苏教版牛津高二英语语法总结.doc

牛津高中英语模块五第一单元一 动词不定式：带to的动词不定式带to-的动词不定式的结构是to+动词原形，如，to do, to work.它可以单独使用，也可以组成动词不定式短语。如：I was determined to be cheerful.1带to-的动词不定式可以做：1）句子的主语如：To find a best friend is difficult. = It is difficult to find a best friend.2）句子的宾语如：I need to sleep for eight hours every night.1） 宾语不足语如：I asked him to e over.2） 定语如：I have a very important meeting to attend.3） 同位语如：His intention was to cheer me up.4） 状语如：My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.2带to-的动词不定式有进行时态和完成时态如：Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me.二 动词不定式：不带to的动词不定式1可用于不带to的动词不定式的动词有：1）let make have（有时候）如：I let her borrow my book.She made me promise to write every day.The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.2)感官动词：feel hear see watch如：I saw her talk to her new friends.3）would rather had better why not如：I would rather go swimming.You had better tidy your bedroomWhy not visit your cousin in Japan?注：感官动词后可以接v-ing如：I saw her talk to her new friend. (见证谈话的整个过程)I saw her talking to her new friend. (见证谈话正在发生，但不一定见证整个谈话过程)2当有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 连接两个动词不定式时，后一个不定式往往省略to。如：She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or watch a film?We had nothing to do but watch TV?I decided to write rather than phone.三 V-ing 作名词1V-ing可以充当名词用。可以被用做：1）做主语（指一般性的动作）如：Swimming is good for your health.2）做宾语（指一般性的动作）如：I love swimming in the sea during the summer.3) 介词之后如：I keep fit by swimming every day.4）物主代词之后如：Her swimming has improved since she started training every day.注：如果所谈论的人比较明确，那么物主代词可以省略。如：Thank you for ing.5）组成复合名词如：There is a shoe in the swimming pool.2以下动词后面接v-ingAdmit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest3以下常用词组后面接v-ingWould you mind cannot help look forward to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on如：Would you mind helping me with my homework?I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.I look forward to seeing you at the party.I dont feel like doing anything now.She cannot stand seeing that boy.I think it is no use crying about your exam results now.I had to put off shopping for a while.He kept on asking me for my phone number.4以下动词后面可以接v-ing或to do，意思上几乎没有区别。Continue prefer begin hate like start5一些动词后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接to do，但意义和用法上有区别。在使用时要确保形式的正确。如，forget regret remember mean try go onforget+ to do (事情还没做)如：He forgot to close the door when he left.Forget+ doing (事情已经做了)如：Ill never forget winning my first gold medal.第二单元一 V-ing 充当形容词或副词1v-ing可作：1）定语v-ing 可以放在名词前，像形容词一样修饰名词。如：This will have a lasting effect.有时候会把一个副词放在v-ing前。如：That was an extremely interesting speech.v-ing 可以和副词或名词构成复合词。如：The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems.A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.v-ing 可以放在名词后，像定语从句一样修饰名词，v-ing还可以被改成定语从句。如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.=People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.2）表语如：This destruction is frightening.1） 宾语补足语如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting.2v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示动作同时发生。如：They stood talking to each other.=They stood when they were talking to each other.3v-ing有完成时态，如，having worked如：Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.二V-ing 短语v-ing短语可以单独使用，后面也可以接宾语或状语。如：They sat there smiling.They sat there smiling at each other.1v-ing短语可以表示：1）时间如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly. =When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time. = After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.2）原因如：We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown. = We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.3）结果如：The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty. = The factory keeps releasing smoke. As a result, the air is made dirty.4)条件如：Preparing fully, we can achieve great things. = If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.2连词+v-ing 也可以来表示时间。常用的连词有：when whenever while once until如：We have to take environmental protection into consideration when developing the economy.3v-ing 从句的逻辑主语通常和主句的主语一致。如：He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket. = When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.4否定形式是： not+v-ing如：He sat there, not knowing what to say.第三单元一 V-ed形式v-ed在句中可以充当形容词和副词的用法。1v-ed可以被用作：1）定语v-ed放在名词的前面，像形容词一样修饰名词。V-ed可以改成定语从句。