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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语四、六级考试,内容调整及相关情况说明,主要内容：,1,新四级考试题型,2,新四级考纲要求,3,各部分题型说明及推荐复习用书,写作,写作部分,测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力,，所占分值比例为,15%,，,考试时间,30,分钟。,写作测试选用考生所熟悉的题材，要求考生根据所提供的信息及提示（如：,提纲、情景、图片或图表,等）写出一篇短文，,四级,120-180,词,(,原,120150),。,新题型解析,从,13,年,12,月开始，全国大学英语四级实行新题型改革，写作也在改革题型之中，但变化不大。,首先,，字数上由,120-150,增加到,120-180,。,其次,，文章由半命题或命题式作文改为开放命题式作文。,最后,，也是最重要的变化，将原来用汉语给出的文章提示，全部由引用的英文名句或寓意深刻的句子搭配图片出现，即写作中所有提示内容均以英文给出，需要考生认真揣摩信息，准确把握文章主旨。,基本考查能力,1,、切题，主旨明确 所谓切题是指在形式上诸如段落、字数、文体、格式 等方面满足题目要求，并在内容上没有偏差。,2,、表达清楚，条理清晰 要求考查学生对文章结构的掌握，要求文章主题观点 明确，有头有尾，论证说明安排有主次，有轻重。,3,、文字通顺，连贯性较好 要求考查学生对过渡句和连接词或词组的掌握和运 用，要求文章句子内部与句子之间通顺连贯，不突兀。,4,、基本无语言错误 要求考查学生语言基本功的掌握，包括语法与拼写两 部分。,评分标准,15%-12%,：切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性 较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。,12%-10%,：切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少 量语言错误。,10%-6%,：基本切题，有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，期中有 一些是严重错误。,6%-4%,：条理不清，思路混乱，语言支离破碎或大 部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。,4%,以下：不切题，语法错误过多，无法批阅,写作中易出现的硬伤,：,1.,作文字数上与题目要求甚远，书写不规范，多 处拼写错误，无效试卷,2.,文章标题词性错误，主题不明确，文章主旨在 文章中无体现或主旨前后矛盾,3.,句型使用过于简单，单词使用不得当，句型之 间逻辑关系不明确,4.,文章思路过于复杂，所涉及内容多重复而无效，同类型句式或者观点反复出现,高分策略,高分策略,1.,构思简单 少犯错误（考核语言表达能力）,2.,好的开头和结尾 开头找好切入点，快速入题，简洁明快 结尾不要拖泥带水，适当评论，点睛之笔,3.,用好关联词 并列：,and,besides,as well as,in addition to,not only but also,递进：,furthermore,whats more,whats worse,转折：,but,while,on the other hand,，,however,。,从类型来看，四级作文主要以议论文和说明文为主，具体形式包括：,1.,对比论述型,1.,对策方法型,3.,现象,/,问题分析型,4.,图标,/,图画分析型,5.,叙事型,6.,论点论证型,7.,应用文型,1,、对比论述型,这类作文多为提纲式作文，议论文体裁。通过论述相反的两个观点，或分析评论某一社会现象的优缺点，然后给出自己的见解和看法，是四级考试中最常见的作文形式。,Eg,：,Should the college students do part-time job,？,2.,对策分型型,对策分析型作文通常首先提出一个有待解决的问题，然后要求考生就该问题提出解决方法、途径，有时还要求考生最后谈论适合自己的方法。这种题型常见的结构模式是：,Para1:,导言。描述现状、困难，提出问题。,Para2,：方法。列举说明处理某事的方法或解决某个问题的途径。,Para3,：评价、建议或个人选择。针对第二段所阐述的方法给予简要的评论，也可提出个人建议或选择，并简述理由。,Eg,：,how should paraents help children to be independent?(2010.12),3.,现象分析型,作文命题是关于某个社会现象或社会问题的，要求考生分析该现象或问题所产生的原因或造成的后果。,Eg,：,online shopping(2011.06),1.,现在网上购物已成为一种时尚,2.,网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题,3.,我的建议,4.,图表,/,图画分析型,图表作文的命题形式是根据图画或图表，要求考生用简洁、生动的语言把图表所提供的信息准确、完整地表达出来。然后进行分析和评论，并得出合乎逻辑的结论。,写图表作文时，首先要以题目中的要求为指导，审慎读图，准确把握图表传达的信息，将其扩展正文。,图表作文往往是以说明为主，图表中的数据是为了说明某个问题而提供的，只要问题能阐释清楚，就不必面面俱到地把所有数据都在文章中引用出来。考生要切忌毫无目的地引用图表中的数据。,图表作文的段落设计,1,）开头段,说明该图表反映的概况，选择能充分说明主题的典型数据进行概述；,2,）中间段,对数据进行仔细地分析比较，归纳出增减速率，找出产生变化的原因；,3,）结尾段,写出看完图表后的想法或评论，得出自己的结论。,图表作文结构,段,1,概述图表,1.From the chart/graph(,曲线图,)/table/picture,we clearly learn that,总述现象、变化或问题,2.,图表中初期的数据或情况,3However,，图表中数据或情况的变化,第一段 概述图表,1.,主题句：概括图表所反映的总体现象、变化或问题,2.,扩展句一：概述图表中显示的初期的数据或情况,3.,扩展句二：概述图表中数据或情况的变化,段,2,说明原因,4.The following reasons can account for,现象、变化或问题,5.First of all/To begin with,第一点原因,6.What is more/Moreover,第二点原因,7.In addition/Besides,第三点原因,第二段 说明原因,4.,主题句：引出下文对原因的说明。,5.,扩展局一：说明第一点原因。,6.,扩展局二：说明第二点原因。,7.,扩展局三：说明第三点原因。