四级写作开头和结尾.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,大学英语四级作文,大学英语四级考试写作要求,大学英语四级考试评分标准,四级作文框架,大学英语四级写作要求,大学英语四级考试开头（风头）和结尾（豹尾）,阐述观点（猪肚）,大学英语四级考试写作要求,能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出,12-150,词的短文，能写短信和便条，表达意思清楚，无重大语言错误。,正确表达思想，能按照英语书面文体的规范和格式组织内容，叙事清楚。,意义连贯包括意义和内容两方面的连贯。,文理通顺无重大语法错误。,四级考试通常要求考生将短文写成三段式，考神在写作时要看清作文题目对段落划分的要求。如果题目要求写成三段式，就要按要求写；如果题目对段落无明确要求，最好以写三段或四段为宜。,四级作文文体大体多是涉及介绍情况、提供信息、解释事物、阐述观点、表达见解等的记叙文、议论文或说明文。,书写工整、保持卷面整洁，给评卷人员留一个好的印象非常重要。不要乱涂乱画，若有删节，在文字的中间画道横线。,段落按要求写，一般情况下，中间一段长，首段和结尾段较短，给人第一感觉就是内容充实。,按要求的字数写，可以比要求的字数稍微多一点。字数少了给人感觉缺乏内容，字数太多，文章显得繁琐，阅卷老师会烦，你的分数会受影响。,许多考生的作文错误虽然不多，相当符合语法要求，但用词贫乏，过多使用如,more and more,I think,as you know,等表达，并且句子结构过于单一。,统计结果表明，,，,差的作文中简单句多，而好的作文简单句少,；,差的作文从句、连词、分词结构出现的频率大大低于好的作文,；,差的作文中关键词和同义表达出现的频率低于好的作文,。用词的丰富和句式的多样应该主要通过多看好文章，仔细琢磨好文章中的用词和句子来提高。换句话说，也就是要从阅读中学习写作。,对写作考试的评分标准,切题,-,所谓切题是指在形式上诸如段落、字数、文体、格式等方面满足题目要求，并在内容上没有偏差。,表达清楚、条理清晰,-,本要求考察学生对文章结构的掌握，要求文章主题观点明确，有头有尾，论证说明安排有主次。,文字通顺，连贯性较好,-,考查学生对过渡句和衔接词或词组的掌握和运用，要求文章句子内部或句子之间通顺连贯。,基本无语言错误,-,主要考查学生语言基本功的掌握，包括语法和拼写两部分。,四级作文框架,大学英语四级作文结构,三段（,12,句）,Para1:,观点,/,主题,/,问题（,3-4,）,Para2:,论证,/,阐述,/,分析（,6-7),Para3:,结论,/,观点,/,解决方法（,2-3,）,段落基本要求,统一性、连贯性、用字造句有变化,文章开头段的一般要求,好的开端是成功的一半,文章的开头的主要作用：,1.,阐明并限定主题,2.,提供相关背景信息,3.,引出中心思想,4.,吸引读者注意,约为,3-4,句,四级作文类型,1.,现象解释（现象论说）,2.,对比选择,3.,问题解决,4.,观点论证,5.,应用文,主要试题类型组织表,题型,第一段,第二段,第三段,现象解释型,描述现象,说明现象产生的原因,表明个人的观点态度或阐述个人做法,对比选择型,表明一方或双方的观点,表明另一方的观点及理由，或指出双方观点的不足之处理由,表明个人的观点或阐述个人的做法,问题解决型,提出问题,分析问题，给出解决方案,表明个人的观点态度或阐述个人做法,观点论证型,提出论点,例证论点,得出结论或表明个人看法与做法,应用文,描述事实,阐述原因,表明观点或提出建议,back,四级写作开头和结尾,四级开头,1,：现象法,这多用于现象解释型作文和问题解决型作文,.,1.,要求,：主要要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释并加以评论。,具体：描述社会生活中存在的一种现象，通常会要求考生对这种现象做出说明，同时表明该种现象反映的社会问题；进而会要求考生解释这种不良现象存在或发生的原因，较为常见的方式是要求在第二段对现象做细致的分析，表述现象发生的原因，或表述现象变化的原因；在第三段中，又往往要求考生针对现象做出评论，表明自己的态度、观点或做法，以及如何在日常生活中有效地实践以消除这种现象或其不利方面。因为所有段落都围绕这种现象为核心展开，所以称之为现象解释型试题。,Eg,Recently the problemphenomenon of has causedaroused publicpopularwideworldwide concern.,2.recently the issue of the problem of the phenomenon of has been brought into fobus.(has been brought to public attention),Recently/presently the phenomenon/issue/problem ofhas been brought into focus/aroused public attention/become a heated topic/been in the limelight.,Nowadays,our society is witnessing more and more,Nowadays,many have been faced/troubled/confronted with,In the recentyears,has experienced an alarming increase/growth/rise/decline in,Practice1,Campus security,近年来发生在校园的意外事件不断增加，校园安全问题备受关注,对此我们应该采取哪些措施,Practice 2 (05,年真题）,Parents and Children,As can be,seen,from the picture,an old man is crouching,there,.The father is in rags while the four children,wear,expensive clothes.All of his four children,regard,him,as,a ball and want to kick him off.The four children are all,good,goalkeepers and,successfully,keep the father outside their doors.Thus,the father,becomes,homeless.,As can be,observed,from the picture,in the centre of a football playground is,crouching,an elderly man,，,who,is dressed,in rags,while,in striking contrast,the four children,wear,expensive name brand.All of his four children,reckoning with,him as a ball and want to kick him off.The four children are all,excellent,goalkeepers and,triumphantly,keep the father outside their doors.Thus,the father,turns out,homeless.,Campus security,Recently the problem of camous security has been in the limelight.Nearly every day there are reports to the security,开头写法,2,：对立法,一般包括引出讨论问题、呈现两种不同的观点。主要适用于对比选择性作文。,要求,：本题型要求考生比较两种观点或两种做法，进而表明自己对该问题或事物的态度（事观点），也就是做出选择。