科技英语的文体特点.ppt

English for Science and Technology Translation(EST Translation)科技英语翻译 Text Features of Scientific English（科技英语的文本特点）I.A brief introduction to scientific styleII.Text features of scientific English Lexical features（词汇特点）Syntactical features（句法特点）III.AssignmentI.A brief introduction to scientific stylelThe classification of style（文体）Journalistic style,expositive style,official style,literary style,practical style and scientific style.（刘宓庆）lScientific styleSpecial science style（专门科技文体）：monograph,thesis and scientific reportPopular science style（通俗科技文体）：universal scientific reading material（scientific prose）lThe difference between a brain and a computer can be expressed in a single word:complexity.The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing,for its size,known to us.The human brain weighs three pounds,but in that three pounds are ten billion neurons and a hundred billion smaller cells.These many billions of cells are interconnected in a vastly complicated network that we cant begin to unravel as yet.l When a graphite crystal is crushed,it breaks into micro-scaled laminar flakes.They are many dangling bonds on the edge of an isolated graphite micro-sheet which elevates its energy and makes it unstable.When a graphite micro-sheet curls into a nanotube,the number of dangling bonds decreases,and the system energy is reduced accordingly.l The difference between a brain and a computer can be expressed in a single word:complexity.The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing,for its size,known to us.The human brain weighs three pounds,but in that three pounds are ten billion neurons and a hundred billion smaller cells.These many billions of cells are interconnected in a vastly complicated network that we cant begin to unravel as yet.(popular science)l When a graphite crystal is crushed,it breaks into micro-scaled laminar flakes.They are many dangling bonds on the edge of an isolated graphite micro-sheet which elevates its energy and makes it unstable.When a graphite micro-sheet curls into a nanotube,the number of dangling bonds decreases,and the system energy is reduced accordingly.(special science)I.A brief introduction to scientific stylelGeneral characteristics of scientific English texts Logic,precise,objectivelGeneral translation principles（一般原则）Accurate，smooth，conciselSummary科技英语是一种特殊文体，分为专门科技和通俗科技两类，涉及社会各个领域，包括政治、经济、军事、体育、科学技术等方面。科技英语注重逻辑性、准确性和严密性，在翻译的过程中要做到准确、通顺、简练。II.Text features of Scientific English l Lexical features(词汇特点)l Syntactical features(句法特点)1.Lexical features（词汇特点）l大量使用科学术语（scientific terms）magnetism,genome,hormone,psychopathologyl科学术语具有单义性（monosemy）seed:种子选手（体育）Transmission：发射，播送（无线电工程学）变速（机械学）投射（物理学）遗传（医学）1.Lexical features（词汇特点）l科学术语的来源（sources）给原有的英语单词赋予新义 memory,monitor,mouse,prompt从拉丁或希腊语中吸收而来的词（词义窄）atmosphere，capsule,parasite,pneumonia auto-;bi-;counter-;hydro-;micro-;-graph;-logy;大量使用派生名词(动词和形容词的名词化)-ation,-ment,-sion,-al,-ability,-ity,etc.Summary l科技英语大量使用科学术语，且术语具有单义性。在翻译过程中，注意词义的准确性。对于那些一词多义的词语，要掌握他们在科技文献中的含义。l要尽可能地掌握英语前、后缀，扩大词汇量，从而提高翻译速度和质量。2.Syntactical features（句法特点）l频繁使用被动语态（passive voice）根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。客体型思维在语言中的表现（objective thinking）被动语态的使用是科技文章追求客观性的一个有效手段Practice：translate the following sentences in passive voice into ChineselResearchers have found that emotions are accompanied by biochemical changes in the brain.Fear,for example,is accompanied by the one set of brain chemicals that can make us alert and ready to fleel研究者发现，感情的发生被大脑中的生物化学变化所伴随。例如，恐惧是受大脑中的一种化学物质所伴随，它令人警觉，并准备好逃之夭夭。l研究者发现，感情是伴随着大脑中的生物化学变化发生的。例如，在恐惧中，大脑会产生一种化学物质，令人们警觉，并准备好逃之夭夭。Practice：translate the following sentences in passive voice into ChineselCurrent will not flow continuously,since the circuits are broken by the insulating material.l电流不再继续流动，因为电路被绝缘材料隔断了。lComputers may be classified into analog and digital.l计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。l The molecules of all matters are believed to be moving.l人们确信，所有物质的分子都在不停地运动。lA brief discussion of some basic concepts is presented in this paper.l本文简要讨论了一些基本概念。科技英语中含有被动语态的常用句型及翻译定式lIt is supposed thatlIt can be clearly seen thatlIt should be noted thatlIt may be safely said thatlIt must be stressed thatlIt has been proved thatlIt was estimated thatlIt is generally considered that 据推测；人们猜测 由此可见 应该注意的是 可以有把握地说 必须强调的是 已经证明据估计人们（普遍）认为Summary 英语多用被动语态，尤其是科技英语，而汉语多用主动语态，这与中西方思维模式的差异有关。因此，英语科技文翻译成汉语时，经常采用“语态转换法”(the conversion of voice)。2.Syntactical featuresl大量使用结构复杂的长句（long or complex sentence）英语是形合的语言(hypotaxis)英语科技文要求叙述全面、严谨，富有逻辑性，所以主从复合句、同位语、插入语的使用频率也很高。这就使得科技文章往往句子长，结构也较为复杂。lHowever，it is only the colon where we find all sorts of toxins and bacteria that provided the harsh circumstances that cause that gene to finally break down and the cancer to spread.初译：而只有在结肠部位才能找到构成病变环境且导致该基因最终损坏、致使癌细胞扩散的各种毒素和细菌。改译：而只有在结肠部位，才能找到构成病变环境的各种毒素和细菌，它们会导致该基因最终损坏，致使癌细胞扩散。Steel is usually made where the iron ore is smelted,so that the modern steelworks forms a complete unity,taking in raw materials and producing all types of cast iron and steel,both for sending to other works for further treatment,and as finished products such as joists and other consumers.初译 通常在炼铁的地方也炼钢，所以现代炼钢厂从运进原材料到生产供送往其他工厂进一步加工处理并制成如工字钢及其他商品钢材的成品而形成一整套的联合企业。改译 通常在炼铁的地方也炼钢。因此，现代炼钢厂是一个配套的整体，从运进原料到生产各种类型的铸铁与钢材；有的送往其他工厂进一步加工处理，有的就制成成品，如工字钢及其他一些成材。Summary 科技英语中有大量结构复杂的（complicated）长句，而汉语经常使用短句，避免使用过长、结构过于复杂的句子。在英译汉时，首先要理清句子结构，然后将英语的长句分割成短句，该翻译技巧叫分句法或者是断句法（division or splitting）。AssignmentTranslate the following sentences into ChineselThe water vapor will change from its invisible state to condense into visible moisture when the dew point temperature is reached.lWhen a user requests a set of resources,it must be determined whether the allocation of these resources will leave the system in safe state.l Only if the component vectors are on a straight line will the length of the vector for the sum be equal to the sum of the lengths of these components or to their difference.lWhenever occasion arises intensive observations are to be done to get the information on the fine structure of the atmospheric event.Thanks for Your Attention