学术英语如何做演讲How-to-do-a-presentation.ppt

Effective Presentations Main points nDefinition of a presentationnElements of a presentationnStructure of a presentationnTactics of a presentationI.What is a presentation?nA presentation is publicly speaking to an audience with intent to inform,demonstrate,explain or persuade.The presentation is normally written,then performed and includes an introduction,a body consisting of main points and a conclusion.The subject matter,choice of words and delivery all depend on the audience.Visual aids are often incorporated into the presentation,if meaningful and relevant.Nearly all types of speeches fall into three main categories-informative,persuasive and motivational.II.The elements of a presentationThe three elements:information,speaker,audiance nInformationInformation can be shared by speaker and audiance.information in a presentation is language information.nA speaker A speaker is the source of information.A speaker conveys information with language and nonverbal symbols of auxiliary information 非言语符号的辅助信息with act,signal,gesture,expression.naudiance Who is your audiance?Are the audiance familiar with your topic and the specil terms you might use?what background knowlede do they have about your topic?Do they have any particular interest?How are you going to involve them in your presentation?A knowledge of the audiances academic background and interest will help you decide the choice of details.What is your purpose?Do you want to inform your audiance,inspire them to think about your topic,or convince them of a particular point of view?Different purpose will require different styles and content(persuasive or informative)演讲是一个双向沟通过程演讲是一个双向沟通过程演讲后演讲后1.What is the point?-objectivesnWhat makes a good presentation?List all the things you think make a good presentation.Purposes for making a presentationnTo demonstrate:a service,product,system.nTo create:an image,strategy.nTo entertain:colleagues,outside people.nTo sell:a concept,product,idea.nTo promote:an attitude,a way of working.nTo suggest:a solution,a new concept.Checklist1.Overall a.Does he consider the audience?b.Does he have a clear objective and style(to tell,to sell,to amuse)2.Systema.Is his presentation well prepared?b.Is there a clear structure(beginning,middle and ending)?c.Does he link the parts together properly?d.Is the content relevant and interesting?e.Has he considered the timing?3.Delivery a.Does he speak clearly?b.Does he speak at the right speed and using the right intonations?c.Does he use appropriate language?4.Body language a.Does he use his body to emphasize meaning?b.Does he maintain eye contact with audience?c.Does he appear confident and positive?5.Visual aids a.Are the visual aids clear?b.Do they support his message?c.Does he use the equipment professionally?Organization of a presentation:Introduction Outline Main parts Conclusion ReviewPreparation checklistnObjectives:Recheck that you have defined your objective correctly.nStructure:Your presentation have a clearly identifiable structure?nContent:Is all said that needs saying?nSequence:Is it logical?Are all links and summaries appropriate?nTime:Is sufficient time available for all you want to say?nBalance:Is each section weighted correctly?Check the priorities of your arguments and facts.nConclusion:Does it make people sit up and agree with you?Is it punchy?nObjectives:All the above work towards achieving your objective?III.Structure of a presentation I、Structuring a presentation n An effective presentation structure includes:1.Use an effective opening 2.Give a preview 3.State your main points clearly 4.Use clear inner summary and signal words for transition 5.Use an effective closing 2.Making a startnWhich of the items on the checklist below would you include in the introduction to:a.an internal presentation to colleagues or bosses?b.an internal presentation to teachers or classmates?c.an external presentation to clients or supplies?d.an external presentation to public audiance?Checklist your name and position/job title the title/subject of your presentation the purpose of your presentation the length of time you will take the main parts or points you will cover any visual aides you will use when the audience may ask questions a human touch1.1.Exercise:Listen to the tape(P12)()Internal presentation to colleagues at a budget meeting?