如：If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.= if I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned.大部分名词前的v-ed表达被动的含义。但有些v-ed 表达过去的含义，如，escaped retired fallen。比较下面的短语：表被动：the highly praised scientist ( The scientist has been highly praised.)表过去：the retired scientist (The scientist has retired.)有时候可以把副词放在v-ed之前。如：well-trained teachersv-ed 可以和副词或名词连用构成复合词。如：underdeveloped region handmade furniturev-ed可以像定语从句一样放在名词后修饰名词。如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.2）表语如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.3）宾语补足语如：After the robbery, they found the front windows broken.2v-ed可以接在动词后面表示动作同时发生。如：stand sit lie如：She lay trapped under the building for three days. (She lay there and was trapped.)二 V-ed短语v-ed短语可以是v-ed单独使用，也可以后面接宾语和/或状语。如：She left the restaurant, disappointed.She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.1表被动的v-ed短语可以表示：1）时间如：The scientist has copied a human cell, assisted by recent advances in medical science. = The scientist has copied a human cell, and at that time was assisted by recent advances in medical science.2）原因如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper. = The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.3) 条件如：Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.2v-ed形式有一个逻辑主语。在上述例子中，逻辑主语都是主句的主语。如：the scientist who was assisted by recent advances in medical sciencethe woman who was shocked by the articlethe cell tissue which is treated with electricity所有这些主语都跟主句的主语一致。三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容词1v-ing形式用来描述某人或某物给人造成某种感觉，在意义上通常是主动的。如：I noticed an amazing difference.Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of themselves in the future.2v-ed形式用来表达我们对某人或某事的感觉，在意义上通常是被动的，因为它表示我们被一个动作所影响。如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.The boy was more frightened than hurt.牛津高中英语模块六第一单元时态的概要1：现在时态现在时态可以用来谈论现在的时间，包括一般现在时态，现在进行时态，现在完成时态和现在完成进行时态。1我们用一般现在时态来谈论：1）现在或一直是正确的事情。如：I am at a edy show.The sun rises in the east.2）经常发生的事情。如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year.Every time a prop edian tells a joke, he or she uses a thing, called a prop.2我们用现在进行时态来谈论：1）现在正在发生或正在进行的动作如：The audience is laughing at the joke.I dont understand why I am not losing weight!2）现在正在被计划，但在将来发生的动作。如：The edy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.3）重复发生的动作，和always一起使用，通常带有否定的附加含义如：You are always making the same mistakes!Sue is always changing her mind.3我们用现在完成时态来谈论过去和现在是如何联系起来的。它用于：1）重复的经历。如：He has hosted the show eight times.Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.2）过去发生的事情，但对现在有影响的事情。如：Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer!Some stand-up edians have bee famous as television and film actors later on in life.3）过去开始，但现在仍在发生的事情。如：People have always enjoyed laughing.edian have always told jokes and performed ic acts.4我们用现在完成进行时态来谈论从过去开始，持续到现在，并且还有可能继续进行的事情。如：Doctors have been researching that question.The curtains finally openthe audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.第二单元时态的概要2：过去和将来时态过去时态用来谈论过去的事情，包括一般过去时态，过去进行时态，过去完成时态等。1我们用一般过去时态来谈论发生在过去并且现在已经结束的事情。如：Sang Lan was born in Ningbo, China in 1981.2我们用过去进行时态来谈论发生在过去，并且持续了一段时间的事情。如：She knew that in those years she was making her parents proud.3我们用过去完成时态来谈论：1）在过去的过去发生并且在过去的某一个动作发生之前就已经结束的事情。如：Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could do to get better.2) 在过去的一个动作发生的同时所发生的事情。如：By the time she peted in the New York Goodwill Games, she had been a dedicated junior gymnast for eleven years.将来的时态用来讨论将来的事情，包括一般将来时态，将来进行时态，过去将来时态等。1我们用一般将来时态来讨论将来将要发生的事情。如：She will e with us to watch the football match tomorrow.一般将来时态的结构：1）will shall （用于提供有关将来的信息）如：I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.I shall work hard and learn to bee a gymnast.2）be going to+do （用于谈论将来的计划和意图）如：Today, Im going to talk about how to find happiness.2我们用将来进行时态来谈论始于将来并且要持续一段时间的动作。如：Dr Brain will be talking about success next time.3我们用过去将来时态来谈论在过去的时间被提起的时候发生在将来的事情。如：Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going to win her event.第三单元非真实条件句非真实条件句阐述的条件或情况是不真实的或是想象的。1我们用非真实条件句来阐述不真实的或想象的一个现在的条件。如：If I got married in the USA, I would expect a present.I could reach the book if I were a bit taller.If I had the chance, I might want to be a translator.2我们用非真实条件句来指代一个想象的过去的动作。如：If you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking abut!If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.3我们用非真实条件句来谈论想象的将来的情况。