,1.when it comes to,some people believe that,but others argue/claim that,There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements,but(I tend to agree/wold prefer to theformer/latter),Nowadays there is no agreement among people as to some people focus on/advocate/favorwhile others may think.from my point of view,When faced with/in the face of,quire a few people claim thatbut other people argueas far as I am concerned,the former/latter point holds more weight.,Practice2,Is it better to study alone or in a group?,1.,有些学生喜欢单独学习,2.,另外有一些学生则喜欢组成小组学习,3.,我的观点,Is it better to study alone or in a group?,When it comes to the issue that students should study alone or in a group,different people have different ideas.Some students prefer to study alone,while others think it is better to study in a group.,对比选择型模拟题,Directions:,For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic:,Lectures and Discussions.,You should write at least 120 words,and base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:,1),一些学生赞成讲座式教学,2),另一些学生偏爱讨论式教学,3),我的看法,对比选择型模拟题范文,(,套用模版一,),Lectures and Discussions,1.There is a heated debate over,lectures and discussions,.2.It is commonly accepted that,lectures can help students learn more quickly,.3.In contrast,others,hold that discussions can stimulate students to learn by themselves.,4.Those who hold the first opinion suggest,that students attend more lectures,.5.In their view,teachers help students master the knowledge which is accumulated by them in many years study and research,.6.However,others think,that in a discussion,the teacher usually guides the students instead of dominating them,.7.They argue that,involving in a discussion,students,对比选择型模拟题范文,(,套用模版一,),Lectures and Discussions,have to develop their ability to analyze problems,.,8.Considering one after another,I stand on the side of,neither idea,.9.First of all,different methods have different disadvantages,.10.Furthermore,each student has his or her favorites,.11.Thirdly,lectures are preferable to discussions in the teaching of science and mathematics and on the contrary,discussions are preferable to lectures in the art and philosophy subjects,.12.Therefore,we should adopt different teaching methods according to different subjects.,2012,年,6,月真题,Sample Writing,Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?(,2005,年,12,月）,1,）名校校园正成为旅游新热点；,2,）校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同,3,）我认为,Paragraph1,Nowadays,there is an increasing interest in,visiting campuses of famous universities.,Therefore,a hot debate arises over whether,the university campus should be open to tourists.,Paragraph2,Some people are in favor of the idea of,opening it to the public.,They believe,that the atmosphere of famous universities can motive students visitors to seek more knowledge.,They also argue that,as more tourists come to visit,these universities can make themselves known to more people.,Paragraph3,However,other people hold an opposite viewpoint.They consider that,with tourists pouring into campuses,the beauty of the campus will be ruined.,Whats more,they firmly point out that,the normal teaching activities will be disturbed.,Paragraph4,There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of opening them outweigh the disadvantages.In my opinion,university campuses should be open to tourists.,1,.,要求：本题型要求考生从描述文字,/,图表入手，解释试题文字,/,图表反映出社会生活中存在的一个现实问题，指出问题的危害性或解决这一问题的紧迫性；然后在第二段对问题展开分析，提出解决问题的方案或应对措施；最后一段要求考生表明自己对待这一问题的态度、做法等。这种试题，因为所有的段落都以某个问题为核心展开，,以提出问题分析问题解决问题为主线，所以称之为问题解决,。,这类作文包括图表式作文和提纲式作文，所以，引用数据要有典型性、解释原因要注意连贯性、解决问题要突出可行性。