind/show/teach+,间接宾语,+,宾语从句”结构,He told me where he lived.,2.advise/ask/assure/promise/question/warn,等,+,间接宾语,+,宾语从句,+,结构中，间接宾语可省略。,I promised(him)that I would give him more help.,我对他的保证将给他更多的帮助。,作介词宾语,:,1.that,引导的宾语从句只限做介词,in,except,but,beside,的宾语从句,Men different from brutes in that they can speak and think.,人和兽类的区别在于他们有语言和思想。,The meal was very good except that the fish was a bit too salty.,除了鱼有点咸，这顿饭是很好的。,I would have helped you but that I was so busy then.,若不是工作忙，我本来是可以帮助你的。,2.“,介词,+it+that“,结构,You may depend on it that they will support you.,你放心,他们会支持你的。,Ill see to it that everything is ready in time.,我将负责按时做好一切准备。,3.,动词,+it+that,结构,I take it that they will succeed.,我想他们会成功的。,The newspapers have it that firm is almost bankrupt.,据报道那家公司几乎破产。,4.be+,形容词,+that,结构,类似形容词有,:,sure,certain,afraid,confident,等。,They are confident that they can do the job.,我没有把握火车是否准时达到。,I am not certain whether(if)the train will arrive,on time.,如果宾语从句后跟有宾语从句，要用形式宾语,it,来代替,再将从句放到补语的后面去。,I heard it said that this factory was founded in1901.,我听说这家工厂是,1901,年创建的。,他说的很清楚,这个会议将不推迟。,He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.,Notes:,1._ we cant get seems better than,_ we have.,A.What;what B.What;that,C.That;that D.That;what,分析,:,在名词性从句中,that,与,what,的区别是,:that,在名词性从句中不作句子成分,只起连接作用,;,而,what,在名词性从句中不仅起连接作用,而且作句子成分,.,句子的意思是,:,我们不能得到的似乎比我们已经拥有的要好,.,此题考查了两个名词性从句,:,主语从句和宾语从句,what,在这两个名词性从句中都作宾语。,Exercises:,2._ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.,A.There B.This C.That D.It,分析,:,在这种名词性从句中为了保持句子的平衡,往往用先行词,it,作形式主语或形式宾语,而把真正的主语或宾语放到后面,尤其是,that,引导的主语从句往往用先行词,it,作形式主语,.,此句也可以改写为,:That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.,3.The photographs will show you _.,A.what does our village look like,B.what our village looks like,C.how does our village look like,D.how our village looks like,分析,:,在名词性从句中,除了关联词要提到句首之外,一律要用陈述句语序。当关联词含疑问意义时,有的学生就会受习惯影响错误地使用疑问句语序。克服这种错误的关键是要找准从句中的主语和谓语。本题句子的意思是,:,这些照片会告诉你我们村子是什么样。本题中根据引导词,what,要作介词,like,的宾语,而副词,how,不能作介词,like,的宾语,所以首先排除,C,、,D,而,A,项是疑问句语序,故只能选,B,。,4.It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray.,A.while B.that C.if D.for,分析,:,本题句子的意思是,:,头发变白使她有点儿不安。,It,作形式主语,that,引导的是主语从句。,whether,if,以及,that,引导的名词性从句的区别是,:whether,与,if(,当,是否,讲时,),引导的名词性从句含有疑问意义,;,而,that,引导的名词性从句不含有疑问意义。,5.Sarah hopes to become a friend of _ shares her interests.,A.anyone B.whomever,C.whoever D.no matter who,分析,:,本题句子的意思是,:,萨拉希望跟自己有共同爱好的人交朋友,.,疑问词,+ever,引导的名词性从句与,no matter+,疑问词引导的从句的区别是,:,前者既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句,;,后者只能引导让步状语从句,.,首先排除,D.,而选,A.anyone,则应在其后加,who.,从句中需要的是主语,所以,whomever,也不行,.,Thank you.,