()external presentation to delegates at a professional conference2.Complete the presentation introduction with words from the list:talk about look at points of view questions brief finally hear act as go along Good afternoon and thank you for making the effort to be here with us today.My names Rachel Rawlins and Im responsible for public affairs.What Id like to do today is _ our recent corporate campaign.This _ talk will hopefully _ a springboard for discussion.Im going to _ the corporate campaign from 3 _:firstly,the customers;secondly,the financial institutions;and _,the shareholders.If you have any _,just interrupt me as I _.Your point of view may well be different,and wed like to _ from you.1)Use an effective opening Goals Techniques Use humor Refer to the unusual Refer to the familiar Use audience motivation techniques 2)Give a preview 3)State your main points clearly n Follow your preview n Limit your main points n Use explicit transitionsn Provide internal summaries 4)Use an effective closing n Give a summaryn Refer to the openingn End with the action steps n Refer to audience benefits 表表4.1 开头实例开头实例例例1：提问：提问 “我想问一下在座的诸位，哪位知道过去24小时里在中国有多少孩子出生?”“我想知道，如果我告诉您，您的计算机在买进时已经过时，您有何感想?”例例2：事实陈述：事实陈述 “今天，我们市又有30个孩子的父亲因工去世这类死亡本可得到预防!”例例3：提及：提及 “今天，这里的每一位都记得，当我们听到唐山大地震时的震惊和悲痛。”例例4：主题：主题 “我今晚要给您讲述令人激动振奋的xR5多用程序，然后告诉您这种电脑将如何改变您的经商方式。”例例5：引用：引用 “一位伟人说：每个人的经历远远超过他的想像范围。不过，正是经验而不是想象，才影响人的行为。”例例6:感染情绪感染情绪 “好心的人们，您只要掏五毛线，就可以使这个孩子活下去，直到下年的收获季节，那时他就可以养活自己。”3 Linking the partsnDifferent ways of organizing information and ideas:companymoneypeopleassetssupplierscashproductpricequalitystaffcustomersfixedintangiblemngmtsubordintcostsCompetition Model 1 Company I.Money A.assets a.fixed b.intangible B.cash II.People A.staff a.management b.subordinates B.customer C.suppliers III.Product A.quality B.price a.costs petitionModel 2nUse the information below to prepare a short presentation.Type of training:Technical Management Technical training Information technology(computers)Objective:to keep a technical edge over the competition Training for efficiency Training for innovation 95%of employees receive some technical training Management training Leadership/team management strategies Objective:to run an efficient business 3%of employees receive management training4 Finishing off Signal to end summary invitation for questions recommendation nComplete Joannas presentation notes.Signal to end _ Summary _1._2._3._ Recommendation _ Invitation for Questions _ nYou are going to hear the final part of 4 presentations.Decide which presentation each extract comes from.1.The sales presentation by a salesman to a group of prospective customers ()2.The welcome presentation()3.The new idea presentation()4.The motivation presentation by personnel director to new employees()结尾实例结尾实例例例1：提问：提问 “所以，女士们，先生们，我要提请诸位思考一一如果有人告诉您，您正在受到这种疾病的困绕，您有何感想?”例例2：提示：提示 “今天，在我们的节目里，我要使您认识到，我们需要有更强更专业化的经销活动。而实际上，通过向您展示一个等待我们未开发的巨大市场，我想我已实现了目标。”例例3：行动：行动 “我的建议已告诉诸位。时间已刻不容缓。如果我们想避免灾难，那就必须立即行动。要想保证公司未来的繁荣，希望各位不要再迟疑，行动起来!”例例4：选择：选择 “在我看来，我们有三种选择：或者接受工会最后通牒；或者争取时间考虑我们的立场；或者采取最后行动。”例例5：灌输忧患：灌输忧患 “所以，女士们，先生们，如果我们不能在下季度将销售额提高10，并保持这一增长水平一两年，那么我们公司将面临倒闭的危险。”5.Putting it all togethernClassic presentation structure Introduction outline main parts summary conclusionnAssessment form for presentation before the presentationDefine the audienceClarify the objectives/purposePlan the contentDesign suitable visual aidsControl the lengthFollow a clear structureSummary and conclusionDuring the presentationKeep eye contact with the audienceDont rush(remember to pause)Articulate clearly and project your voiceIII.Special speaking situations 1.Manuscript speaking Use“spoken style”Write and edit Prepare the manuscript 2.Impromptu speaking Anticipate Keep your remarks short Organize as well as you can Relate to experience 3.Team presentations Organize as a whole Provide content transitions between speakers Use visual aids consistently Rehearse and deliver as a group Answer questions consistently 4.Media and telecommunications Preparing in advance Using audio devices Being on camera EXERCISE:Prepare a short presentation to last five minutes.Your audience are your classmates,and the subject matter is about something that you have a deep interest in or about which you hold a strong conviction.IV.The right kind of languageChecklistEye contactLanguage complexity sentence length use of pause impersonalManner open or closed?interested?Language focus:Delivery and styleTempo:vary the speed and pause from time to timeVolume:dont shout or murmur Expressiveness:vary the pitchArticulation:dont rush,be clear,practice key words beforehand,Sentence length:avoid readingStyle:natural English,no written English,formal vs.informalLinkers:guide the audience;help vary the pace of your presentationEmphasizers:exaggerate a little to help get your message across more persuasively.V.Visual aidsChecklist1.dont use visuals to repeat what you can say with words.2.dont overcrowd visuals with too much information.3.pay attention to the sizes,fonts and colors of the words.4.pay attention to structure and difference