,三、问题解决型,问题解决性试题回顾,08,年,12,月,Limiting The Use of Disposable Plastic Bags,2011,6Online shopping,2012,6 exceeding pacakaging,A Model,Nowadays,there are more and more,某种现象,in,某种场合,.It is estimated that,相关数据,.,Why have there been so many,某种现象,?,Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows,.,The first one is,原因一,.Besides,原因二,.The third one is,原因三,.,To sum up,the main cause of,某种现象,is due to,最主要原因,.,It is high time that something were done upon it.,For one thing,解决办法一,.On the other hand,解决办法二,.All these measures will certainly reduce the number of,某种现象,.,解决问题型特点总结,1.,目前存在某个问题,2.,这种问题的危害或产生的原因,3.,给出解决的方法,A Sample,Paragraph 1-Introduction,Nowadays,there are more and more people finding jobs on Internet instead of looking for a job in the ads of the newspaper or in a job market,某种现象,某种场合,.It is estimated that 1 out of 1,000 job seekers prefer getting their jobs on Internet by browsing for a job,相关数据,.,Paragraph 2Body/illustration,Why have there been so many people favoring Internet job hunting more than the traditional way,某种现象,?,Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.,The first one is its convenience.A job hunter can find a job without bothering to ask help from his relatives or friends,or register at an employment agency.,原因一,.Besides,it is efficient.A job seeker can get a job by simply browsing among the want ads online and sending his or her resumes via an E-mail.,原因二,.The third one is the success rate is usually higher and even if one fails to find a job,it can spare him the embarrassment of being refused,原因三,.,Paragraph 3-Conclusion,To sum up,the main cause of job-hunt on Internet,某种现象,is due to its convenience,efficiency and high success rate,最主要原因,.With the increasing popularity of the Internet,this new approach of job-hunt will gain more and more popularity among college graduates and laid-off workers.,观点论证型作文,什么是观点论证型作文？,观点论证型作文一般要求考生根据题目所给论点，按照提纲要求，通过摆事实、讲道理的方式对论点进行论证。,其基本结构是：,1.,首先提出要论证的论点,2.,然后提出论据对其进行论证,3.,最后表明自己的立场和看法,写作思路（三段式）：,1.,提出观点段,引言句（背景）,+,主题句（论点）,+,扩展句（正确性表现）,+,结尾句,2.,论证观点段,主题句,+,扩展句一（论据一）,+,扩展句二（论据二）,+,扩展句三（论据三）,3.,总结观点段,主题句,+,扩展句（正确态度或做法）,+,结尾句,结构模板：,论点背景,.It is true that,论点,.No one can deny that,正确性表现,.Therefore,重申论点,.,Many remarkable reasons contribute to this argument.First of all,论据一,.,For example,支持论据一的事例,.,Besides,论据二,.In addition,，,论据三,.,All mentioned above tell us that,重申观点,.,Therefore,there is no denying that,正确态度或做法,.,In a word,观点总结,.,例如：,It pays to be honest,当前社会存在许多不诚实的现象,诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实,范文：,It pays to be honest,Nowadays there still exist many dishonesties,such as cheating,over-charging,fake commodities,etc.,which ruin our moral life.,It is true that,being honest is not only beneficial to others but also to ourselves.,No one can deny that,honesty is a traditional virtue of Chinese people.Therefore,we should value honesty highly.,It pays to be honest,Many remarkable reasons contribute to this argument.First of all,honesty can build up a more stable society.,For example,Singapore,which is a society of trustworthiness and integrity,has a comparatively low criminal rate.,Whats more,honesty can make our life easier and more harmonious.,Besides,only honest people can be truly respected by others and can have more friends.,It pays to be honest,All mentioned above tells us that,being honest is of benefit to both state and the individual.,Therefore,there is no denying that,we should foster the spirit of honesty and let dishonesty have no place to stay in our society.,In a word,laying stress on honesty will become one of the public morals in our society.,观点论证型模拟题,Directions:,For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic:,Wealth and Happiness.,You should write at least 120 words,and base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:,1),每个人都想获得财富，财富似乎就是幸福,2),其实世界上有许多东西是财富换不来的,观点论证型模拟题范文,(,套用模板一,),Wealth and Happiness,1.It is well known that,wealth doesnt necessarily mean happiness in todays world,.2.The truth of it is self-evident.3.No one can deny,that there are many things you cannot buy with money,.4.Therefore,people owning much money may also feel unhappy,.,5.Many examples can be found to prove,that wealth is not equal to happiness,.6.Take,love,as a typical example.7.People,cannot buy