如：If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.4非真实条件句的构成：现在 If was/were/did , would/could/might do过去 If had been/done , would/could/might have done将来 If was/were/did , would/could/might do注：would，could，might经常可以互换，但在意思上有一些不同。Would表意图，计划；could表能力，可能性；might表可能性非真实条件句还有几点需要注意：1在书面英语或正式的场合中，我们通常用were来代替条件句中的was.但在日常谈话中，was也经常用到。如：If he was/were here, he would be able to help us.2在表将来的非真实条件句中，还可以用were to/should如：If I were to fail my Maths test, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.If he should e tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.3在非真实条件句中，可以把if省略，把should，were， had放在条件句的前面。如：Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now.Were you to take the train, you would be there much sooner.4在if从句中还可以用到could+ have done 来表示非真实的条件。如：If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.第四单元非真实条件句：其它情况非真实条件句还有以下其它情况。1当主句是有关现在发生的事情，而从句是有关过去发生的事情，或相反，我们可以用混合的条件句。如：If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday, you would know the answer to the question now.If Tang Ning were in town, I would have heard about it.2我们用otherwise, or，及以with，without，but for 开头的短语来替代if条件句，来表达隐含的条件的意思。如：With (if I had) more money, I could help more people in need.Without (If we didnt have) the UN Goodwill, Ambassadors, people working on projects would not be encouraged.But for the ( If there was no ) help from the UN, those women would not have been able to set up their mind.Im too busy now, otherwise/or (If I werent so busy) I would help you do the work.3我们也可以用even if， as if，as though，if only 来引导非真实条件句。如：I would never go there even if I were given the chance to.Nicholas is smiling as if he knew nothing about.Mike talks as though he had been to the Great Wall before.If only I were a Goodwill Ambassador!4Wish和would rather后面可以表达非真实的情况。如：I wish there were no wars in the world.I would rather you hadnt told me about it.牛津高中英语模块七第一单元一 介词介词可以放在名词或名词短语的前面来表达时间，地点，行动等等。介词也可以放在v-ing 的前面。1时间介词at, in, on, for, by 和since 可以被用来表示时间。At后接点时间，in后接段时间，on后接具体某一天。For用来表示某事延续了多长时间，by指的是不晚于什么时间（到 为止），since指从过去某个时间到稍晚的某个时间或现在为止。其它表示时间的介词还有during，after，before，between，from， until等。如：At that time, the record player had to be wound up by hand.Regular public TV broadcasting first began in 1928.The first record players only played a record for two minutes.By 1967, most TV broadcasts were in color.Since the beginning of 1999, the popularity of MP3 has increased greatly.注：我们经常说in the morning/afternoon/evening,但当谈论具体的早上，下午和晚上时，则要用on，如on Sunday morning on the afternoon of 5th June.2地点介词at，in和on是表示地点的介词。At后接小地方或一个场合，in后接大地方，on表示在某个东西的表面。其它表示地点的介词还有above, against, behind, between, by, near, opposite, under 等。如：Ill meet you at the department store.Wang Li is at a media and technology exhibition.Cable TV began in 1948 in the USA, but it took 50years before 66percent of USA families had it in their homes.This new type of TV can be hung on the wall.3行动介词介词to经常用来表示行动，意思是“朝着方向”。其它的介词还有across, along, down, into, off, over, out of, past, round, through, under, up 等。如：The invention of the transistor led to the development of cassette recorders.二 介词短语介词可以和动词，名词，和形容词连用构成介词短语。1介词与动词连用许多介词可以跟动词连用构成词组，如：agree with, look for, look into, head for, stand for.如：Scientists agree with each other that the development of TV will not stop.I am looking for the most recent model. Do you have any in store?The British Association for the Advancement of Science will look into the case.The ship set sail and headed for Shanghai.MD stands for MiniDisc.2介词与名词连用介词可以跟名词连用，如：in time for, on time, by means of, by accident/mistake, for/on sale, on the market, in that case, up to date如：We thought we would be late, but we were in time for the programme.The products were delivered on time.You can connect the CD player to the puter by means of a special jack.Be careful not to press “delete” by accident/mistake!When will the new model be for/on sale?There are several new model on the market.You want a TV linked with the Internet? In that case, get a Web TV!This technology is quite up to date.注：当up to date出现在名词前时，要用连字符，如：up-to-date products3介词与形容词连用一些介词可以和形容词连用，如：good at, capable of, fond of, satisfied/happy with如：I am good at science.The program is of capable of calculating our budget for the year.I am fond of watching black-and-white films.Su Mei is satisfied with her new job.第二单元动词短语动词短语是由一个动词加副词或介词构成的。动词+副词：If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability tha