,段,3.,说明影响，问题或表达观点,8.From my point of view/As for me,我的思考或看法,9.,可能的影响、问题或注意事项一,10.Besides/In addition,可能的影响，问题或注意事项,11.Therefore/To conclude,作出结论,第三段 说明影响，问题或表达观点,8.,主题句：“我”的思考或看法,9,扩展句一：第一点影响、问题或注意事项,10,扩展句二：第二点影响、问题或注意事项,11,结尾句：经常是提出建议或作出展望。,2013,年,6,月开始出现漫画作文，并且作文是多题多卷,Eg1,：本题的漫画反映的是一个社会现象。在漫画中，老师把 一本厚厚的书交给学生，并对他说：“,Just think of it as if youre reading a long text-message.”,结合题目中的写作指令（,express your views on the importance of reading literature,），考生可以得出这幅漫画所反映的社会现象：随着新的电子媒体的出现，文学阅读日渐式微。需要提醒考生的是，漫画中的,text-message,象征着当代层出 不穷的新媒体，这里并不需要对其做过于狭隘的理解。,Eg2,：审题：本题的漫画中有一对父子。儿子说：“,Dad,Im a bit worried about,disposing,（处置、处理）,of,nuclear waste,（核废料）,.”,爸爸说：“,If you can empty the,dustbin,（垃圾箱）,here,you can do anything.”,这幅漫画传达 的是一个人生道理：想做大事，要先从小事做起。一屋不扫，何以扫天下？如果考生没有从漫画中看出这层意思，也可以结 合写作指令（,express your views on the importance of doing small things before undertaking something big,）看出这一点。,Eg3,：审题：在本题的漫画中，一位老师正在教一群小学生乘法表，孩子们却面露疑色，其中一个学生向老师表达了大家心中的疑虑：“,No offense,but by the time were in the job market,wont that stuff be outdated,？”结合写作指令（,express your views on the importance of learning basic skills,），考生不难看出这幅漫画意 在强调学习基本技能的重要性。,图画（漫画）作文题要重视审题、布局和主体段三个方面。第一，仔细观察漫画，弄清漫画的寓意，树立文章的论点；第二，安排好文章的结构，以三段布局为宜；第三，掌握常用的主体段展开技巧，进行充分论证。第一步：读图审题 四级漫画作文中的漫画通常反映一个社会现象或生活哲理，要 求考生根据自己对漫画的理解来写作。因此，要写好四级漫画作文，审题格外重要。考生在下笔之前要仔细看漫画，弄清漫画的寓意，这是文章切题的保证。,考生不难看出这幅漫画（,basic skill,）意在强调学习基本技能的重要性。第二步：谋篇布局 在把握文章的主旨之后，考生就可以构思整篇文章的架构了。四级漫画作文的写作可以分为下面三个段落。,第一段,：开门见山，简要描述一下漫画内容，并指出漫画的寓 意。,描述漫画内容是为了揭示其中的寓意，是手段而不是目的，所以描述要简洁明快，一般来说一句话足矣。,第二段,：表达考生对漫画寓意的看法，这是文章的,重心所在,。比如，就第一道写作题目而言，考生应在第二段阐述阅读文学作品的重要性；就第二道写作题目而言，考生应在第二段论述为什 么凡事必须从小事做起；就第三道写作题目而言，考生应在第二段论述掌握基本技能的重要性。,第三段,：指出漫画的寓意对大学生的教育意义，或者提出解决问题的建议。需要注意的是，结尾段一般并不需要实质性的分析，其主要作用是总结和升华，使文章结构完整。,所以结尾段 的写作要简明扼要，点到即止。,第三步：重视第二段即核心段落，推荐第二段展开议论的三种方法。,1.,条分缕析 在写作第二段时，考生可以从,2,3,个方面对观点展开论述，这 种写法可使文章显得层次清楚、条理清晰。例如，第一道题目的第二段需要阐述阅读文学作品的重要性，考生就可以从以下两个方面 展开：第一，相对于电子媒体，文学阅读更能培养人的想象力；第 二，阅读文学作品能够帮助我们更好地了解社会。范文如下：,There was a time when children could read literature.But children today can enjoy the sounds and action on a TV or computer screen.“So why bother reading,？”,some ask.The reason is obvious,：,It enriches our imagination.When we read a piece of literature,，,we are living the life of Robin Hood or starting an adventure with Tom Sawyer.In addition,，,literature is the mirror of society,，,whether it be poetry,，,drama or fiction.We know the society better through literature,2.,举例论证 如果漫画所传达的是抽象的人生哲理，那么考生在论述时最 好能举出具体的事例，尽量避免空洞的说教。比如，就第二道题目而言，考生可以在第二段中举出一些成功 人士如何从小事做起的例子。如下面提供的范文中用到的是哈 兰,桑德斯上校从一个小吃店做起，最后缔造出遍布全球的肯德基 快餐帝国的例子，用以证明只有从小事做起，才能成就大事。,Eg,：,Everything is small before it is big.A good example is KFC.In 1930 Colonel Harland Sanders began serving food to his service station customers in Corbin,，,a city in Kentucky.He fried chicken in his own kitchen and perfected his secret recipe there.From the small roadside eatery,，,he went on to build an empire of fast food.,3.,类比论证 如果漫画中的寓意不容易通过具体的事例来证明，那么考生 还可以使用类比论证的方法，即通过打比方来论证一个抽象的道 理。比如，对于第三道题目，考生可以在第二段中用学习打篮球 的过程来打比方。学习打篮球时，只有先学会了投球、运球、传 球这些基本技能，才能进一步学习高难度的技能。以此类推，无 论做任何事情，只有掌握了基本的技能，才可能取得更大的成功。此外，考生还可以举出统计数字，用具体的研究结果来证明论点。