between different levels of the structure5.dont read from visualsnMake these sentences transitive.1.Our salaries have remained constant for five years.The company _ salaries at the same level.2.The temperature in the building has fallen.The caretaker _the temperature in the building.3.Interest rates have risen over the last two weeks.Banks _ their interest rates.4.Production has stayed the same for some time.The company _ production at the same level.5.The average age has decreased in the company.Recruiting policy _ the average age.nWe often use noun phrases instead of verbs to describe trends.For example:Prices have risen considerably.There has been a considerable rise in price.Change the following sentences to include a noun phrase.a.The market has expanded slightly.b.Prices are going to fall dramatically.c.Our export sales collapsed suddenly.d.Sales are increasing steadily.e.Salaries have dropped gradually.f.Profits will certainly rise significantly.VI.Body language version 1 version 21.General appearance2.Stance and posture3.Hands position4.Hands gestures5.Eye contact6.Facial expression7.Movement nUnderline the expressions in these extracts which are strongly emphasized.a.These cost cuts are going to cause considerable pain.b.We need to draw up a plan of action.I have put some ideas on the board.c.These are some of the measures we could consider.There are broadly three approaches.d.First,we could accept the cuts and reduce staff drastically.Secondly,we could fight and hope to achieve some reduction in the level of the cuts.Or thirdly,and this is what I support,we could put forward an alternative proposal.Now,this would mean.nLanguage focus:emphasizing and minimizingEmphasizing Minimizing extremely it seems.absolutely it pletely justentirely a bitfairly perhapsreasonably tend toquite to some extentnEmphasize the message.a.This has been a good year.b.We have had a difficult time.c.We have seen a disastrous decline in our profits.d.It was easy to achieve our objectives.e.The announcement was unexpected.f.Ive got some bad news.nComplete these sentences with words that minimize the message.a.We _ see things differently._ your experience is _ limited.b._,youre right.But _ we _ consider the long-term view.c.Theres _ time._ we _ discuss this question now.第三节第三节 演讲语言的运用技巧演讲语言的运用技巧一、语言表达的三个基本要求一、语言表达的三个基本要求 准确精炼 上口入耳 形象生动 （如“望梅止渴”）n比喻 （林肯的著名演讲裂开的屋子）n引用n设问n反问n排比The use of your voicenIs your voice boring?nDo you speak in a monotone,or vary your pitch?nIs the speed of your delivery constant?Varied?nDo you drop your voice at the end of a sentence?nIs your breathing right?Do you run out of breath in the middle of a sentence?(Ita probably too long then!)nHow do you make a point or emphasize a key issue?Do you raise your voice?Do you speak more slowly?More quickly?Do you repeat it?nDo you use long words?Short words?Long sentences?Why?When?nAre your words within the vocabulary of your audience?Do they understand you?nAfter your next presentation,ask a friend in the audience for constructive feedback on the above points.二、有声语言的运用技巧有声语言的运用技巧语气语调语气语调爱的感情：“气徐声柔”，漫和感憎的感情：“气促声硬”，挤压感悲的感情：“气沉声缓”，迟滞感喜的感情：“气满声高”，跳跃感惧的感情：“气提声凝”，紧缩感急的感情：“气短声促”，紧迫感怒的感情：“气粗声重”，震动感疑的感情：“气细声粘”，踌躇感 Your body languagenDo you talk to the audience,or to the screen behind you?nDo you actively seek eye contact with specific members of the audience?Do you sweep over them or fix them beadily in the eye?nDo you know who the decision makers are,and speak primarily to them?nDo you tend to concentrate on looking to the right or left,to the front or back of the audience?nAre your gestures congruent with your message?Too exaggerated?Are you too stiff?nDo you have any distracting mannerisms?nAre your movements simple?Or do you pace like a caged tiger?nAre you natural?Are you yourself?nDo you create barriers between you and your audience?三、身体语言的运用技巧三、身体语言的运用技巧：表情眼神 看着听众说话 与听众的目光进行实在性接触 多种眼神并用 身体姿态、手势演说技能自我评估演说技能自我评估 评价标准：评价标准：非常不同意非常不符合(1分)不同意/不符合(2分)比较不同意比较不符合(3分)比较同意比较符合(4分)同意/符合(5分)测试问题：测试问题：(1)我在整个演讲过程中眼睛同听众保持接触(2)我的身体姿态很自然，没有因为紧张而做作(3)我能运用基本的手势来强调我的要点(4)我运用停顿、重复和总结来强调我的观点(5)我每次演说前都会确定具体的目标(6)我会对听众的需求、忧虑、态度和立场进行分析(7)在组织思路时我会先写下几个主要的论点(8)我会特意准备一个颇具吸引力的开场白(9)我演讲的结尾会呼应开头，且必要时能要求听众采取行动 (10)我制作的投影片简明扼要，有助于达到演讲目标演说技能自我评估演说技能自我评估(11)我的论点、论据之间有内在的逻辑联系，有助于支持我的主张(12)我会把紧张、焦虑转换为热情和动力(13)我会清楚地叙述我的观点对听众的好处与利益(14)我会热切、强烈地讲述我的观点(15)我会事先演练，以免过分地依赖讲稿，而集中注意听众的反应(16)我的演讲稿只写关键词，以免照本宣科(17)我会预测听众可能会提的问题，并且准备相应的回答(18)我的声音清楚，语速适中，富有感染力(19)我会有意识地运用语音、声调和语速来表示强调(20)演讲前我会检查场地及相应的设施(21)准备演讲时，我会估计将会遭到的反对意见(22)整个演讲过程我会充满自信(23)演讲前我会检查我的衣着打扮是否得体演说技能自我评估演说技能自我评估 自我评价自我评价如果你的总分是：如果你的总分是：105115 你具有优秀演讲者的素质你具有优秀演讲者的素质98104 你略高于平均水平，有些地方尚需要提高你略高于平均水平，有些地方尚需要提高98以下以下 你需要严格地训练你的演说技能你需要严格地训练你的演说技能选择得分最低的选择得分最低的6项，作为本部分技能学习提高的重点项，作为本部分技能学习提高的重点