love with money and may feel unhappy without love,.8.Furthermore,good health,which cannot be,观点论证型模拟题范文,(,套用模板一,),Wealth and Happiness,bought with money,also plays an important role in our lives,.,9.It goes without saying that,people can get nowhere without money,but cant get everywhere with money,.10.Then,whats the proper attitude towards wealth?,11.There is no doubt that,we should earn money with honest work,but not be crazy about money,.12.In conclusion,happiness consists of love,good health,wealth,friendship and many other factors,.,观点论证型模拟范文,(,套用模板二,),Wealth and Happiness,1.It is believe that,wealth doesnt necessarily mean happiness in todays world,.2.The truth is deep and profound.3.As we know,there are many things you cannot buy with money,.4.Consequently,people owning much money may also feel unhappy,.,5.A case in point is,love,.6.This is close to suggest,that people cannot buy love with money and may feel unhappy,.7.It is true that,good health,which cannot be bought with money,also plays an important role in our lives,.8.In addition,观点论证型模拟范文,(,套用模板二,),Wealth and Happiness,knowledge also makes people feel happy,.,9.All mentioned above tells us,that we should take a right attitude toward money,.10.As a matter of fact,everyone can get nowhere without money,but cannot get everywhere with money,.11.There is no denying that,we should earn money with honest work,but not be crazy about money,.12.In short,happiness consists of love,health,wealth,friendship and many other factors,.,2010,年,6,月四级作文,1.,如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写，,2.,出现这种现象的原因是,3.,为了改变这种状况，我认为,。,Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling,Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling,新东方,They say“mind breeds physiognomy”,，,which implies the importance of ones appearance.Similarly,a correct and neat spelling of a composition can not only reflect a success of the composition but embody the decent disposition of the writer as well.Unfortunately,a great number of students pay little attention to their spelling though their composition turns out quite good either in content or in logic,thus leaving the teacher in a dilemma whether to give a high score or not.,Tracing the reasons hidden behind,we can easily find it is mainly because some students are unaware of the importance of the spelling.In their minds,the content absolutely outweighs the form so the attention to spelling can be pleasantly spared.Objectively speaking,in the examination,the limited time and urgent situation make students have no more effort to care about their spelling and the fact is that they have to write as quickly as possible to finish it on time,leaving some characters vague or incorrect.,Just as is said above,spelling,in a sense,mirrors the content,so a direct result of the bad spelling is the low academic score in the exam for it is hard to expect a text full of undistinguishable words toreceive a good appreciation.Further,once the habit of lax,松懈的,spelling was formed,in a long run the quality of being negligence could also be gradually shaped,which would undoubtedly exert negative impact for our future work and life.,满分范文：,Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling,文都,Nowadays,students,attach less importance to,the spelling of words in the process of English study.This phenomenon greatly influences students writing and brings on worries among teachers,.,There are possibly three reasons contributing to this phenomenon.First,exam-oriented education,应试教育,makes the students pay less attention to spelling.Second,some teachers should also be responsible for it because they dont emphasize the importance of spelling during teaching.Last but not least,some students are too lazy to recite words.,Since spelling is one of the