,Eg,：,Simple as they may seem,basic skills serve as the first link in the chain of success.This is,analogous,to learning to play basketball.If shooting,，,dribbling,and passing are not mastered,，,learning advanced skills will become difficult,，,if not impossible.A growing body of research has also documented that such basic skills as reading,，,writing and computing are highly correlated with success later in life.A 2012 study surveyed 300 CEOs of Fortune 500 companies and found that 87%attributed part of thEir success to the basic skills they learned in primary school.,5.,叙事型,叙事类作文一般是要求考生叙述一个时间 发生的经过，如车祸、生病或一次难忘的 经历，然后谈谈自己的感受或得到的启示。,第一段,:,交代事情发生背景,第二段：交代事情发生经过,第三段：得出结论,(,个人感受等,),段一,：交代事件背景,段,1.,交代事件背景,1.,引出事件背景,2.,进一步描述背景情况或概述事件的特点,3.,由背景引出具体事件或说明事件的重要性 第一段,第一段,：交代事件背景,1.,主题句：总述事件发生的背景,2.,扩展句一：进一步描述背景情况或概述事 件 的特点,3.,扩展句二：由背景引出具体事件或说明事 件 带来的重要性,段二,：叙述事件经过,4.Now I still remember clearly,引出事件,/There is one thing that is still vivid in my mind until now.,5.,事件发生的时间和当时的情形,6.,接下来的情况,7.,进一步发展,8.As a result/However,事件结果,段二：叙述事件经过,4.,主题句：概括引出要讲述的事件,5.,扩展句一：交代事件发生的事件和当时的情况。,6.,扩展句二：描述接下来的情况,7.,扩展句三：描述事件的进一步发展,8,。结尾句：说明事件的结果或影响,段三,：谈个人感受,9.Every time I recall,该事件，“我”的感受 或得 到的启示,/,该事件,left me in deep thought/gave me a significant lesson.10.,第一点感受,11.,第二点感受,段三：谈个人感受,9.Every time I recall,该事件，“我”的感受 或得 到的启示,10.,扩展句一：“我”的第一点感受,11.,扩展句二：“我”的第二点感受,6.,观点论证型,论证观点类作文一般需要考生按照要求提出论点，通过举例等方式论证观点，最后再对论点进行总结。,第一段：提出论点,第二段：举例论证,第三段：总结观点,段,1.,提出观点,1.,通过背景描写提出论点或直接提出论点,2.,论点中的道理或正确性表现,3.Besides/In addition,进一步阐述论点中的道 理或正确性表现,/The truth of it is deep and profound./The truth of it is self-evident.,第一段 提出观点,主题句：提出观点,扩展句一：阐述论点中蕴涵的道理或正确性 表现,扩展句二：进一步阐述论点中蕴涵的道理或 正确性表现，或是强调论点的正确性,段,2.,举例论证,4.There are numerous examples supporting this argument./Many remarkable examples contribute to this argument.,5.A case in point is,第一个例子,6.,进一步说明例一,7.For another example,第二个例子,8.,进一步说明例二,第二段 举例论证,4.,主题句：引出论据，开始论证观点,5.,扩展句一：列举第一个例子,6.,扩展句二：进一步说明例一,7.,扩展句三：列举第二个例子,8.,扩展句四：进一步说明例二,段,3.,总结观点,9.All the above-mentioned examples tell us that/It is no doubt that/Judging from the evidence offered,we might safely draw the conclusion that,重申观点,10.,提出建议或指出注意事项,11.To conclude/Therefore,总结全文,呼应论点。,第三段 总结观点,9.,主题句：承接上文，重申观点。,10.,扩展句：提出建议或指出正确的做法或态 度，呼应论点。,7.,应用文类型,四级考试中的应用文一般会给出一个特定的情景，要求考生根据该情景写一封短信、倡议书或演说词等。,应用文涉及的内容多种多样，但大部分都与日常生活比较贴 近,主要包括：投诉信、求职信、求学信、拒绝信、道歉信、感谢信、祝贺信、邀请信、求职信、演说辞、倡议书、海报、景点介绍和日程安排等。,从历年真题来看，应用文的考查以信函为主，但近几年也常 涉及其他类型，如倡议书、景点介绍等。,1),建议信 模板,右上角：,日期,左上角,：称呼,正文,：第一段,:,交代建议针对的背景事件，说明写信的目的；针对该事件提出建议，引出对建议的具体阐述。,第二段,:,具体阐述自己的建议并说明理由。,第三段,:,表达良好的祝愿和期望。,右下脚：署名,建议信范文,A Letter to a Schoolmate.,June 20,2001,Dear Xiao Wang,：,I am very glad to learn that you will visit me soon.Here I am writing to give you my advice about the arrangement for your coming holiday in Hangzhou.In my opinion,West Lake should certainly be your first destination since it is such a famous and beautiful place.Then,I suggest you go to Ling yin Temple,Lu he Tower and Yue wang Shrine(,庙,).Besides,if you have time,Qian tao Lake is also a good site you could not miss.Of course,besides visiting the places of interest,you should taste the local flavor snacks of Hangzhou,like,small steamed buns,.Finally,I must remind you that you should not leave your belongings unattended since there are so many people on the train and at the railway station.I am sure you will enjoy your visit in Hangzhou.If you have any questions or requirements,do not hesitate to tell me.I am looking forward to seeing you soon.,Truly yours,Wang Fang,2),投诉信,右上角：日期,左上角：称呼,正文：第一段：表明自己的身份，写信的目的 何事 投诉何人或机构。,第二段：具体阐述投诉的内容和投诉的理由。,第三段：提出解决建议并期望尽快解决，表 示感谢。,右下脚：署名,投诉信范文,A letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus?,Dec.20,2002,Dear President,：,My name is Li Ming.I am a junior form the Civil Engineering School.I venture to write you a letter to make a complaint about the canteen service in our school?,The focus of the complaint is the poor quality and high price of the food.On one hand,the rice is very hard,the,steam,bread is often cold,and the vegetables are always overcooked.On the other hand,the price of the food is so high that many poor students are burdened heavily.Under these circumstances,I find it impossible for us students to fully concentrate on the study and enjoy the campus life?,I will be very,obliged,if you can consider my compliant seriously,I do hope the service of the canteen will be much improved as soon as possible.Thank you for your time and kind consideration?,sincerely yours,Li Ming,3),拒绝信,右上角：日期,左上角：称呼,正文：第一段：交代写信目的，委婉表达自己对邀 请、请求等的拒绝，并向对方表示,谢意。,第二段：具体阐述拒绝对方的理由。,第三段：希望不会给对方带来不便，向对方 表示抱歉和祝愿。,右下脚：署 名,拒绝信范文,A Letter Declining a Job Offer,Jan.12,2008,Dear Mr.Wang,：,I am very sorry to tell you that I have to decline your job offer.To be honest,it would be a very good chance for me to work in your company.However,the current situation doesnt allow me to do this.,This has been a difficult decision for me,but I have to do this.On one hand,I have accepted another job offer before you informed me of your decision,which is more in line with my skills and career goals.On the other hand,two hours commute(,通勤,)to your building is really a burden on me.On account of all these,you can understand why I could not accept your offer?,I hope this does not cause you too much inconvenience.Anyway,I do appreciate your kindness to discuss the details of the position with me and give me time to consider your offer.Meanwhile,I wish that your company would find a more suitable talent as soon as possible.,Sincerely yours,Jane,求职信 模板,右上角：日期,左上角：称呼,正文：,第一段：交代写信目的，申请某职位，说明获 得招聘信息的来源，表达申请职位的愿望。,第二段：介绍自己的学习经历、能力和特长，证明自己能够胜任工作。,第三段：感谢对方抽出时间和经历，随信附有 自己的简历，并愿意提供进一步的信息，希望等 到面试的机会。,右下脚：署名,求职信 范文,A Job Application Letter,June 20,2003,To whom it may concern,：,I am writing to apply for the post of engineer advertised in China Daily,I believe my qualifications are ideal match of your requirements.,I will graduate on July 1 of this year form Dong bei University.My major in,mechanical engineering,and my training in this aspect definitely meet your requirements.In addition to learning the required courses,I have also accepted training in Professional Training Program in my spare time.Whats more,I have been an intern student in several companies related to my major,which provided me a great deal of experience in computer applications.I believe my training and experience will enable me to perform better than other candidates who are lack of working experience.,I would appreciate your time in reviewing my enclosed resume and if there is any additional information your require,please contact me.I will be very grateful if you can give me a personal interview at your convenience.,Sincerely yours,Li Hua,5),邀请信 模板,右上角：日期,左上角：称呼,正文：,第一段,:,交代写信目的，邀请某人参加某项活动，说明活动的时间和地点，正式向对方那个发出邀 请。,第二段,:,介绍事件的具体安排和对方接受邀的必 要性。,第三段,:,希望对方能够接受邀请，期望对方的 尽 快答复。,右下脚：署名,邀请信范文,An Invitation Letter,June 15,2008,Dear Li Liang,This June 30th I am going to graduate,so I am going to hold a party on Saturday evening in my house.It would be pleasant to have you here.,So interesting will the party be that you cant afford to miss it.For one thing,we can have a big meal,sing the popular songs and play games.For another,it also provides a good opportunity for you to meet many friends that you havent seen for a long time.,What an important thing it is to get your participation!First,you are my best friend and bring home to me many things.Second,we havent seen each other for quite a long time and I am eager to see you.The party would not be complete without you!,The party will begin at 7:30p.m.Is it possible for us to see you at 7:00 on Saturday evening in my house?I do hope you can come.,Sincerely yours,Sun Li,6),道歉信 模板,右上角：日期,左上角：称呼,正文：,第一段：交代写信目的，因某事想某人道 歉，恳请对方接受自己的歉意。,第二段：向对方解释导致自己所犯过失或错 误的原因。,第三段：希望能够得到对方的理解和原谅，,希望有机会补救，并提出补救措施。,右下脚：署名,道歉信范文,An apology Letter,Jan.24,2009,Dear Mary,I am excessively sorry for my absence yesterday when you come to see me during your trip.Now,I am writing you this letter of apology to show my deep regret.Please accept my sincere apology with gratitude.,I hope you will understand me and excuse me for my absence.The reason for my absence was that I had an engagement with some friends and ignorant of your visit,accompanied them to the cinema.Besides,not until 9 oclock in the evening did I come back.Therefore,it is not in my power to arrange time to meet you.,Naturally,I hope you wont leave the city this week so that I can call on you.I shall be obliged if you will kindly tell me when and where you are at convenience.In that case I can take you to some places that may interest you.I hope to see you soon.,Sincerely yours,Xue Li,7),倡议书 模板,右上角：日期,左上角：称呼,正文：,第一段：交代写信目的，倡议的人群和倡议的 主题。,第二段：介绍倡议针对对象的具体情况和倡议 的具体内容（如捐钱、捐物）。,第三段：提供联系方式，再次发出倡议，呼吁 大家参与，并表示感谢。,右下脚：署名,8),倡议书范文,Your Help Needed,Nov.15,2008,Dear fellow students,I am writing this letter to call on all the students in our university to do something for Li Ping,one of our schoolmates,who is suffering from the serious disease.,As some of you may know,Li Ping is one of the freshmen in the English Department.She is longing for the bright future like you and me.Unfortunately,last month,she was struck by Leukemia(,白血病,).Now she is hospitalized and in a
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